Age Wise Distribution Research Articles

Factors Impacting Participation of Small and Medium Enterprises in Construction on Public Procurement in South Africa

Introduction: Since Autorefractors nowadays have become mainstream and available in almost all clinical setups Autorefractors to make measurements swiftly. So in such a situation , it is necessary to compare the results of different refraction measurement devices including Autorefractors and retinoscopy with subjective corrections in Myopia and Hypermetropia. Methods : This is a descriptive study done among 100 patients visiting Ophthalmology OPD with Myopia and Hypermetropia in Saveetha medical college selected by convenience Sampling . The data collect ed will be tabulated and analyzed using SPSS. Results: Patients were divided into two age groups to find out age wise distribution of type of refractive errors and comparing the results from the subjective examination and results given by the Autorefractive meter it is clearly from this study that the difference between two methods was almost negligible and that Autorefractors are also a reliable method of measurement in a large clinical setup. But, on the other hand, manual retinoscopy still prove to be far better and efficacious technique yielding accurate results when it is used to check for refractive errors in individuals. Conclusion: In this study, we conclude that autorefractors are also reliable and can also be used to estimate refractive errors in a clinical setup, even though manual retinoscopy remains the most accurate and efficacious method..

Morphologic variants of Meibomian glands: age-wise distribution and differences between upper and lower eyelids.

To evaluate the distribution of various Meibomian gland morphologies across different age groups in healthy individuals. The infrared meibographic morphologies of the Meibomian glands from the upper and lower eyelids of 236 healthy individuals (472 eyes; mean age 38.4 ± 17.5 years; 80 female participants: 156 male participants) were evaluated for their prevalence and differences across six decades of life, from 10 to 80 years. A linear mixed-effects modeling test was performed for statistical analysis. Of 14,452 glands, 8,830 (61%) glands were located in the upper eyelid. No significant differences in frequency were noted between different age groups for distorted, tortuous, hooked, overlapping, abnormal gap, fluffy areas, dropout (except for 51-60 vs. 10-20 years, P = 0.023), and thick and thin morphologies. Short glands were significantly more common in individuals aged over 30 years (P = 0.015), whereas moderately short and severely short glands were more common in the upper eyelids of individuals older than 50 years compared to those aged 10-20 years (P = 0.035). The frequency of distorted, hooked, tortuous, overlapping, and tadpole-shaped Meibomian glands was significantly higher in the upper eyelids than in the lower eyelids for all age groups. Dropout glands were more common in the lower eyelids of individuals younger than 50 years, but no difference was observed in the upper and lower eyelids of individuals over 50 years. Dropout (P = 0.006) and severely short glands (0.026) of the lower eyelid were associated with low non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT) values. Various morphologic characteristics of the Meibomian glands that are considered abnormal can be present in healthy individuals, and only moderate to severely short glands display an increase in abnormal morphologic characteristics of the Meibomian glands with age.

Potential inflammatory targets in the integrative health care of patients with sickle cell disease.

Inflammation plays an integral role in the complications of sickle cell disease (SCD), which can lead to vaso-occlusive crisis and extreme pain. SCD is accompanied by numerous complications, including cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline and endothelial dysfunction, contributing to mortality. As disease severity increases with age, the present study aimed to assess if age is also correlated with a definite pattern of progression of the two inflammatory markers, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and total homocysteine (tHCY). The findings of the present study could lead to an improved understanding of the threshold levels of these inflammatory markers and timely interventions to delay complications. In an observational study, levels of hsCRP and tHCY were analyzed in 70 patients (35 male and 35 female patients) with SCD aged between 5 and 16 years. hsCRP levels were in the high-risk range in 64.29% (n=45) of all male and female patients. A sex-wise distribution showed that, of the 35 male patients, 74.28% (n=26) were in the high-risk range, and of the 35 female patients, 54.28% (n=19) were in the high-risk range. An age-wise distribution showed that of the 41 patients in the 5-10-years age group, 70.73% (n=29), were in the high-risk range. In comparison, of the 29 patients in the 11-16-years age group, 55.17% (n=16) were in the high-risk range. tHCY levels were observed to be in the normal range in 98.57% (n=69) of all children, as compared with 1.43% (n=1) in the high-risk range. Furthermore, a sex-wise distribution showed that female patients in the high-risk group of hsCRP had higher concentrations of tHCY as compared with the male patients in that risk group. An age-wise distribution of hsCRP concentration also showed that the risk of CVD in patients in the 11-16-years age group was higher with increased concentrations of tHCY. A weak negative correlation was observed between age and hsCRP concentrations (r-value=-0.280; P=0.026) and a weak positive correlation was detected between tHCY and age (r-value=0.259; P=0.036). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that higher levels of hsCRP could be a useful marker in children with SCD, and levels of tHCY may be an adjunct marker as the disease progresses with age.

Admission Pattern and Outcome in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of Tertiary Level Teaching Hospital in Eastern Nepal

Introduction: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) is a relatively new concept with rapidly growing paediatric subspecialty in resource limited-countries. Introduced in Nepal in the 1980s, the first PICU was established in 1986 in Kanti Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu with 4 beds. Later in BPKIHS in Eastern Nepal. Currently only a few dedicated PICU running in Nepal. Our PICU was started in 2021 with 8 beds in the private sector for the management of critically ill children.
 Objectives: To study the admission pattern and outcome of the children at our paediatric intensive care unit.
 Methodology: This was a Cross Sectional Descriptive study conducted at PICU of Birat Medical College Teaching hospital in Eastern Nepal. From August 2021 to July 2022, records of all possible admissions in PICU were reviewed. Demographic profile, diagnosis, outcome and duration of stay were analysed.
 Results: Out of 260 analysed data, there were 156 (60%) males and 104 (40%) females. Age wise distribution was 101 (38.85%), 82 (31.5%), 38 (14.6%) and 39 (15%) for 1 months-1 year, 1-5 year, 5-10 year and 10-15 year respectively. Disease wise distribution was 129 (49%) respiratory, 49 (18.8%) neurological and 26 (10%) gastrointestinal, mostly infective causes like Pneumonia (78, 30%), Bronchiolitis (34, 13.1%), febrile convulsion (29, 11.2%) meningitis/encephalitis (19, 7.3%), Sepsis (12, 4.6%), dengue (6, 2.3%) other infections (19,6.3 %). In outcome, discharged (231,88.85%), DOPR (5,1.92%), LAMA (4,1.54%), Death (16,6.2%) and Referral (4,1.54%). Mortality was high (11, 38.6%) in under five years. Sepsis (4, 33.3%), Meningitis / encephalitis (3, 15.8%) and pneumonia (4, 5.1%) were the common causes. Mean duration of PICU stay was 2.73 days (median=2). Overall mortality rate was 6.2% (16). Sepsis, LOS and need of mechanical Ventilation were significant predictors of mortality.
 Conclusion: Respiratory illnesses including infections were common causes of admission with low mortality (6.2%). Sepsis, Meningoencephalitis and pneumonia were common causes of death in our PICU. Sepsis, LOS and need of mechanical Ventilation were significant predictors of mortality.

Awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS in school going children of Surat, Gujarat

Background: Adolescents are susceptible to unhealthy practices due to a lack of knowledge and curiosity to try new things. Adolescent age also forms the base for behaviors throughout their lives. This study therefore aimed to understand adolescents’ present knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS. Methods: A questionnaire was created with knowledge and attitude-based questions regarding HIV/AIDS. The questionnaire was embedded in google Forms and was sent via WhatsApp, to collect responses from school going children of age 14 to 18. Ethical permissions and consents were taken and the data collection went on for a week. Results: 2000 children took part in the study, out of that 732 were males and 1268 were females. The mean score of all the participants was calculated to be 68.52% with a standard deviation of 17.18. There was no statistical significance of gender and the mean score of the participants, whereas statistical significance was found for age-wise distribution of mean score. Participants scored well on basic knowledge-based questions like “causative organism’’ but failed to do good on little complicated questions like ‘’Route of transmission’’ Conclusions : The results from this study can be applied to similar regions of Gujarat and other states as well. This would help in making changes in the education of this age group of children. Such studies also form the base of future studies to evaluate the difference in knowledge of the school going children over a period of time by comparing this data.

Prevalence and Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Individuals Diagnosed with Chronic Liver Disease

Introduction: Chronic liver disease is characterized by multi-nutrient deficiency. The propensity for individuals to have vitamin D insufficiency is greater in comparison to other essential minerals. Fibrosis results in a decline in the liver's ability to perform synthetic functions ultimately leading to lack of vitamin D due to poor activation caused by drop in proteins binding the vitamin. The situation is exacerbated by the decrease in productivity and the presence of nutritional deficiencies. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive research was carried out in the Department of Medicine at DHQ Teaching Hospital Haripur spanning from 1st January 2022 to 31st December 2022. The study population consisted of individuals between the ages of 40 and 70 years who were diagnosed with chronic liver disease. The concentration of vitamin D was assessed in blood samples obtained from patients at the hospital laboratory. The established threshold for identifying vitamin D insufficiency is a blood vitamin D level below 30 nmol/L. Data analysis was performed using statistical software SPSS version 24. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 40 to 70 years. The mean age of the patients was 53.40 years with standard deviation 12.194. Age wise distribution revealed 60.1% patients (n = 89) in the age group 40-55 years and 39.9% participants (n = 59) had age 56-70 years. The number of male participants were 94 (63.5%). Vitamin deficiency was observed in 64.9% patients (n = 96). The association of vitamin D deficiency with disease duration, child class and gender were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The potential association between vitamin D insufficiency and the extent of liver function impairment, degree of fibrosis, and susceptibility to infection consequences suggests that it may serve as a valuable prognostic indicator and diagnostic tool. Additional research is required to thoroughly assess and substantiate the significance of vitamin D in the context of liver cirrhosis. This necessitates the undertaking of extensive prospective cohort studies and randomized trials. Keywords: Vitamin D deficiency, Chronic Liver Disease (CLD)

To Assess the Effectiveness of Hypertonic Saline Nebulized Suctioning On Airway Clearance Among Patients On Mechanical Ventilator In Selected Hospitals

To Assess the Effectiveness of Hypertonic Saline Nebulized Suctioning On Airway Clearance Among Patients On Mechanical Ventilator In Selected Hospitals

Role of diagnostic laparoscopy in women with chronic pelvic pain

Background and Aim: Chronic pelvic pain can be diagnosed and treated with laparoscopy, which can reveal findings that cannot be detected clinically. There are many health related issues associated with chronic pelvic pain, and it negatively impacts overall health and ability to work. An assessment of diagnostic laparoscopy's role in chronic pelvic pain women was the purpose of the present study. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 98 women (16-45 years) present with chronic pelvic pain attended the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from June 2020 to June 2021. Study protocol was approved by institute research and ethical committee. Women with chronic pelvic pain (>6 months) without obvious pathological findings based on ultrasound and clinical examination were enrolled. Clinical findings, laparoscopic data, and ultrasound examination of each individual was recorded. SPSS version 28 was used for data analysis. Results: The overall mean age was 26.34±4.6 years. Age-wise distribution of women was as follows: 8 (8.2%) in 16-25 years, 48 (49%) in 26-35 years, and 42 (42.8%) in 36-45 years. Majority of women (92.6%) were married. About 9 (9.2%) women underwent previous surgery.

ROLE OF BRAINSTEM EVOKED RESPONSE AUDIOMETRY IN DETECTING TYPE OF SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS IN PAEDIATRIC AGE-GROUP

Objectives: Brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) is a non-invasive tool which is used to assess the early hearing loss in children. The objectives of the study were to find out the age-wise distribution and type of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) diagnosed in paediatric population. Methods: The present hospital based prospective study conducted on 4o children suffering from sensorineural hearing loss. Age wise distribution and type of sensorineural hearing loss was assessed in these children using brainstem evoked response audiometry. Results: Out of 40 children studied most of the patients (55%) belongs to 1-5 years age group.16 patients (40%) belong to 6-11 years age group.0nly 2 patients (5%) were observed in 12 years age group. Out of 40 children, 20% presented with Retro cochlear type (8 children) and 80% presented with Cochlear type (32 children) of sensorineural hearing loss

Cross-sectional study on the etiological causes of cervical lesions among patients without caries in Lahore, Pakistan

Background and Aim: Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) are defined as any deterioration of the tooth tissue in terms of abrasion, composition, and erosion during normal and/or pathological function. The present study aimed to assess different etiological causes of cervical lesions among patients without caries in the population of Lahore, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out on 62 patients aged 16-60 years in the Department of Dentistry of a Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan from July 2022 to December 2022. Patients were categorized into two groups: Group-I (Non-carious dental lesions patients) and Group-II (without non-carious dental lesions patients). All the patients underwent clinical examinations and answered a questionnaire which included inquiries related to oral hygiene, personal impressions, eating habits, teeth appearance and functionality, and it also emphasized on the different etiologies of non-carious dental lesions.Results: Out of the total 62 patients, the study and the control groups consisted of 38 (61.3%) and 24 (38.7%) patients respectively. Age-wise distribution of the patients was as follows: 19 (30.6%) in 16-30 years, 12 (19.4%) in 31-45 years, and 31 (50%) in 46-60 years.

Clinical, Socio-Demographic and Biochemical Variables in Patients With Covid-19: A Cross Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION
 Covid-19 is a debilitating disorder which affects the lungs with multiple organs involvement. The biochemical variables play important role in the management of the Covid-19 patients who are with different clinical profile, socio-demographic, and co-morbid conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
 This cross sectional study was conducted in the Covid-19 hospitalized cases at UCMS, Bhairahawa. Total of 150 patients were enrolled in the study period from May 2021 and October 2021 whose clinical profile, sociodemographic and biochemical variables were assessed.
 RESULTS
 The gender wise distribution shows the male dominancy with M:F ratio 1:0.85. The maximum age group vulnerable to Covid-19 in our study was found to be 41-60 years with median age of 47 years. There were constellations of symptom with shortness of breath 70% becoming first followed by cough 67.3% and fever 54%. The frequency of diabetes and hypertension was 19.3% and 24% showing co-morbidity associated changes in biochemical parameters. The male to female differences in biochemical changes have been associated with Covid-19 patients, however age wise distribution do not show any difference in biochemical parameters.
 CONCLUSION
 COVID 19 patients have a high prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, which is a common morbidity. A few biochemical indices (D-dimer, LDH, CRP, and ALT) change significantly between males and females. All biochemical parameters, on the other hand, are unaffected by age.

Evaluation of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients Presenting with Diabetic Foot Ulcer to Endocrine Clinic

Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus is an increase in blood glucose levels results in altered fat, protein metabolism, and carbohydrate which leads to cardiac, eye, nervous system dysfunction, and kidney. The major cause of hospitalizations in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the peripheral arterial disease in diabetic foot ulcer patients presented to endocrine clinic. Patients and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 206 diabetic foot ulcers patients presented to the endocrine clinic in Peshawar from January 2021 to December 2022. Patients were enrolled after taking written informed consent from each individual. Patient’s details such as gender, age, peripheral artery disease (PAD), diabetes types, heart failure, wound size, diabetes duration, end-stage renal disease, DFU history, prior history of amputation, and peripheral neuropathy were recorded. Angiography and revascularization may be required if arterial Doppler ultrasound confirmed PAD. Additionally, wound debridement and topical dressings were applied. In the treatment of wound ischemia, pentoxifylline, and calcium blockers were recommended along with diabetes control procedures and appropriate antibiotics. SPSS version 27 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 206 DFU patients, there were 142 (68.9%) male and 64 (31.1%) females. The prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) was 58.3% (n=120). Age-wise distribution of patients were as follows: 31 (15%) in 25-45 years, 107 (52%) in 46-65 years, 60 (29.1%) in 66-85 years, and 8 (3.9%) >85 years. Out of 206 DFU patients, the prevalence of type-I diabetes mellitus and type-II diabetes mellitus was 8 (3.9%) and 198 (96.1%) respectively. PAD prevalence was significantly associated with Type 2 diabetes. The incidence of PAD in plantar foot, non-plantar foot, and heel was 66 (55%), 42 (35%), and 12 (10%) respectively among 120 cases. Out of 206 DFU cases, the incidence of peripheral neuropathy, DFU history, amputation history, heart failure, and chronic renal failure was 142 (68.9%), 104 (50.5%), 54 (26.2%), 46 (22.3%), and 42 (20.4%) respectively. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) was 58.3% among diabetic foot ulcers. Results indicate that DFU and PAD are significantly related. It has been found that male patients with DFU were more likely to suffer from PAD as compared to women with statistically insignificant association. Keywords: Peripheral artery disease, diabetic foot ulcers, type-II diabetes mellitus

PREVALENCE OF MAXILLOFACIALFRACTURES REPORTEDAT ADHIPARASAKTHI DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, MELMARUVATHUR, TAMILNADU, INDIA

Background: This retrospective study reviews the maxillofacial fractures over a 2 year period at Adhiparasakthi dental college and hospital Melmaruvathur, tamilnadu, India Introduction: To analyze the most frequent causes, sites, treatment modalities,age and gender wise distribution of maxillofacial fractures. Study design: Over a two-year period (from Jan2020 to Dec 2021), the medical records and radiographs (OPG, PA mandible, occipitomental and submentovertex view) of 223 patients treated for maxillofacial fractures at Adhiparasakthi dental college and Hospital were reviewed. A variety of parameters were assessed and recorded, including the patient's age, gender, race, occupation, and mechanism of injury, type of facial injuries, treatment modality, and postoperative complications. Results: Medical records of 223 patients with maxillofacial fractures were reviewed. Among them 184 (82.5%) had mandibular fractures whereas 39 (17.5%) had midface fractures. Most patients with mandibular fractures had fractures of the symphysis and parasymphysis 62(27.8%) while fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) were more common in the midface 15 (6.7%). Most patients were in the 21-30 year old age group, and the male: female ratio was 2.8:1. Road traffic collision was the most common cause that accounted for 127 (57%) of cases. Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) was the most common type of treatment modality used, 129 (58%) cases were treated with this method and 42% were treated by ORIF+IMF. Conclusion: The most common etiology of maxillofacial injury was road traffic accidents (RTA) followed by falls and assaults, the sports injuries seem to be very less.The majority of victims of RTA were young adult males between the ages of 21 to 30 years.Mandible was the most common sites of fracture,followed by the maxilla. Majority of mandibular fracture occurred at symphsis and parasymphsis region,In Maxilla, majority of the fracture occurred at zygomatic complex region.Majority of cases were treated with maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). Open reduction and internal fixation were performed for indicated fracture patients.Clinical Significance: This research has essential significance in the specialty of maxillofacial surgery.It presents the occurrence of maxillofacial fractures in a particular population and also the ability of a dental surgeon in treating and restoring normal function in the maxillofacial region

Possible Association of Female-Pattern Hair Loss with Alteration in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels

Background and Aim: Most women who experience diffuse hair loss suffer from female-pattern hair loss (FPHL). Several mechanisms other than androgen have been suggested as contributing to the process. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25-(OH) D] has been associated with other hair disorders. The present study aimed to assess the female-pattern hair loss possible association with variation in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Patients and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 72 FPHL diagnosed female patients attending dermatology department of Tertiary Care Hospitals in Jamshoro and Karachi from November 2021 to October 2022. Females aged 18-40 years with skin prototypes III and IV were enrolled. About 72 healthy females were considered as control group. Study protocol was approved by the institutional research and ethical committee. Careful history, socioeconomic status, FPHL family history, menstrual history, and drug intake were recorded from cases and control. Patients were classified as having stage I, II, or III FPHL based on a clinical evaluation of the pattern of hair loss using Ludwig's scale. 25-OHD levels over a period of 4 months were measured to minimize seasonal bias. Females with 25-OHD levels <20 ng/ml were deficient, insufficient 21–29 ng/ml, sufficient >30 ng/ml, and intoxication >150 ng/ml. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Results: The overall mean age was 28.6±2.4 years. Age-wise distribution of patients were as follows: 9 (12.5%) in 18-25 years, 24 (33.3%) in 26-30 years, 21 (29.2%) in 31-35 years, and 18 (25%) 36-40 years. Serum 25-(OH) D levels in FPHL patients were significantly lower (15.4 ± 8.25 ng/ml) than in controls (46.42 ± 19.92 ng/ml). The mean vitamin D level did not differ significantly between patients with and without family history (14.46 ± 8.62 and 13.9 ± 8.24 ng/ml, respectively. The mean vitamin D level differed significantly between the three Ludwig's degrees (13.15 ± 8.49, 14.23 ± 6.74, and 24.9 ± 6.42 ng/ml, respectively): between degrees I and III, as well as between degrees II and III. Conclusion: The present study showed that hair loss varied significantly across all age groups. Premenopausal women with vitamin D deficiency have higher rates of hair loss, which is most profound in the age groups 26-30, followed by 25-30. Furthermore, changes in serum 25-(OH) D levels, whether deficient or sufficient, may play a role in the etiology of FPHL. Keywords: Female Pattern Hair Loss (FPHL), Vitamin D, Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D

A STUDY OF PREVALENCE ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN COVID-19

Introduction On march 11, 2020, WHO officially announced that COVID 19 has become global pandemic . Most of the studies available on COVID 19 have evaluated the impact of the disease in general population and there are insufficient data on COVID 19 in pregnancy. Pregnant women are more susceptible to acquired viral respiratory infection and severe pneumonia due to physiological changes in immune and cardiopulmonary system during pregnancy COVID 19 infection in pregnancy more likely present as mild symptomatic infection or it may be asymptomatic and the risk of COVID 19 infection for pregnant women may be SARS or middle east respiratory syndrome. Aims And Objectives Aim: Objective TO audit maternal mortality due to COVID 19 : To estimate the prevalence of maternal mortality due to COVID 19 infection in obstetrics patients. A cross sectional study was conducted from Materials And Methodology January 1st 2020 to May 30 2022 at GOVERNMENT GENERAL HOSPITAL ,GUNTUR, a tertiary care centre. During study period all pregnant women and antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum who were diagnosed to have COVID 19 infection by RTPCR or RAPID ANTIGEN TEST positive were considered. Out of 942 cases of COVID 19 recorded Results throughout the study period, the prevelance of maternal mortality is 3.3% (32 cases) According to age wise distribution, 37.5% in 20-25 years age group, 56.25% in 25-30 years age group, 6.2% in 30-35years age group. According to BMI 15.6% deaths in 18.5 -24.9, 59.3% deaths in 25-29.9 group, 25% deaths in 30-34.9 group. According to socioeconomic status 50% in lower SCS, 40.6% in lower middle class group, 9.3% in upper middle class group According to gestational age wise distribution 28% in 24-30 weeks of GA, 46.8% in 32-36 weeks of GA , 25% in 35 and above and postpartum. According to CT severity score number of deaths are 90.6% if score greater than 16, 9.3% with score of 8-15, 0% with score of less than 7. Based on investigations D-dimer elevated in 100% of death cases, serum ferritin elevated in 68.7% of death cases , CRP elevated in 93.7% of death cases

HEARING IMPAIRMENT IN DIFFERENT PAEDIATRIC AGE GROUPS- AN OAE BASED STUDY

Background:Hearing plays an important role for cognitive development of the child.A child learns to speak based on what he hears since birth. The aim of the study is to find out the incidence of otoacoustic emission (OAE) diagnosed hearing impairment with reference to different age groups in paediatric patients presenting with various morbidities. Materials and methods:A study was conducted among 60 children attending the department of Otorhinolaryngology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital.Otoacoustic emission (OAE) was done in both the ears and the result was recorded as PASS and FAIL. Result: Age wise distribution of hearing was done based on OAE findings and was found to be significant( p value 0.05).Conclusion: Screening of hearing is an important tool for assessment of hearing impairment in children

How Common Peripheral Arterial Disease is in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography?

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. The detection and treatment of risk factors for CV events is critical to improving health and longevity1. The most common among cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.Objective: To determine the frequency of previously undiagnosed peripheral arterial disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Material and Methods: This Descriptive Cross-sectional study was conducted in Cardiology Department, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar from 17th June, 2020 to 16th December, 2020. The patients of 40-80 years age of both genders were included through Non probability consecutive sampling. The data was collected through a proforma specially designed for this study and was analyzed through SPSS 22. Results: A total of 171 patients were included in the study. Age wise distribution among 171 patients was analyzed as 30-40 Years 9(5.3%), 41-50 Years 51(29.8%), 51-60 Years 72(42.1%), 61-70 Years 32(18.7 %), 71-80 Years 7(4.1%). Mean age was 55.56(±9.23) years. Gender wise distribution among patients, Male were 108(63.2%) Female were 63(36.8%). Distribution of Diabetes Mellitus was 50(29.2%). Hypertension was documented in 100 (58.5%). Smoking Status 51(29.8%). Distribution of peripheral arterial disease among 171 patients was analyzed as 22(12.9%). Distribution of Types of ACS was non-ST elevation among patients was 32(18.7%), STEMI was 62(36.3%) and USA was 77 (45%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the frequency of asymptomatic Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with CAD was 12.9% and was strongly associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular risk factors, and multivessel disease. Keywords: Peripheral arterial disease, coronary artery disease.

Electronic medical records driven big data analytics in retinal diseases, report number 1: non-oncological retinal diseases in children and adolescents in India.

To describe the spectrum and demographic distribution of non-oncological retinal diseases in children and adolescents presenting to a multi-tier ophthalmic hospital network in India. This is a cross-sectional hospital-based retrospective studyover nine years (March 2011-March 2020) from a pyramidal eye care network in India. The analysis included 477,954 new patients (0-21years), collected from an International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coded electronic medical record (EMR) system. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of retinal disease (non-oncological) in at least one eye were included. Age-wise distribution of these diseases in children and adolescents was analysed. In the study, 8.44% (n = 40,341) of new patients were diagnosed with non-oncological retinal pathology in at least one eye. The age group-specific distribution of retinal diseases was 47.4%, 11. 8%, 5.9%, 5.9%, 6.4%, 7.6% in infants (< 1year), toddlers (1-2years), early childhood (3-5years), middle childhood (6-11years), early adolescents (12-18years) and late adolescents (18-21years), respectively. 60% were male, and 70% had bilateral disease. The mean age was 9.46 ± 7.52years. The common retinal disorders were retinopathy of prematurity (ROP, 30.5%), retinal dystrophy (19.5%; most commonly, retinitis pigmentosa), and retinal detachment (16.4%). Four-fifth of the eyes had moderate to severe visual impairment. Nearly one-sixth of patients needed low vision and rehabilitative services, and about 1 in 10 patients required surgical intervention (n = 5960, 8.6%). About 1 in 10 children and adolescents seeking eye care in our cohort had non-oncological retinal diseases; the common ones were ROP (in infants) and retinitis pigmentosa (in adolescents). This information would help future strategic planning of eye health care in the institution in pediatric and adolescent age groups.

MANAGEMENT OF NECK FEMUR FRACTURE IN ADULT BY MINI-DHS AND BIPLANE DOUBLE SUPPORTED SCREW FIXATION TECHNIQUE

Objective: The aim of the study was to study the management of neck femur fracture in adult by mini-DHS and BDSF technique; an innovative procedure. Methods: This study was conducted on 20 Patients with neck of femur fractures, who underwent mini DHS with 6.5 mm cc screw with biplane double supported screw fixation technique in the Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Associated Groups of Hospitals, Kota during year 2019–2021. Results: Out of 20 cases, 14 are male and six are female and age-wise distribution &lt;20 years, one patient 20–40 years, 11 patients and &gt;40 years, eight patients. Mode of injury mainly road traffic accident, Average Harris hip score 91.35, 15 patients (75%) achieved excellent result, radiologically fracture union was seen in 19 patients (95%). Conclusion: Although anatomical reduction is crucial, Mini DHS with 6.5 mm cc screw with BDSF-method ensures reliable fixation, early rehabilitation, and good functional outcome especially in adult.

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF OVARIAN TUMOURS AMONG PATIENTS ADMITTED IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Introduction: Ovarian tumours are a group of neoplasms affecting the ovary and have diverse spectrum of features according to particular tumour entity. Cystic lesions of ovary may be non-neoplastic (physiological) or neoplastic (pathological). Pelvic Ultrasonography is commonly used to detect and distinguish between benign and malignant masses and combined clinical and ultrasonography has increased sensitivity and specicity for diagnosis of tumours. Histopathological examination is the gold standard for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumours. RMI helps in preliminary evaluation of all ovarian masses and assist in reducing mortality and morbidity of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Objective: To evaluate the ovarian masses according to frequency, age wise distribution and correlate clinical and radiological ndings with histopathological diagnosis and to correlate RMI score with histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods:It is a retrospective study conducted at Dr. PSIMS &amp; RF from December 2021 to December 2022 and includes 50 cases of ovarian lesions who underwent surgery. Clinical, radiological ndings were collected and RMI score was calculated and correlated with Histopathological analysis. Results : Out of 50 cases, 27 cases were Non- neoplastic lesions and 23 cases were neoplastic. Among 23 Neoplastic lesions, 21 were benign tumours, 2 were Malignant tumours. Maximum number of ovarian masses were reported at 41-50 years (11 non- neoplastic lesions and 8 benign ovarian tumours) followed by 31-40 years of age. The most common non- neoplastic lesion was corpus luteal cyst (32%) and Serous cystadenoma was the commonest benign lesion (30%). The most common presenting complaint was abdominal pain (54%) followed by menstrual disturbances (20%). Combined use of clinical and USG has similar sensitivity as RMI score in differentiating benign and malignant lesions. Conclusion: Histopathological diagnosis plays a major role in diagnosis and sub categorization of ovarian lesions, thereby aiding better clinical outcome. Calculation of RMI is the best method and the most reliable tool for dening subsequent diagnostic, management and therapeutic strategies for benign and malignant ovarian masses.