Age-standardized Incidence Rates Research Articles

Burden of gastrointestinal cancers among working-age population over past thirty years in China.

Although gastrointestinal (GI) cancers have been becoming a great public health concern in China, there is currently a lack of comprehensive literature on the overall burden and changing trends of GI cancers in the working-age population. To assess the burden of GI cancers and to examine the overall, age- and gender-specific trends among the working-age population in China from 1990 to 2019. Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The burden of GI cancers was indicated by incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate, and age-standardized DALYs rate. Trends in the burden of GI cancers from 1990 to 2019 were examined using annual percent change and average annual percent change with Joinpoint regression models. For overall GI cancers, a declining trend was observed in the ASIR, age-standardized mortality rate, and age-standardized DALYs rate, with reductions of 0.74%, 2.23%, and 2.22%, respectively, from 1999 to 2019 in the Chinese working-age population. However, an increasing trend was observed in the ASIR for overall GI cancers from 2016-2019. The number of either incident cases, mortality cases, and DALYs was higher for colon/rectum cancer and liver cancer in younger participants but lower for esophageal, gallbladder, biliary tract, pancreatic, and stomach cancer among older subjects. Moreover, sex disparity in the GI cancers burden was also examined over 30 years. The total burden of GI cancers remained heavy among the working-age population in China, although declining trends were observed from 1999 to 2019. Disparities in the GI cancers burden existed between sexes, age groups, and cancer types. Population-based precision prevention strategies are needed to tackle GI cancers among working-age individuals, considering the age, sex, and cancer type disparities in China.

Global, regional, and national burdens of acne vulgaris in adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2021: a trend analysis.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition affecting adolescents and young adults worldwide, yet data on its burden and trends remain limited. We aimed to investigate trends in the burden of acne vulgaris among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years at global, regional, and national levels. We retrieved data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 for individuals aged 10-24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We analyzed the numbers, age-standardised rates, and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of the prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for acne vulgaris at the global, regional, and national levels. Additionally, we examined these global trends by age, gender, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Globally, the age-standardised prevalence rate of acne vulgaris among adolescents and young adults increased from 8,563.4 per 100,000 population (95% UI 7,343.5-9,920.1) in 1990 to 9,790.5 (95% UI 8,420.9-11,287.2) per 100,000 population in 2021, with an AAPC of 0.43 (95% CI 0.41-0.46). The age-standardised incidence rate and age-standardised DALY rate also showed a similar upward trend. Regionally, Western Europe had the highest age-standardised prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates, while North Africa and the Middle East had the largest increase in these rates. By SDI quintile, the high SDI region had the highest age-standardised prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates from 1990 to 2021, whereas the low-middle SDI region had the lowest burden of acne vulgaris but experienced the most significant increase in these rates. Globally, the age-standardised prevalence rate of acne vulgaris in 2021 was approximately 25% higher in females than in males (10,911.8 per 100,000 population vs. 8,727.8 per 100,000 population). Among all age groups, adolescents aged 15-19 years had the highest age-specific prevalence rate, while adolescents aged 10-14 years experienced the largest increase from 1990 to 2021 (AAPC = 0.50, 95% CI 0.48-0.52). The burden of acne vulgaris among adolescents and young adults has continued to increase in nearly all countries since the 1990s. Managing this condition remains a significant challenge, necessitating more effective and targeted interventions to control the acne burden.

Global patterns of syphilis, gonococcal infection, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and leprosy from 1990 to 2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundCertain infectious diseases are caused by specific bacterial pathogens, including syphilis, gonorrhea, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, leprosy, and tuberculosis. These diseases significantly impact global health, contributing heavily to the disease burden. The study aims to thoroughly evaluate the global burden of syphilis, gonorrhea, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and leprosy.MethodsLeveraging the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021, age-specific and Socio-demographic Index (SDI)-specific incidence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and death for eight specific bacterial infections across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed. Percentage changes in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), DALY rate, and mortality rate (ASMR) were also examined, with a focus on disease distribution across different regions, age groups, genders, and SDI.ResultsBy 2021, among the eight diseases, gonococcal infection had the highest global ASIR [1096.58 per 100,000 population, 95% uncertainty interval (UI): 838.70, 1385.47 per 100,000 population], and syphilis had the highest global age-standardized DALY rate (107.13 per 100,000 population, 95% UI: 41.77, 212.12 per 100,000 population). Except for syphilis and gonococcal infection, the age-standardized DALY rate of the remaining diseases decreased by at least 55% compared to 1990, with tetanus showing the largest decrease by at least 90%. Globally, significant declines in the ASIR, age-standardized DALY rate, and ASMR for these eight bacterial infections have been observed in association with increases in the SDI. Regions with lower SDI, such as sub-Saharan Africa, experienced a relatively higher burden of these eight bacterial infections.ConclusionsAlthough there has been an overall decline in these eight diseases, they continue to pose significant public health challenges, particularly in low SDI regions. To further reduce this burden in these areas, targeted intervention strategies are essential, including multi-sectoral collaboration, policy support, improved WASH management, and enhanced research efforts.Graphical

Global burden of thyroid cancer in 2022: Incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN.

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. This study aimed to assess the global distribution of TC incidence and mortality in 2022, as well as to predict the burden for the year 2050. Data from the GLOBOCAN 2022database were used to analyze the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of TC by sex, age group (<55 years and ≥55 years), country, world region, and level of Human Development Index (HDI) for 185 countries. The predicted incidence and mortality burden for 2050 was calculated based on demographic projections. In 2022, an estimated 821,214 new TC cases and 47,507 TC-related deaths occurred worldwide. The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) were higher in women (ASIR: 13.60 per 100,000; ASMR: 0.53 per 100,000) than in men (ASIR: 4.60 per 100,000; ASMR: 0.35 per 100,000). The ASIR in high HDI countries was approximately ten times higher than that in low HDI countries for both sexes, with relatively similar ASMR across regions. Among 185 countries, China had the largest number of TC cases (accounting for 56.77% of total cases) and TC-related deaths (accounting for 24.35% of global TC-related deaths), with the highest ASIR in men (13.30 per 100,000). Worldwide, approximately 64.63% of TC cases occurred in populations under 55 years old, while nearly 82.99% of TC-related deaths occurred in populations aged 55 years and above. If the rates stay the same as in 2022, it is projected that approximately 1,100,000 new TC cases and 91,000 TC-related deaths will occur in 2050, indicating a 34.15% and 89.58% increase, respectively. TC is a highly frequent cancer worldwide with disparities across regions, genders, and age groups. Our results provide light on the worldwide TC disease burden and facilitate regionally customized prevention measures.

Global, regional, and national burden of acute myeloid leukemia, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021

BackgroundAcute myeloid leukemia (AML), as the most common subtype of leukemia in adults, is characterised by rapid progression and poor prognosis. In the context of the rapid development of medical technology and the complexity of social factors, a detailed report describing the latest epidemiological patterns of AML is important for decision makers to allocate healthcare resources effectively.MethodsOur research utilized the latest data sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. To delineate the burden of AML, we comprehensively described the incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and the associated age-standardized rates per 100,000 persons (ASR) spanning from 1990 to 2021 stratifies according to age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), and nationality. Additionally, we extracted and analyzed data about the risk factors that contribute to AML-related deaths and DALYs.ResultsAccording to our study, the incidence of AML has continued to rise globally from 79,372 in 1990 to 144,645 in 2021 and AML affected the male and the elderly populations disproportionately. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the burden of AML and the SDI value. Developed nations generally exhibited higher age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized death rate, and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate than the developing nations. We also analyzed the prevalence of smoking, high body mass index, and occupational benzene and formaldehyde exposure in the AML population in different SDI regions. Moreover, smoking and high body mass index were more prevalent in developed countries, whereas occupational exposure to these chemicals was the predominant risk factor in developing countries.ConclusionThe global burden of AML has increased over the past 32 years, with rising morbidity and mortality. The incidence of AML is differentially distributed across different SDI countries or regions. AML incidence is higher in the elderly and in men. The proportions of smoking, high body mass index, and occupational exposure to benzene and formaldehyde varied by region. The findings highlight the need for region-specific prevention and call for future research on preventive strategies and new treatments to lower AML incidence and improve patient outcomes.

Trends in the incidence and mortality of cervical, ovarian, and corpus uteri cancers in Wales, UK: A joinpoint regression analysis from 2002 to 2021

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to examine the secular trends of cervical, ovarian, and corpus uteri neoplasm in Wales, UK, over the period from 2002 to 2021. We aimed to identify changes in the incidence and mortality rates of these cancers to inform future healthcare policies and cancer prevention programs. MethodsWe sourced incidence data from 2002 to 2019 and mortality data from 2002 to 2021 from the Welsh Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit. The data were analysed using Joinpoint regression to compute the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and mortality rates (ASMR) per 100,000 population for each type of cancer. ResultsThe results showed that the ASIR for cervical cancer remained stable between 2002 and 2019 (AAPC = −0.5; 95 %CI = −1.4–0.4). However, the ASMR significantly declined from 4.88 in 2002–3.03 in 2021 (AAPC = −2.3; 95 %CI = −3.4 to −1.1). The ASIR for ovarian cancer significantly decreased from 27.39 in 2002–17.87 in 2019 (AAPC = −2.6; 95 %CI = −3.0 to −2.1), and the ASMR showed a statistically significant decreasing trend from 15.92 in 2002–11.2 in 2021 (AAPC = −1.7; 95 %CI = −2.5 to −0.9). In contrast, the ASIR for corpus uteri neoplasm significantly increased from 22.24 in 2002–30.41 in 2019 (AAPC = 2.2; 95 %CI = 1.2–3.4), and ASMR also showed a statistically significant increasing trend from 3.27 in 2002–6.42 in 2021 (AAPC = 3.8; 95 %CI = 2.3–5.3). ConclusionsThe study concludes that while the incidence and mortality rates for cervical and ovarian cancers in Wales have significantly decreased, corpus uteri neoplasm rates have increased during the study period. These findings underscore the need for continued efforts to improve early detection and treatment strategies, including national screening programs and public health initiatives, to mitigate the burden of these cancers.

WP4.14 - Association of Socioeconomical Status and Disparity In Paediatric Burn: Results From The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2019

Abstract Background Burn represents a significant contributor to both morbidity and mortality in the paediatric population and is closely related to socioeconomic and geographic factors but is often overlooked. This study aims to estimate the unbalanced distributions, temporal trends and quality of care in paediatric burn. Methods Data focusing on paediatric population (&amp;lt;20 years old) was sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and WHO region, including incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Joinpoint regression analysis and principal component analysis were conducted to compute the temporal trend and quality of care (QCI) index respectively. Result In 2019, 3,719,806 paediatric burn cases were reported, resulting in 23,986 deaths and 2,240,311 DALYs globally. Over 40% of deaths and DALYs attributable to burn occur in the African region, despite the region accounting for around 20% of the total incidence. The age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) from 2010-2019 was 0.419 per 100,000 but death (ASDR) and DALYs (ASDALYs) were reduced at the rate of 3.04 per 100,000 and 2.92 per 100,000 respectively. The global QCI for paediatric burn was 88 with a proportional trend observed across SDI quintiles Significant association in between SDI scores and gender disparity and quality of care was observed. Conclusion This study highlights the significant burden of paediatric burn and its disproportionate global distribution. Preventive measures, enhancing access to quality healthcare, and addressing the social and economic determinants of burn should be addressed in future studies.

WP3.8 - Estimating the Disease Burden and Epidemiological Characteristics of Burn Injuries in the United Kingdom: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019

Abstract Background Burn injuries pose a substantial public health challenge globally, with profound physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences for individuals, households, and communities. This study aims to assess the disease burden and epidemiological characteristics of burn injuries in the United Kingdom (UK). Methods Utilising data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we estimated the prevalence, age-standardised incidence, and years lived with disability (YLD) for burn injuries in the UK. Burn injuries were further classified based on the total burn surface area (TBSA), distinguishing between &amp;lt;20% and &amp;gt;= 20% TBSA. Result In 2019, the age-standardised incidence rate of burn injuries in the UK was estimated at 330.65 per 100,000 (268.59-409.52). Incidence rates have demonstrated a stable downtrend since 1990. Over 90% of burn injuries in the UK were categorised as &amp;lt;20% TBSA. Younger age groups experienced a higher disease burden. England exhibited the highest age-standardised incidence rate of burn injuries (344.98 per 100,000), along with a threefold higher rate of burn injuries &amp;gt;20% TBSA (29.64 per 100,000) compared to Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. The burden of disability attributed to burn injuries in the UK was estimated at 84.38 YLD per 100,000 (49.16-139.56), with the highest burden observed in England (88.90 per 100,000). Conclusion This study underscores the substantial disease burden imposed by burn injuries in the UK, alongside disparities in their distribution and warrant further studies in addressing the social and economic determinants of burn injuries.

Cancer Unveiling: A Profile of Incidence and Trends in Bam City, Southeast Iran

Background Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. According to the report from the Iranian Ministry of Health, cancer ranks as the third most common cause of death in Iran. Consequently, acquiring information about cancer statistics and their trends is crucial for cancer prevention and control. In this study, we examined the trends and epidemiology of cancer in Bam City, Iran, from 2014 to 2019. Material and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted using cancer registry data spanning from 2014 to 2019 in Bam, located in Kerman Province. Common cancers were determined based on the reported number of cancer cases and age-standardized rates. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 22) and GraphPad Prism (version 9). Results In this study, we examined 1,290 cases of cancer registered in Bam City, Kerman Province, from 2014 to 2019. Of our study population, 42.8% (552 cases) were women. The sex ratio (male to female) for all cancers during the 6-year study period was 1.34. The highest number of cancer cases among men occurred in 2016, while among women, it was in 2017. The age-standardized incidence rate did not display a clear increasing or decreasing trend; instead, we observed fluctuations over the 6-year period for both sexes. Notably, the age-standardized incidence rate trend for males consistently remained higher than that for females. Conclusion Fluctuations of the trend in our study can be attributed to reasons such as referral of cases to other cities with better medical facilities and weakness in the cancer registration system of deprived areas such as Bam. Nevertheless, to reduce the burden of cancer, each individual should be aware of the most preventable risk factors, such as an unhealthy lifestyle and occupational exposure. To achieve this goal, the government should prioritize improving the accuracy and completeness of cancer registry centers.

Incidence and Prevalence of Concussion in Denmark from 1999-2018: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Concussion is a common diagnosis in emergency rooms, yet contemporary incidence and prevalence estimates are sparse and rely on self-reported data. A nationwide cohort study was conducted to provide up-to-date information, covering the entire Danish population from 1999 to 2018. Hospital contacts with a concussion diagnosis, including emergency room visits, hospital admissions, and outpatient contacts, were retrieved from the Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR), and incidence rates were age-standardized and stratified. The 20-year prevalence was defined as the percentage of Danes alive in 2018 who had experienced a concussion since 1999. The diagnostic codes used were the ICD-10 code S06.0 and a local Danish code for 'observation for concussion' (DZ033D). Additional data on activities related to concussion injuries were obtained from the Accident Analysis Group at Odense University Hospital through DNPR. Findings from the study indicated that during the period 1999-2018, the total age-standardized concussion incidence rate increased by 10% to 308 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI): 304-313). Notable time trends included 1) a reduced sex difference from 40% to 6% (95% CI: 3%-9%), 2) a doubled incidence rate in children aged 0-1 and in seniors aged over 80, 3) an increased utilization of head imaging across all age groups, except children, 4) a decline in the proportion of traffic-related concussions, and 5) a prevalence of concussion of 4.9% (95% CI: 4.89% - 4.93%) in 2018. The increasing incidence of concussions among the elderly is concerning in light of an aging population, and warrants further investigation, as evidence-based preventive interventions for falls exist. Additionally, the increased utilization of head imaging across all age groups except children calls for attention toward avoidance of unnecessary radiation exposure. Despite a drop in traffic-related cases, concussions remain highly prevalent. In conclusion, these findings indicate that concussions are an important public health concern, necessitating ongoing surveillance, research, and targeted resource allocation to address concussion management and prevention effectively.

Examining the evolving landscape of liver cancer burden in the United States from 1990 to 2019

IntroductionLiver cancer (LC) is frequently preceded by cirrhosis and poses a significant public health challenge in the United States (US). Recent decades have seen notable shifts in the epidemiological patterns of LC, yet national data guiding the optimal allocation of resources and preventive efforts remain limited. This study aims to investigate the current trends, risk factors, and outcomes of LC in the US.MethodsThis study utilized the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) dataset to collect data on the annual incident cases, deaths, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized death rates, and age-standardized DALY rates of primary LC and its etiologies and risk factors, between 1990 and 2019. Percentage changes in incident cases, DALYs, and deaths and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in ASIR and deaths rates of LC were calculated to conduct temporal analysis. Linear regression was applied for the calculation of EAPCs. Correlations of EAPC with socio-demographic index (SDI) were separately evaluated by Pearson correlation analyses.ResultsWe observed a marked increase in the ASIR of LC, increasing from 2.22 (95% CI: 2.15–2.27) per 100,000 people in 1990 to 5.23 (95% CI: 4.28–6.29) per 100,000 people in 2019, a percentage change of 135.4%. LC due to hepatitis C followed by alcohol use were the primary factors driving this increase. The ASIR and age-standardized death rates of LC showed a significant average annual increase of 3.0% (95% CI: 2.7–3.2) and 2.6% (95% CI: 2.5–2.8), respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the SDI and the EAPC in ASIR (ρ = -0.40, p = 0.004) and age-standardized death rates (ρ = -0.46, p < 0.001). In 2019, drug and alcohol use, followed by elevated body mass index (BMI) were the primary risk factors for age-standardized DALY rates attributable to LC.ConclusionThe increased burden of LC in the US highlights the need for interventions. This is particularly important given that LC is mostly influenced by modifiable risk factors, such as drug and alcohol use, and elevated BMI. Our findings highlight the urgent need for public health interventions targeting socio-economic, lifestyle, and modifiable risk factors to mitigate the escalating burden of LC.

The disease burden of bladder cancer and its attributable risk factors in five Eastern Asian countries, 1990–2019: a population-based comparative study

BackgroundsThe study aimed to estimate bladder cancer burden and its attributable risk factors in China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Mongolia from 1990 to 2019, to discuss the potential causes of the disparities.MethodsData were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) were calculated by Joinpoint analysis, and the independent age, period and cohort effects were estimated by age-period-cohort analysis.ResultsIn 2019, the highest incidence (7.70 per 100,000) and prevalence (51.09 per 100,000) rates of bladder cancer were in Japan, while the highest mortality (2.31 per 100,000) and DALY rates (41.88 per 100,000) were in South Korea and China, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence and prevalence rates increased in China, Japan and South Korea (AAPC > 0) and decreased in Mongolia (AAPC < 0), while mortality and DALY rates decreased in all five countries (AAPC < 0). Age effects showed increasing trends for incidence, mortality and DALY rates, while the prevalence rates increased first and then decreased in older groups. The cohort effects showed downward trends from 1914–1918 to 2004–2008. Smoking was the greatest contributor and males had the higher burden than females.ConclusionBladder cancer was still a major public health problem in East Asia. Male and older population suffered from higher risk, and smoking played an important role. It is recommended that more efficient preventions and interventions should be operated among high-risk populations, thereby reduce bladder cancer burden in East Asia.

Adult Hodgkin lymphoma incidence trends in the United States from 2000 to 2020

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare malignancy affecting the lymphatic system. Our study examined the incidence rates of adult HL based on sex, race/ethnicity, age, and histological subgroups in the United States (US) from 2000 to 2020. Data for this study were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 22 database. HL patients were identified utilizing the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology version 3 and categorized as classical HL, lymphocyte-rich/mixed cell/lymphocyte depleted, nodular sclerosis, classical HL, not otherwise specified, and nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL. The study reported average annual percent change (AAPC). All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per 100,000 individuals. Between 2000 and 2019, a total of 70,924 cases of HL were reported in the US. Classical HL was the predominant subtype (94.27%), and most incident cases were among non-Hispanic Whites (66.92%) and those aged 20–29 years (24.86%). The ASIR per 100,000 population was 3.83 for men and 2.92 for women. Both sexes showed declines in the AAPCs between 2000 and 2019 (− 0.64% [− 0.99, − 0.28] and − 0.40% [− 0.77, − 0.03] for men and women, respectively). There was a significant decrease in ASIRs after COVID-19 among both sexes (percent change: − 7.49% [− 11.58, − 3.40]). Throughout all age groups, men had a higher incidence rate compared to women, except for those aged 20–29 years. Although the overall HL incidence rate was lowered in the study period from 2000 to 2019, a dramatic decrease in ASIRs of HL patients following COVID-19 pandemic was observed.

Global epidemiology of liver cancer 2022: An emphasis on geographic disparities.

Liver cancer remains the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, causing a heavy burden globally. An updated assessment of the global epidemiology of the liver cancer burden that addresses geographical disparities is necessary to better understand and promote healthcare delivery. Data were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database, including the number, crude, and age-standardized rates of incidence and mortality at the global, country, continent, and human development index (HDI) regional levels. Age-standardized rates (incidence and mortality) per 100,000 person-years were adjusted based on the Segi-Doll World standard population. The mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) for each region and country were calculated. The HDI and gross national income (GNI) for 2022 were obtained, and a Pearson correlation analysis was conducted with the incidence, mortality, and MIR. In 2022, approximately 866,136 new liver cancer cases and 758,725 related deaths were recorded worldwide, with a global MIR of 0.86. Males had a disproportionately higher burden than females across all levels, and the highest burden was observed in the elderly population. Geographically, the regions with the highest incidence rates included Micronesia, Eastern Asia, and Northern Africa, and the regions with the highest mortality rates included Northern Africa, Southeastern Asia, Eastern Asia, and Micronesia. Notably, Mongolia had a strikingly high burden compared to other countries. The highest MIR was observed in North America and the lowest in Africa. Negative associations of HDI and GNI with liver cancer mortality and MIR were identified, irrespective of sex. The current liver cancer burden underscores the presence of remarkable geographic heterogeneity, which is particularly evident across countries with varying HDI levels, highlighting the urgent need to prioritize health accessibility and availability to achieve health inequities.

Temporal trends in lower extremity amputation in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: analysis of the GBD dataset 1990–2019

BackgroundLower extremity amputations (LEAs) significantly contribute to mortality and morbidity, often resulting from peripheral artery disease and diabetes mellitus (DM). Traumatic injuries also account for many LEAs. Despite the global burden, the epidemiology of LEAs, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, remains underexplored. This study utilizes the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) dataset to analyze temporal trends in LEAs in the MENA region from 1990 to 2019.MethodsThe study utilized the 2019 GBD dataset, which includes estimates for incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) across 369 diseases. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for LEAs were extracted for 21 MENA countries. Trends were analyzed using percentage change calculations and Joinpoint regression to identify significant shifts in LEA rates over time.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, male LEA rates generally decreased, while female rates increased. Significant increases in LEA rates were observed in Syria, Yemen, and Afghanistan, correlating with periods of conflict and instability. Conversely, countries like Iraq, Palestine, Sudan, Lebanon, Iran, and Kuwait saw marked decreases. The study highlighted a complex interplay of socio-political factors, natural disasters, and chronic diseases like DM in shaping LEA trends across the region.ConclusionThe study reveals variable LEA trends in the MENA region, influenced by conflicts, natural disasters, and chronic diseases. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions, improved healthcare access, and robust data collection systems to reduce the burden of LEAs and improve patient outcomes in the MENA region.

A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR THE GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL TREND OF BREAST CANCER, 1990-2019

The goal of this work is to perform a thorough investigation of the incidence, death and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) rates of breast cancer (BC) in local, regional, and worldwide contexts. It examines how variations in breast cancer incidence, death rates and DALYs are caused by elements including socioeconomic position, cultural norms and beliefs. Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019) and were calculated to quantify temporal trends in the age-standardized rates of BC incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by region. From 1990 to 2019, the BC incidence, deaths, and DALYs increased worldwide by 128%, 84%, and 77%, respectively. The global age-standardized incidence rate increased, whereas both the age-standardized death rate and age-standardized DALY rate presented downward trends. In particular, Western Europe had the largest burden of BC, and globally, BC was more frequently reported in high-middle and high SDI regions. Expanding upon this thorough examination, the article suggests a range of focused, empirically supported tactics aimed at enabling healthcare decision-makers, physicians, and community leaders. Future BC preventive strategies should therefore focus on addressing the global health challenge of breast cancer, aiming to improve survival rates globally through the three pillars of health promotion, timely presentation and diagnosis, and comprehensive treatment and supportive care.

Trends in adverse effects of medical treatment in Paediatric populations in the United States: A global burden of disease study, 2000-2019.

Adverse effects of medical treatment (AEMT) pose significant risks to paediatric patients. However, the mortality trends associated with AEMT in this population have been unclear. We aimed to clarify the trends in the incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality rates of AEMT for children in the US from 2000 to 2019. Data were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. We estimated age-standardized incidence, DALYs and mortality rates of paediatric AEMT per 100,000 children in the US using a Bayesian meta-regression model. We also analysed incidence, DALYs and mortality in different age groups, and employed Joinpoint regression models to assess the age- and sex-specific trends. The number of deaths due to AEMT in children, the number of cases, and DALYs were 105.1, 551,076 and 145,555 in 2019, decreased by 37.5%, 6% and 28% from those in 2000, respectively. Age-standardized mortality rates decreased across all age groups, while the incidence increased across all age groups with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of 2.2% in those children <1 year and 4.5% in 5-9 years of age. The increases in DALYs over time was higher in children aged 1-4 years (AAPC: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.62) and 5-9 years (AAPC: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.50), with the 1-4 year age group being the highest. The study reveals declining AEMT mortality but rising incidence and DALYs, emphasizing a disproportionate burden in <1, 1-4 and 5-9 years. To develop effective mitigation strategies, future research is warranted to identify the causes of increased AEMT in children, especially young males.

Disease burden of AIDS in last 30-year period and its predicted level in next 25-years based on the global burden disease 2019

BackgroundThis study examines global trends in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2019, focusing on regional disparities in AIDS incidence, mortality, and DALYs across various levels of socio-demographic index (SDI). It also investigates variations in AIDS incidence, mortality, and DALYs across different age groups, and projects specific trends for the next 25 years.MethodsComprehensive data on AIDS from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories was obtained from a GBD study. This included information on AIDS incidence, mortality, DALYs, and age-standardized rates (ASRs). Projections for AIDS incidence and mortality over the next 25 years were generated using the Bayesian age-period-cohort model.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the global incidence of HIV cases increased from 1,989,282 to 2,057,710, while the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) decreased from 37.59 to 25.24 with an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of -2.38. The ASIR exhibited an upward trend in high SDI and high-middle SDI regions, a stable trend in middle SDI regions, and a downward trend in low-middle SDI and low SDI regions. In regions with higher SDI, the ASIR was higher in males than in females, while the opposite was observed in lower SDI regions. Throughout 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized DALY rate remained stable, with EAPCs of 0.24 and 0.08 respectively. Countries with the highest HIV burden affecting women and children under five years of age are primarily situated in lower SDI regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Projections indicate a significant continued decline in the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AIDS over the next 25 years, for both overall and by gender.ConclusionsThe global ASIR decreased from 1990 to 2019. Higher incidence and death rates were observed in the lower SDI region, indicating a greater susceptibility to AIDS among women and < 15 years old. This underscores the urgent need for increased resources to combat AIDS in this region, with focused attention on protecting women and < 15 years old as priority groups. The AIDS epidemic remained severe in sub-Saharan Africa. Projections for the next 25 years indicate a substantial and ongoing decline in both age-standardized incidence and mortality rates.

Global epidemiology and socioeconomic correlates of hypopharyngeal cancer in 2020 and its projection to 2040: findings from GLOBOCAN 2020.

Hypopharyngeal cancer (HC) comprises less than 5% of all malignant tumors in the head and neck. They often present at an advanced stage, thereby resulting in high mortalities. We aimed to report the epidemiology of HC globally, regionally, and nationally by age, sex, and socioeconomic status in 2020 and its projection to 2040. Data on HC incidence and mortality were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2020. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) were calculated. We used bivariate correlation test, presenting results through Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) to investigate the correlation between the metrics, human development index (HDI), and current healthcare expenditure (CHE) as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) (CHE/GDP). In 2020, there were 84254 new HC cases globally (ASIR: 0.91 per 100000). Moreover, HC resulted in 38599 mortalities in 2020 (ASMR: 0.41). Furthermore, the global MIR of HC was 0.45. The ASIR and ASMR of HC were higher in men than women. Also, HDI demonstrated weak significant correlations with HC ASIR (r= 0.249, p<0.01), ASMR (r= 0.185, p<0.05), and MIR (r= 0.347, p<0.001). Moreover, a weak significant correlation was also observed between CHE/GDP and MIR (r= 0.279, p<0.001). The number of new HC cases and mortalities were estimated to increase by 50% and 55% in 2040, respectively. HC is a relatively rare cancer but with a substantial sex and geographic divide in distribution. Key priorities should thus include establishing high-quality cancer registries worldwide.

Global, regional, and national burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and its risk factors from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021

Studies from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 can guide screening and prevention strategies for tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer. We aim to provide global, regional, and national estimates of the TBL cancer burden and its attributable risk from 1990 to 2021, including during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Incidence, age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), deaths, age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardised rate of DALYs (ASDR), and the burden due to risk factors associated with TBL cancer were analysed from 1990 to 2021. Trends in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR of TBL cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2021) were also determined. All statistical analyses were performed using Join-point software (version 4.9.1.0). Between 1990 and 2021, the global incidence, deaths, and DALYs of TBL cancer to varying degrees. However, the ASIR (Average Annual Percent Change [AAPC],-0.3 [-0.4 to-0.2]), ASMR (AAPC,-0.5 [-0.7 to-0.4]), and ASDR (AAPC,-0.9 [-1.0 to-0.7]) all showed a decreasing trend. However, the ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR of TBL cancer in males all showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2021. In contrast, the ASIR and ASMR of TBL cancer in females showed an increasing trend, while the ASDR showed a relatively stable trend. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the trends for ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR remained stable across both sexes combined, females, males, five socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles, and the 21 GBD regions. In 2021, smoking was a major risk factor for TBL cancer DALYs, but the attributable ASDR for smoking decreased from 1990 to 2021 in both sexes combined, as well as individually for males and females. Conversely, the attributable ASDR for secondhand smoke, high fasting plasma glucose and occupational exposure factors increased primarily among females. Furthermore, the attributable ASDR for ambient particulate matter pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and low-fruit diets increased primarily in regions with lower SDI quintiles from 1990 to 2021. The burden attributable to TBL cancer has increased in some populations from 1990 to 2021, highlighting the importance of implementing targeted measures to mitigate this trend. No significant change in the burden of TBL cancer was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, post-COVID-19 rates still require further observation. This study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC3503300, 2023YFC3503305), and High Level Chinese Medical Hospital Promotion Project (HLCMHPP2023085, HLCMHPP2023001, HLCMHPP2023097).