Young Children Ages Research Articles

Creative Process and Co-Research with the Early Years through Flight

Practice-based research that meaningfully engages with very young children (ages eighteen months to five years) as co-researchers presents wonderful opportunities to co-imagine possibilities together, but it also presents challenges related to communication, a democratic process, and children’s agency. In this article, we discuss how The Urban Wildlife Project uses Flight: Alberta’s Early Learning and Care Framework to help our creative team have a relationship-centred process. We discuss how Flight’s core values of play and playfulness inform our process, how Flight’s “Cycle of Co-Inquiry” and emphasis on understanding children’s meaning-making honours children as citizens, and how several key concepts--including “co-,” a specific conception of children and childhood, play and play-informed meaning-making, and making magic--enable us to include very young children as co-researchers in our co-creation and co-imagination practices. To illuminate how the process works, we offer two examples of how we are using Flight to inform our practice-based research processes with the early years demographic, and to create meaningful immersive theatre experiences for all participants.

Parents’ self-reporting of Child Physical Maltreatment (CPM) in a low-middle-income country

BackgroundBecause of COVID-19 pandemic, families across the world are experiencing new stressors that threaten their health, and economic well-being. Such a stress may jeopardize parents-children relationship. We aim to investigate the magnitude of child physical maltreatment (CPM) by parents in Egypt during the COVID-19 pandemic, to relate it to parents’ stress, and to identify other potential risk factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study assessed parent-reported CPM and their personal experience of stress, depression, and anxiety among a sample of Egyptian parents using an electronic survey. It included sociodemographic data, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Child physical maltreatment scale (CPMS). We also briefly assessed COVID-19 -related data.ResultsOut of 404 respondents, (62.9%) and (32.9%) reported performing minor and severe CPM toward their children during the past 3 months, respectively. The age of youngest child, and anxiety score were significantly correlated with both minor and severe forms of CPM. While number of children, and online education system ratings were only significantly correlated with severe CPM. Parental definition of CPM was significantly correlated to minor CPM, but not to severe CPM.ConclusionsCPM by parents is not uncommon in Egypt, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings highlight the importance of regular support and intervention that help parents learn parenting skills and the use of non-violent child disciplining methods.

PTFS01-02-23 Validity of the Infant Diet Quality Index for Predicting Nutrient Outcomes in Young Children Ages 2–5

PTFS01-02-23 Validity of the Infant Diet Quality Index for Predicting Nutrient Outcomes in Young Children Ages 2–5

59-OR: Glycemic Control with Extended Use of Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) in Children Age 2–6 Years with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)

T1D management in children < age 6 yrs is challenging due to unpredictable food intake and activity. Efficacy of AID with the Tandem t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology (CIQ) in this age group has not been well studied. Data included 95 children with T1D age 2 to < 6 yrs (age 3.9±1.2 yrs, 46% male, 75 % non-Hispanic white, 34% on multiple daily injections) enrolled in a 13-week extended use phase of a randomized trial of closed loop control (CLC) with CIQ. In this phase, the group assigned to CLC for the initial 13 weeks continued on CLC (CLC-CLC) and those initially using standard care (SC) were placed on CLC (SC-CLC). CGM time in range 70-180 mg/dL (TIR) was the primary outcome. The SC-CLC group (n=33) increased TIR using CLC in the extension compared to the SC period (68±9% vs. 56±13%, p<0.001) with no significant change in hypoglycemia (%CGM < 54 mg/dL 0.4±0.3% vs. 0.5±0.6%, p=0.03). TIR increased within the first week of CLC use similar to the first 13 weeks of AID use for the CLC-CLC group (Figure). CLC training was completed virtually for 82% of the SC-CLC group. The CLC-CLC group (n=62) maintained TIR (71±11% vs. 70±10%, p=0.80) with slightly lower rates of hypoglycemia (%CGM < 54 mg/dL 0.5±0.4% vs. 0.6±0.5%, p=0.08). In conclusion, these data show that in young children age 2 to < 6, CLC with Control-IQ technology leads to increased TIR without an increase in time in hypoglycemia. Disclosure R.Wadwa: Consultant; Eli Lilly and Company, Other Relationship; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Beta Bionics, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. C.Kollman: Research Support; Insulet Corporation, Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. R.Beck: Consultant; Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Diasome, Insulet Corporation, Research Support; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Beta Bionics, Inc., Dexcom, Inc., Bigfoot Biomedical, Inc., Medtronic, Ascensia Diabetes Care, Roche Diabetes Care, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk. M.D.Breton: Consultant; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi, Arecor, Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Novo Nordisk. Pedap trial study group: n/a. Z.Reed: None. B.A.Buckingham: Advisory Panel; Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Consultant; Lilly, Research Support; Medtronic, Insulet Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. M.D.Deboer: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. L.Ekhlaspour: Consultant; Ypsomed AG, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Other Relationship; NIH - National Institutes of Health, Research Support; MannKind Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., JDRF, Speaker's Bureau; Insulet Corporation. E.C.Cobry: None. M.Schoelwer: Research Support; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Insulet Corporation. C.Berget: Consultant; Insulet Corporation, Dexcom, Inc., Other Relationship; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. J.W.Lum: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK127551); Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.; Dexcom, Inc.

277-OR: AID-Driven TIR Improvements in Young MDI Children with T1D Are Indistinguishable from Their Pump-Using Peers—A PEDAP Subanalysis

Treatment of T1D in young children presents many challenges compared to other age groups. In a recent multicenter, randomized controlled trial, we showed significant glycemic improvements when using automated insulin delivery (AID, t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology) compared to standard care (SC) (+12.4% TIR, -0.42% HbA1c) over 13 weeks in N=102 young children (age 2-<6 yrs) with T1D. We focus here on the multiple daily injection (MDI) users at baseline. The cohort included 36 such participants, 10 in SC and 26 using AID. No difference between MDI participants and their pump-using peers was noted for age, gender, ethnicity, or household income; though they showed degraded glycemic control at baseline: TIR 49.7% vs 59.6%, p=0.004; TBR 2.4% vs 3.8%, p=0.016. MDI participants completed 94% of visits virtually and 19/26 were transitioned to AID virtually. Compared with SC, TIR improvement with AID was statistically similar for MDI (+11.6%) and pump (+12.3%) participants (see Figure). Comparable results were seen for other CGM outcomes. With increased TIR of approximately 3h/day, the studied AID system significantly improved glycemic control for prior MDI users, even with a transition almost exclusively performed online. Improvements were not associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia and indistinguishable from the effects observed for prior pump users. Disclosure M.D.Breton: Consultant; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi, Arecor, Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Novo Nordisk. Pedap trial study group: n/a. B.A.Buckingham: Advisory Panel; Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Consultant; Lilly, Research Support; Medtronic, Insulet Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. M.D.Deboer: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. L.Ekhlaspour: Consultant; Ypsomed AG, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Other Relationship; NIH - National Institutes of Health, Research Support; MannKind Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., JDRF, Speaker's Bureau; Insulet Corporation. G.P.Forlenza: Advisory Panel; Medtronic, Consultant; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Lilly Diabetes, Research Support; Medtronic, Abbott, Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. M.Schoelwer: Research Support; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Insulet Corporation. R.Wadwa: Consultant; Eli Lilly and Company, Other Relationship; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Beta Bionics, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. J.W.Lum: None. R.Beck: Consultant; Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Diasome, Insulet Corporation, Research Support; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Beta Bionics, Inc., Dexcom, Inc., Bigfoot Biomedical, Inc., Medtronic, Ascensia Diabetes Care, Roche Diabetes Care, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK127551); Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.; Dexcom, Inc.

675-P: Coparenting Cooperation and Conflict Predict Parent Depressive Symptoms 1.5 Years after Young Child T1D Diagnosis

Background: Managing T1D in a newly diagnosed young child significantly impacts family dynamics and is linked with elevated parental depressive symptoms. We examined the relationship among diabetes-related co-parenting cooperation and conflict soon after diagnosis with parent depressive symptoms 1 and 1.5 years later. Method: Participants were 157 primary caregivers (91.7% female, 76.4% married, 62.2% non-Hispanic White) of young children age 1-6 years (Mage=4.41.7 years; 54.8% female, 61.5% non-Hispanic White) in a behavioral intervention trial after child T1D diagnosis (M=29 days). Parents self-reported on Cooperation and Conflict subscales of the Diabetes-Specific Co-parenting Questionnaire (DCQ) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; ≥16=clinical elevation). Multiple logistic regressions were used with elevated depression score as outcome. Subjective socioeconomic status (SSES) and treatment condition were included as covariates. Results: Higher co-parenting conflict at baseline was associated with a 3.70 (OR=3.70, 95% CI=(1.68, 8.18) and 2.36 (OR=2.36, 95% CI=(1.13, 4.91)) higher odds of clinically elevated CES-D score risk at 1 and 1.5 years post-diagnosis, respectively. Higher co-parenting cooperation at baseline marginally reduced elevated CES-D odds by 0.58 (OR=0.58, 95% CI=(0.31, 1.10)) at 1.5 (but not 1) years post-diagnosis; higher SSES at baseline reduced depression odds by 0.97 (OR=0.97, 95% CI=(0.96, 1.00) at 1.5 (but not 1) years post-diagnosis. Discussion: Increased parental disagreements following T1D diagnosis may predict higher burden of managing T1D in a young child over time and possibly contribute to later depressive symptoms. Parental care strategies and interventions at T1D diagnosis that enhance supportive cooperation and communication among caregivers may help support parent psychosocial functioning over time. Disclosure L.Kang: None. C.H.Wang: None. M.E.Hilliard: None. C.Tully: None. M.Monaghan: Employee; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Research Support; American Diabetes Association. R.Streisand: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (1R01DK102561-01A1)

Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Henan Province, China.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was widely prevalent in Henan Province in the 1950s. Through active efforts by the government, there were no local cases reported from 1984 to 2015. In 2016, local VL cases reoccurred, and there was an increasing trend of VL cases in Henan Province. To provide a scientific control of VL, an investigation was conducted in Henan Province from 2016 to 2021. The data from VL cases were obtained from the Disease Surveillance Reporting System of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The rK39 immunochromatographic test (ICT) and PCR assay were performed among high-risk residents and all dogs in the patients' village. ITS1 was amplified, sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. A total of 47 VL cases were reported in Henan Province during 2016-2021. Of the cases, 35 were local, and they were distributed in Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Anyang. The annual average incidence was 0.008/100,000, showing an upward trend year by year (χ2 = 3.987, p = 0.046). Their ages ranged from 7 months to 71 years, with 44.68% (21/47) in the age group of 0-3 years and 46.81% (22/47) in the age group ≥15 years. The cases occurred throughout the year. The high-risk populations were infants and young children (age ≤3), accounting for 51.06% (24/47), followed by farmers at 36.17% (17/47). The ratio of males to females was 2.13:1. The positive rates of rK39 ICT and PCR were 0.35% (4/1130) and 0.21% (1/468) in the residents. The positive rates of rK39 ICT and PCR were 18.79% (440/2342) and 14.92% (139/929) in the dogs. The ITS1 amplification products in the patients and positive dogs were sequenced. The homology between the target sequence and Leishmania infantum was more than 98%. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the patients and the positive dogs were infected by the same type of Leishmania, which was consistent with the strains in the hilly endemic areas in China. This paper showed that patients and domestic dogs were infected by the same type of L. infantum and that the positive rate in dogs was relatively high in Henan Province. Because the measures of patient treatment and culling of infected dogs were not effective in reducing VL incidence in Henan Province, it is urgent to develop new approaches for the control of VL, such as wearing insecticide-impregnated collars on dogs, treating the positive dogs, spraying insecticide for sandflies control, and improving residents' self-protection awareness to prevent the further spread of VL in Henan Province.

“That Conversation within the Conversation”: A Mixed Methods Study of Skin Tone and Black Parents’ Racial Socialization

This study examines whether there is a relation between assigned skin tone and parental racial socialization of their young children (ages 5–8). The concurrent mixed methods design combined quantitative and qualitative findings to explore the complexity and role skin tones play in Black parents’ messages to their children. In the quantitative strand, 178 Black parents completed a survey and questionnaire. The qualitative strand consisted of a one-on-one interview with 10 parents from the quantitative sample. Quantitative findings revealed that parents who assigned a light skin tone to their children engaged in more specific types of racial socialization than those who assigned a darker skin tone to their children. Analysis of qualitative interviews revealed parents’ unique messages based on assigned skin tones. Data from the two strands were integrated using a weaving approach that compared findings from both strands.

Risk Ractors for Strabismus Surgery after Pediatric Cataract Surgery in the United States.

To determine the cumulative incidence of strabismus surgery after pediatric cataract surgery and identify the associated risk factors. US population-based insurance claims retrospective cohort study. Patients ≤ 18 years old who underwent cataract surgery in 2 large databases: Optum Clinformatics Data Mart (2003-2021) and IBM MarketScan (2007-2016). Individuals with at least 6 months of prior enrollment were included, and those with a history of strabismus surgery were excluded. The primary outcome was strabismus surgery within 5 years of cataract surgery. The risk factors investigated included age, sex, persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), intraocular lens (IOL) placement, nystagmus and strabismus diagnoses before cataract surgery, and cataract surgery laterality. Kaplan-Meier estimated cumulative incidence of strabismus surgery 5 years after cataract surgery and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Strabismus surgery was performed on 271/5822 children included in this study. The cumulative incidence of strabismus surgery within 5 years after cataract surgery was 9.6% (95% CI, 8.3%-10.9%). Children who underwent strabismus surgery were more likely to be of younger age at the time of cataract surgery, of female sex, have a history of PFV or nystagmus, have a pre-existing strabismus diagnosis, and less likely to have an IOL placed (all P < 0.001). Factors associated with strabismus surgery in the multivariable analysis included age 1 to 4 years (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.36-0.69; P < 0.001) and age > 5 years (HR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.09-0.18; P<0.001) compared with age < 1 year at time of cataract surgery, male sex (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59-0.95; P<0.001), IOL placement (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.94; P= 0.016), and strabismus diagnosis before cataract surgery (HR, 4.13; 95% CI, 3.17-5.38; P < 0.001). Among patients with strabismus diagnosis before cataract surgery, younger age at cataract surgery was the only factor associated with increased risk of strabismus surgery. Approximately 10% of patients will undergo strabismus surgery within 5 years after pediatric cataract surgery. Children of younger age, female sex, and with a pre-existing strabismus diagnosis undergoing cataract surgery without IOL placement are at greater risk. The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Educating young children with diverse languages and cultures By KarenNemeth, London: Routledge. 2023. pp. 174. £39.99 (paperback). ISBN: 9780367535087

Karen Nemeth's book, Educating Young Children with Diverse Languages and Cultures, equips early childhood educators to assist and work with young children (ages 0–8) with a variety of languages, cultures, and learning needs. The most crucial step in creating equitable access to early education is being ready for all children. Early childhood educators do not necessarily need to be experts in all areas, but they do need to have the self-assurance to deal with any child. To guarantee that all young children have equitable access to education should be our shared goal in this subject. Throughout this book, readers will find more information on how to accomplish this aim using evidence-based, all-inclusive solutions for addressing experiences, cultures, abilities, and languages. Ten chapters make up this book and they centre around 6 main topics: (1) facilitating remote learning to support learners from varied linguistic and cultural backgrounds; (2) the National Association for the Education of Young Children has released two new position statements, Advancing Equity in Early Childhood Education and Developmentally Appropriate Practice; (3) a focus on interdisciplinary coordination of learning for both adults and children; (4) the application of proactive Universal Design strategies; (5) an anti-bias focus on ensuring that all children have equitable access to early education and the value of developing a diverse early childhood workforce; and (6) practices that are trauma-informed and asset-based. As a result, this book underlines how important it is for learning to communicate across cultures and languages. It has a layered format with multiple uses. As a practitioner in teaching language to children, I find the subject matter of chapters 2 and 3 to be particularly fascinating. In chapter 2, readers are assisted in understanding language in the context of individual learning and development by descriptions of the diverse experiences and classifications of children who are dual language learners. Readers will receive the most valuable insights into all facets of child development and learning by thoroughly examining the language development of dual language or multilingual learners, which will help them succeed in their work. In addition, the author offers advice on how to start a profession in early childhood education in chapter 3. What can you do to get ready to educate students from varied linguistic and cultural backgrounds? Have you had any practical experience working with kids or adults who speak different languages? Before you start applying for jobs, how could you add that experience to your resume? Anyone who plans to work with young children should take all of these factors into account. With an eye on success and resilience in a sector that is evolving, Chapter 3 successfully responds to these queries and assists readers in getting ready to become early childhood educators. Overall, the book presents fresh viewpoints on preparing early childhood educators to effectively work with and support young children with diverse languages, cultures, and learning needs that will get readers thinking. However, the book could have struck a better balance if it had included chapters from authors on other continents (such as Asia and Africa). They can offer many different viewpoints on the subject. By doing this, the reader may become more engaged and interested in the book. Even so, it is an excellent resource for early childhood educators and researchers who want to enhance their fields.

Supporting Depressed Mothers of Young Children with Intellectual Disability: Feasibility of an Integrated Parenting Intervention in a Low-Income Setting.

As a lifelong condition, intellectual disability (ID) remains a public health priority. Parents caring for children with ID experience serious challenges to their wellbeing, including depression, anxiety, stress and health-related quality of life. Integrated parenting interventions, which have been well evidenced for depressed mothers, may also effectively support depressed parents with a child with ID in low-resource settings such as Pakistan, and in turn optimise child outcomes. We conducted a mixed-method rater-blind feasibility randomised controlled trial, which assessed the feasibility and acceptability of the Learning Through Play in My Own Way Plus (LTP-IMOW Plus) intervention. Mothers who screened positive for depression (n = 26) with a young child (age 3-6 years) with ID were recruited from two low-resource community settings. Participants in the intervention arm (n = 13) received 12 group sessions of LTP-IMOW Plus and others (n = 13) received routine care. The intervention was feasible and acceptable with 100% retention and 100% session attendance. The intervention improved depression, anxiety, parenting stress and child socialisation score outcomes relative to the routine care arm. The framework utilised to analyse the qualitative interviews with seven participants at pre-intervention identified a range of struggles experienced by the mothers, and at post-intervention, found improved knowledge of child development and practices, improved mother-child relationships, recommendations for the intervention and perceived practical barriers and facilitators. The findings highlight the prospects for a clinical and cost-effective trial of an integrated parenting intervention to manage long-term parental mental health needs and improve child outcomes.

Anticipatory Guidance through Online Motivational Interviewing for Mothers on Early Childhood Caries among Young Children of Age 9-24 Months amidst Pandemics: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial.

A total of 222 mothers with 9-24 months old children were selected and added to the e-groups. The allocated mothers were given a pretest questionnaire and collected back with a photo of their child's oral health, and anticipatory guidance and in-depth interviewing were given to them. Follow-up is done in 2, 4, and 6 months. Awareness is evaluated by pre- and posttest questionnaires. Reversal of the white spot is evaluated through indices, and progression is noted. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 13. Pretest and postquestionnaire analysis were done using the Chi-squared test. The test shows the marked raise in knowledge, attitude, and practice of mothers on their children after postintervention, which was given through motivational interviewing (MI). In summary, the MI intervention appeared to improve maternal knowledge but had no effect on oral health behaviors or on the progression of early childhood caries (ECC). Aravind A, Sathyaprasad S, Ilyas I. Anticipatory Guidance through Online Motivational Interviewing for Mothers on Early Childhood Caries among Young Children of Age 9-24 Months amidst Pandemics: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(2):227-236.

Trends and determinants of acute respiratory infection symptoms among under-five children in Cambodia: Analysis of 2000 to 2014 Cambodia demographic and health surveys.

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children under 5 years old and about 1.3 million annually worldwide. Account for 33% of deaths among children under 5 years that occurred in developing countries. In Cambodia, ARIs prevalence in children under 5 years old was 20% in 2000, and 6% in 2014. Hence, the aimed to describe the trends of ARI symptoms among children aged 0-59 months over time using the 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) and determined the relationships between socio-demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors with ARI symptoms. We analyzed existing children's data from 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 of Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) that used a two-stage stratified cluster sampling design. We limited our analysis to children born in the last five years prior to the surveys, alive and living in households during interview time. Data were pooled across the four survey years for 29,171 children aged 0-59 months. All statistics were carried out using STATA V16, and survey weights were taken into account for the survey design of the CDHS. We used multiple logistic regression to determine the main predictors of ARI symptoms among children under 5 years. ARI symptoms in the previous two weeks in children aged 0-59 months in Cambodia were 19.9% in 2000 to 8.6% in 2005 to 6.4% in 2010, and 5.5% in 2014. Factors independently associated with increased odds of ARI symptoms were children ages 6-11 months with adjusted odds ratio [AOR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.53-2.38], 12-23 months [AOR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.46-2.20], and 24-35 months [AOR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.13-1.76], smoking mother [AOR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.27-2.05], and using non-improved toilets in households [AOR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.99-1.46]. However, the following factors were found to be associated with decreased odds of having ARI symptoms: Mothers with higher education [AOR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.21-0.94], breastfeeding children [AOR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77-0.98], and children born into richest wealth quantile [AOR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56-0.95], respectively. Survey 2005 [AOR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.31-0.42], 2010 [AOR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.22-0.33], 2014 [AOR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.19-0.30]. The trends of ARI symptoms among children under five in Cambodia significantly decreased from 2000-2014. Smoking mothers, young children ages (0-35 months), and using non-improved toilet in household are factors that independently increased the likelihood that children would develop ARI symptoms. Inversely, factors were found to be associated with decreased odds of having ARI symptoms: Mothers with higher education, breastfeeding children, and children born into the richest wealth quantile and Survey years. Therefore, government and child family programs must promote maternal education, particularly infant breastfeeding. The government ought to support maternal education and infant breastfeeding in the interest of early childhood care.

Is blood group a risk factor in lateral epicondylitis?

Lateral epicondylitis is a common disorder in the community. Identification of risk factors plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of the disease. In our study, the relationship between risk factors in lateral epicondylitis and blood group, which has not been mentioned before in the literature, will be examined. In our study, patients' age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), dominant upper extremity, affected upper extremity, duration of symptoms, duration between onset of symptoms and hospital admission, occupation, number of children and youngest child age (if the patient is a mother), smoking, alcohol use, presence of additional diseases, sports activities, job requiring repetitive movements and strength in the upper extremities in daily life, marital status, where he/she lives and his/her blood type were questioned. In our study, there were 304 patients in the patient group and 304 patients in the control group. In our study, blood type 0 was significantly more common in the patient group (p<0.001). In our study, it was concluded that there is a relationship between 0 blood group and lateral epicondylitis.

Factors Associated with Complaints of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) Among Informatics Engineering Students, University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA

Background Computers or laptops are needed for learning and working media for young children of productive age with a university-level education to balance their mobility. However, long-term use of a computer or laptop can cause eye problems, including Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). This study aims to determine the factors associated with Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) complaints in Informatics Engineering students at the University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA South Jakarta in 2022. Methods This research is a quantitative study with a Cross-Sectional study design. The sampling technique uses the Quota Sampling method with 150 respondents. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire with google forms. The analysis used is univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. Results The results showed that respondents with positive CVS symptoms (70.7%) with the most complaints were tired and strained eyes (77.3%). The Chi-square test between risk factors and CVS obtained results, gender (p = 0.725), the use of glasses (p = 0.011), duration of exposure to computer or laptop screens (p &lt; 0.0001), taking eyes breaks (p = 0.002), the distance between eyes and computer or laptop screen (p = 0.049), and body position when using a computer or laptop (p = 0.006). Conclusions The significantly related risk factors to CVS were the use of glasses, duration of exposure to computer or laptop screens, taking eye breaks, the distance between eyes and computer or laptop screen, and body position when using a computer or laptop. At the same time, gender is not associated with CVS complaints.

Parents' Discussions of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Death With Young Children.

Death and loss are often uncomfortable topics for adults to discuss with young children. Disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, however, made the avoidance of these topics nearly impossible. The current study explored how 20 parents engaged with their young children (ages 3-6) in discussions about death, dying, and loss as they jointly experienced this global crisis. Interviews were conducted both prepandemic (Summer/Fall 2019) and a year later, at the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, before vaccines were approved (Summer 2020). Results suggest parents largely sought to balance sheltering children from stress and socializing them with socioemotional competencies. The pandemic context, however, brought parents a sense of urgency to scaffold their children's ability to remain resilient after experiencing losses. Practical implications are discussed regarding how family nurses and other practitioners can provide support to families of young children during the COVID-19 pandemic and potential future global crises.

A longitudinal study of facial asymmetry in a normal birth cohort up to 6 years of age and the predisposing factors.

This prospective, population-based cohort study aimed to investigate the development of facial asymmetry up to 6 years of age using a three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue imaging method in a normal population. In addition, the study sought to identify potential predisposing factors to facial asymmetry. A total of 102 newborns were enrolled in the study at birth. 3D stereophotogrammetric images of the head and face were analysed at the ages of 12 months (T1), 3 years (T2), and 6 years (T3). The surface-based analysis involved the calculation of the average distance (mm) and the symmetry percentage (%) between the original and mirrored surfaces. For landmark-based analysis, the distance of facial landmarks to the facial midline was examined. The final analysis included 70 (68.6%) subjects. Surface-based analysis showed a significant improvement of facial symmetry from T1 to T3 in all facial areas. Landmark-based analysis showed that upper facial landmarks were located, on average, slightly on the left and lower facial landmarks slightly on the right in relation to the facial midline (P < 0.001). The size of the study population was limited. Facial posture may affect the reliability of the results, especially in younger children. Facial asymmetry is detectable in early childhood and tends to reduce with age in young children. The lower face deviates slightly to the right, and the upper face to the left in relation to the facial midline. Possible predisposing factors for facial asymmetry at the age of 6 years include deformational plagiocephaly, sleeping position, and previous facial asymmetry.

The effects of maternal and teacher’s autonomy support on executive function of young children age between 3-5

본 연구의 목적은 어머니와 교사의 자율성지지가 유아의 실행기능에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 했다. 연구대상은 경기지역 유치원에 재원 중인 만 3, 4, 5세 유아의 어머니 235명, 교사 69명이 연구에 참여했다. 연구를 위한 자료수집을 위해 어머니와 교사의 자율성지지에 대한 측정도구를 배부하고 회수하였으며, 유아의 실행기능에 관한 자료는 교사의 측정에 의해 수집되었다. 자료 분석 결과, 어머니와 교사의 자율성지지는 유아의 실행기능에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 3세와 4세 유아의 실행기능에는 어머니의 자율성지지 그리고 교사의 자율성지지, 5세 유아의 실행기능에는 교사의 자율성지지 그리고 어머니의 자율성 지지 순으로 나타났다. 또한 성별에 따른 유아 실행기능에서는 남아에는 어머니의 자율성지지가 여아에게는 교사의 자율성지지가 더 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 유아 전체에는 교사의 자율성지지 그리고 어머니의 자율성지지 순으로 그 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 유아의 실행기능 발달에서 어머니와 교사의 자율성지지가 모두 중요한 변인이나, 그 연령의 증가에 따라 교사의 자율성지지가 강조될 필요성을 시사한다.This study examines the effects of maternal and teacher’s autonomy support on young children’s executive function. The questionnaire survey method was conducted to target 235 mothers and 69 early childhood teachers working at kindergarten for children between age 3-5 in Gyeonggi Province. The questionnaires on maternal and teacher’s autonomy support were distributed and collected among the mothers and teachers. And data on executive function were measured using BRIEF-P by teachers completing the questionnaires. There was significant interrelationship between young children’s executive function, and maternal and teacher’s autonomy support. And maternal and teacher’s autonomy support were positive factors in predicting young children’s executive function. In addition, on the child's execution function according to gender: the mother's autonomy support had greater influence on the boys, whereas the teacher's autonomy support held a bigger impact on the girls. Furthermore, the entire group of children had an increased effect in the order of teacher's autonomy support, and mother’s autonomy support. The results of this research suggest that both mother and teacher’s autonomy support are important variables in the development of children's executive function, but it is necessary to emphasize teacher’s autonomy support as the age of children increases.

A survey of mothers' experiences of shared parenting and domestic violence

AbstractThis cross‐sectional survey reports on the experiences and impact of mothers in shared parenting arrangements and their young children ages 0–4 years across three provinces in Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario). The purpose of the study was to explore shared parenting arrangements in the context of domestic violence, and we sought to recruit mothers from a range of experiences regarding reported violence in their relationships with their ex‐partners. The online survey consisted of standardized tools to measure child development, depression, substance use, and anxiety, extent and severity of domestic violence, and coparenting. Recruiting during the pandemic was challenging, which required various recruitment strategies. The total sample included 84 mothers who completed questionnaires. Findings show that while mothers experienced various forms of domestic violence in shared parenting arrangements, experiences of coercive control were most evident. Implications are identified and discussed in relation to parenting plans, shared parenting and all forms of domestic violence including coercive control.

Associations Among Clinical Factors and Occupational Therapy Service Utilization in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Limited research has elucidated factors predicting occupational therapy-specific service utilization by children with autism. Such research is needed to inform reasons for receipt of services. To examine factors associated with occupational therapy service utilization by children with autism. We hypothesized that elevated sensory hyperresponsiveness; greater sensory interests, repetitions, and seeking; and lower adaptive behavior would predict more service utilization. Analysis of extant data from a prospective, longitudinal survey study about autism symptom severity, adaptive behavior, sensory features, and demographic and service utilization information of children with autism ages 3 to 13 yr. Online parent survey regarding child behaviors during daily activities and contexts. 892 parents of children with autism from 50 U.S. states. We used scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-Second Edition, the Social Responsiveness Scale, and the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire Version 3.0 and responses to a demographic questionnaire. We formulated hypotheses after data collection but before analysis. Predictors of higher occupational therapy service utilization were lower enhanced perception; lower adaptive behavior; elevated sensory interests, repetitions, and seeking behaviors; younger child age; and higher household income. Results partially support our hypotheses. Sensory interests, repetitions, and seeking behavior predicted occupational therapy service utilization, whereas other sensory response patterns did not, suggesting a possible referral bias for certain sensory response patterns. Occupational therapy practitioners can educate parents and teachers about the scope of practice, which includes addressing sensory features beyond sensory interests, repetitions, and seeking behaviors. What This Article Adds: Children with autism who have impairments in adaptive functioning and high levels of sensory interests, repetitions, and seeking behaviors receive more occupational therapy services. Occupational therapy practitioners should be well trained to address such concerns and advocate for the profession's role in mitigating the impact of sensory features on daily life.