Age Of Victims Research Articles

PROTECT: a novel psychotherapy for late-life depression in elder abuse victims.

Elder abuse is prevalent, and victims have high rates of depression and low quality of life. We established an academic-community partnership to test the feasibility, acceptability, and impact of a brief psychotherapy for depression (PROTECT) among elder abuse victims with capacity to make decisions. Elder abuse service providers referred depressed (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9] ≥ 10) older victims (age ≥ 55 years) for potential pilot study participation. Forty eligible victims who consented were randomized to PROTECT psychotherapy (N = 25) or a Usual Care (N = 15) condition involving a community psychotherapy referral. Follow-up research assessments were conducted at 6 weeks (mid-treatment) and 9 weeks (end of treatment) after study initial assessment. We used mixed-effects regression models to examine treatment effects on depression severity and quality of life over time. Most victims (75%) reported two or more types of abuse. The a priori acceptability benchmark was met at the end of PROTECT therapy. All PROTECT participants initiated therapy; this engagement rate is greater than the a priori 75% standard set for feasibility. We found a significant reduction in depression severity (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS]), with PROTECT leading to greater benefits compared to Usual Care. Both study groups had a similar improvement in quality of life. The pilot project results found that PROTECT psychotherapy is feasible, acceptable, and effective in reducing depression. With the support of our partnership, we found that PROTECT could be delivered alongside elder abuse services with victims willing to initiate therapy that leads to meaningful treatment effects.

Child pornography possession/receipt offenders: developing a forensic profile

Child pornography possession/receipt offenders are a controversial offender group due to mixed and occasionally divergent evidence about their risk profile, offending history and psychopathology. Using a population of male offenders who ever perpetrated a sexual offense from a federal jurisdiction in the central United States, the current study developed an exploratory post hoc empirical profile of these offenders. The profile has some success in the validation component of our study and showed significant associations with self-reported sexual abuse of child victims ages 3–12 years, but non-significant associations to adolescent and adult victims. It significantly linked to the conceptually expected victim group and the significant statistical effect withstood controls for generally robust indicators of antisocial conduct including antisocial personality disorder, arrest onset, total adverse childhood experiences, age and race. We view the findings as exploratory and encourage additional empirical study of this important offender group.

Police discretion, pragmatism and crime ‘deconstruction’: police doorstep crime investigations in England and Wales

ABSTRACT This article explores police discretionary practices associated with circumventing crime recording rules (NCRS), utilising doorstep crimes against elderly victims as the crime context (distraction burglary, fraud and attempts). This research examines 68 ‘rogue trader’ incidents from classified police systems, a focus group with CEnTSA trading standards officers and 31 police questionnaires from 26 England and Wales Force Intelligence Branches (FIB) and regional/national intelligence units. Almost half the doorstep incidents were filed at source with no investigation and 44% (30/68) of incidents breached National Crime Recording Standards (NCRS). It is argued that some officers deconstruct ‘crime’ utilising the power of language within their skilfully crafted summary ‘write up’. In justifying their dubious ‘no crime’ decisions, officers rely on identifiable ‘scripts’ that are reminiscent of the work of Shearing and Ericson (1991). A central script is that of ‘civil dispute’ which ‘legitimises’ the fraudster as entering into a contract with elderly victims ‘no matter how unscrupulous that contract may be’. Attendant officers deny property being stolen, suggest that elderly victims ‘consent’ to offender entry and even resort to the alleged unreliability or ‘confusion’ of elderly victims, despite this feature signifying a need for ‘enhanced’ safeguarding; all of which preclude officers from submitting crime reports. Findings expose ‘cuffing’ to be an enduring and dysfunctional police practice, effected out of self preference and pragmatism in order to ration workload. Such detrimental outcomes expose older people to repeat victimisation, under-policing and secondary victimisation by the state.

Sexual Victimization and Mental Health in Female University Students.

Although sexual assaults on female university students are a public health concern, studies that have examined this issue have not used behaviorally specific definitions of the various types of sexual victimization. Furthermore, hardly any data exists on female Spanish university students. The objectives of this study were to analyze the prevalence of different forms of sexual assault against female Spanish university students, determine the risk factors associated with sexual assault, analyze the association between sexual victimization and mental health problems, and determine the differential risk of more serious types of sexual assault. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a random sample of 871 students from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) (mean age 20.7 years, SD = 2.8). The current study assessed various types of sexual violence (i.e., unwanted sexual contact, attempted coercion, coercion, attempted rape, rape), as well as rates of depression, anxiety, stress, eating disorders, substance abuse, suicide risk, and suicide attempts. Of the female students surveyed, 28.5% had suffered some form of sexual violence during the previous year, 22.3% reported unwanted sexual contact, 8.8% attempted coercion, 6.5% coercion, 10.4% attempted rape, and 7.9% had been raped. Lower risk was associated with having a partner and being heterosexual. Being 18 years of age and prior experiences of sexual victimization were associated with higher risk. Being the victim of attempted coercion was associated with a higher risk of depression, while victims of attempted rape were at higher risk for substance use. Rape victims were at the highest risk for all mental health conditions studied, with the exception of suicide attempts. Due to the high rates at which Spanish female university students experience sexual violence, planning and resources are needed to address their mental health needs, especially those who are victims of rape.

Suicide among adolescents and youths during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: A press media reports-based exploratory study.

ProblemSuicide incidences among adolescents and youths during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) lockdowns have been reported across the world. However, no studies have been carried out to investigate cumulative nature, patterns, and causative factors of such suicide incidences.MethodsA purposive sampling of Google news between 15 February and 6 July was performed. After excluding duplicate reports, the final list comprised a total of 37‐suicide cases across 11 countries.FindingsMore male suicides were reported (21‐cases, i.e., 56.76%), and the mean age of the total victims was 16.6 ± 2.7 years (out of a total of 29 cases). About two‐thirds of the suicides were from three countries named India (11‐cases), UK (8‐cases), and the USA (6‐cases). Out of 23‐student victims, 14 were school‐going students. Hanging was the most common suicide method accounting in 51.4% of cases. The most common suicide causalities were related to mental sufferings such as depression, loneliness, psychological distress, and so forth, whereas either online schooling or overwhelming academic distress was placed as the second most suicide stressors followed by TikTok addiction‐related psychological distress, and tested with the COVID‐19.ConclusionsThe finding of the temporal distribution of suicides concerning lockdowns may help in exploring and evolving public measures to prevent/decrease pandemic‐related suicides in young people.

The study of clinical profile and outcome of patients with snakebite in a rural community.

Context:Snakebite remains an underrated cause of accidental death in modern India, primarily in rural India, where people fail to reach out to modern medicine and fall victim to the handful of quacks using traditional healing methods. If promptly diagnosed and treated based on various clinical determinants like mode of presentation, time of medical intervention, recognition of the species, and analysis of a series of reliably identified bites, the treatment outcome would be more promising. We aimed to study snakebite patients' clinical profile and treatment outcome in a rural tertiary care setup.Materials and Method:This is a retrospective study in which the data evaluated from an epidemiological viewpoint; gender and age of the snake bite victim, time when bitten, interval between the bite and medical consultation, pattern of toxicity, and response to anti-snake venom (ASV).Results:Of a total of 200 patients bitten by a snake, 121 were males, with 77% adults. In nearly all cases, the type of snake was unknown; however, most of the bites were poisonous, showing one or the other type of toxicity. One hundred seventy-one patients survived the snake bite, and 29 succumbed. When Logistic regression was done with Death/discharge as the dependent variable and “Time to bite and reaching hospital, Age, Sex, number of ASV given, Ventilation needed or not, pack cell volume (PCV) numbers, Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) numbers, Dialysis and presence or absence of toxicity” as the independent variables, the model developed did not account for any respectable amount of variation in the outcome. The only variable found to be predicting the outcome significantly was FFP.Conclusion:It is often difficult to identify the type of snake, and thus polyvalent antisnake venom remains the only available treatment resource. Readily available treatment resources, timely intervention, appropriate referral, and close ICU will alleviate mortality.

Spousal abuse and its determinants

IntroductionSpousal abuse (SA)against women, by its frequency and its consequences on the health of the victims, is a public health issue. For this reason, the role of the physician is essential not only in the care of victims but also in the study of the determinants of(SA).ObjectivesTo study the profile of women who have experienced(SA), their spouses and to evaluate the factors associated with spousal violence.MethodsAnalytical and descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among married patients who consulted the National Health Fund of Sfax(CNSS) during the months of October and November 2019.The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the victims and their spouses were collected using a pre-established form.Results57.3% of the population was affected by(SA). The mean age of female victims was 48.35 years(SD=9.82). 66.7% of women had a primary school level and 69% had a median socioeconomic level. The majority (60.3%) were housewives.78.18% had a somatic history. The average age of spouses was 53.82(SD=10.87).73% had an elementary school education and 49% were workers.The spouse’s somatic history was found in 63.5% and psychiatric history in 11.11%. 39.68% of spouses had addictive behaviours. Factors correlated with (SA) were: low education levels of the wife (p=0.016) and husband (p=0.0057), history of childhood abuse of the victim (p<0.0001), addictive behaviours of the husband (p=0.008).ConclusionsIt seems that the evaluation of the characteristics of women victims of (SA) and their spouses, as well as the identification of factors associated with (SA), are essential in order to cope with this scourge and avoid its repercussions.Keywordspousal abuse-victims-determinants-profile

565 Pandemia Experience in Pediatric Minor to Moderate Burns and the Role of Telemedicine in Treatment

IntroductionA huge number of pediatric burn injuries are minor to moderate burns. During covid-19 pandemia, these cases have continued to require medical attention. Aim of the present study was to share our burn center’s pandemia experience in minor to moderate burns in children.MethodsRecords of 117 victims (age:0 to 17yrs) were documented {study period: 3/11/2020(pandemia decleration by WHO)-9/11/2020}. Data were classified according to treatment modalities (outpatient/inpatient/telemedicine). Age; sex; extent of burns; burn cause; environment in which injury occured; referral history (time interval between injury and referral; other hospitals before arriving at our center) were noted for each case. Thereafter, subjects were divided into two subgroups according to pandemia calender: GroupIconsisted of referrals in march+april+may (national ‘lock-down’ period for children n=60) and GroupIIconsisted of referrals in june+july+august+september (‘new normal’ period with limited social life n=57) (mean±SE,p˂.05).Results: Outpatients comprised 82,1% of all referrals(n=96) with 361 in-person visits. Mean age was 4,2yrs±0,4(min:0 max:17); male/female ratio was 1,04/1. Mean total body surface area(TBSA) burned was 2,6%±0,6(min:0,2 max:20). The most common burn causes were scalds(n=79; 82,3%) and contact burns (n=11;11,5%). Number of referrals on the same day with injury was 41 (42,7%) and 65 referrals were unmediated(67,7%). Inpatients comprised of 11,1% of all referrals (n=13). Mean age was 3,9yrs ± 1,7 (min:1 max: 16). Male/female ratio was 0,9/1. Mean TBSA burned was 9,3%±1,8 (min:1 max:18). The most common burn cause was scalds(92,3%;n=12). Nine patients were hospitalized on the same day with injury (69,2%). Ten patients were referred from other hospitals (76,9%). Mean lenght of hospital stay was 6,77days±1,4 (min:1 max:14). Telemedicine visits (n=33) which were carried out for 23 children via e-mail and phone/video calls included photographic follow up visits for scars, treatment of contact dermatitis and controls of wound-dressings. Comparison of ‘lock-down’ period (groupI) with ‘new normal’ period (groupII) revealed that almost whole telemedicine service was carried out in groupI except two interurban visits in groupII. Findings were similar in both groups except the significant increase of outdoor burns and remarkable presence of sun burns in groupII(p< .05).ConclusionsCovid pandemia has created extraordinary conditions; however present data suggests that minor to moderate burns in childhood continue to occur anyway. Telemedicine is an advantageous method under pandemia conditions. Therefore, attempts for basic burn-care guidelines including telemedicine facilities should be supported.

Enhancing and evaluating the capacity of elder abuse fatality review teams to assist victim services

ABSTRACT Fatality review teams (FRTs) have been historically helpful in identifying systemic issues that may lead to child and domestic violence deaths to improve responses, guide prevention efforts, and better serve victims. More recently, these teams have formed to address similar concerns in elder abuse matters. The American Bar Association Commission on Law and Aging received an early grant to study elder abuse fatality review teams (EAFRTs) and in 2005 created its first Replication Guide. The current study reports on a subsequent national survey of EAFRTs, conducted 14 years later to identify important similarities and differences in team operations, impact and sustainability. EAFRTs are growing nationally in numbers, have positive impacts on member elder abuse and victim services knowledge, skills and confidence, but experience challenges to impact evaluability and sustainability due to low funding and membership time, turnover and commitment. Recommendations for supporting newly developing and currently functioning EAFRTs are provided.

The Influence of Testimonial Aids, Victim Age, and Familiarity on Mock Juror Decision-Making in a Sexual Offence Case

The current study examined the influence of testimonial aids (e.g., testifying behind a screen), in combination with victim-defendant familiarity, and victim age, on mock jurors’ judgments in a sexual offence case. The sample included undergraduate mock jurors (N = 256) who read a trial summary and answered questions regarding their perception of defendant guilt and defendant and victim credibility. Mock jurors were impacted by the use of testimonial aids, such that they were more likely to render a guilty verdict and assign higher guilt ratings to the defendant, as well as perceive the victim more positively when a testimonial aid was used compared with testifying live in court. The use of a testimonial aid also interacted with victim-defendant familiarity, such that mock jurors rated the defendant as more guilty when a testimonial aid was used and the defendant was described as a stranger, compared with a familiar family member. The use of testimonial accommodations, in combination with other extralegal factors, impacts mock jurors’ judgments.

IMPLEMENTATION OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT) FOR THE ELDERLY IN REDUCING ANXIETY DUE TO LANDSLIDES IN MARGAMUKTI VILLAGE-BANDUNG REGENCY

This study aims to reveal the application of therapeutic communication in reducing anxiety experienced by elderly victims of landslides disaster in Margamukti Village, Pangalengan District, Bandung Regency. Specifically, this is to determine: 1) the physical condition of the elderly victims of landslides, 2) the psychological conditions of the elderly victims of landslides, 3) the social conditions of the elderly victims of landslides, 4) the application of therapeutic communication to reduce anxiety experienced by the elderly after landslides. This study uses a quantitative approach with a single subject design (SSD). The data collection technique is done through questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Analysis of research data using quantitative measurement techniques.The results showed that the application of therapeutic communication to respondent "Iy" resulted in a change for the better, namely a decrease in anxiety. During the measurement process, both the baseline phase A and the baseline phase B, and the measurement phase A2, from the aspect of the theurapeutic communication that was built between the researcher and the respondent "Iy", the process was quite meaningful, namely communication that built the respondent "Iy" growth towards psychosocial recovery.

Identifying novel forms of reluctance in commercially sexually exploited adolescents

BackgroundResearch has largely overlooked expressions of reluctance in commercially sexually exploited adolescent (“CSEA”) victims. This is problematic because gaining information from known victims is of the utmost importance in order to better serve the needs of current and potential future victims. ObjectiveThe current study proposes a novel conceptualization of reluctance based on CSEA victims’ transcripts from police interviews and courtroom examinations. Participants and settingThe study examined police interviews (n = 8 victims, 1558 utterances) and courtroom transcripts (n = 6 victims, 1961 utterances) conducted with female CSEA victims aged 15–17 years old (Mage = 16.29). The victims were associated with the same trafficker and were thus interviewed by the same group of police officers, and for those who testified, were questioned by the same lawyers in court. ResultsSixteen reluctance tactics were identified, including several that have been overlooked in previous literature. The current reluctance measure identified more reluctance than previous studies’ reluctance measures. Reluctance was much more common in police interviews (26.4%; p < .001) than in court (5.5%), and if victims were more reluctant in the police interviews, they were less likely to appear in court (p = .001). ConclusionsThese findings have implications for future conceptualizations of reluctance, and illustrate the importance of considering the age of the victim and the circumstances under which the victim is questioned in identifying reluctance.

Revenge filicide: An international perspective through 62 cases.

Filicide is the purposeful killing of one or more children by a parent, step-parent, or other parental figure. Revenge filicide is a poorly understood, rare form of filicide in which a parent murders their child to cause emotional harm to the child's other parent. This descriptive study presents an international case series consisting of 62 revenge filicide cases from nine countries. Perpetrators were about equally likely to be male or female. Over half of the sample had an active mental disorder of any type, most often a personality disorder. A history of domestic violence was common. The mean victim age was 6 years. They were typically killed by asphyxiation, firearms, or knives, and preschool age children were targeted most frequently. In half of the cases, more than one child was murdered. Post-crime suicidal behavior was commonplace, and one-third of the sample died by suicide. Four revenge filicide subtypes were identified: rejection, custody/visitation dispute, infidelity/jealousy, and argument/conflict. These categories may prove useful in future research and for helping to identify children at high risk of becoming filicide victims. All surviving offenders were criminally convicted, and in only one case was a mental health defense successful in lessening culpability. Notable similarities and differences between the US and international cases are discussed.

Coronary Artery Disease as the Cause of Sudden Cardiac Death Among Victims < 50 Years of Age

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Atherosclerosis increases with age, but also many victims of SCD in young and middle-aged population have CAD at autopsy. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and autopsy findings of SCD due to CAD among victims of SCD under the age of 50. Fingesture is a population-based study consisting of consecutive series of victims of autopsy verified SCD in Northern Finland between the years 1998 to 2017 (n = 5,869). Histological examinations were part of all autopsies and a toxicology investigation was performed if needed. Analyses included information accumulated from death certificates, medical records, autopsy data, standardized questionnaire to the closest family members of the victims of SCD and police reports of the conditions of the death. Overall, 10.4% of all SCDs occurred among victims under the age of 50 years (610 victims). Most common underlying cause of SCD among these younger SCD victims was CAD (43.6%). The prevalence of CAD as the cause of SCD became more common in young SCD victims after the age of 35 years. The mean age of ischemic SCD victims was 44±5 years and most were men (89.5%). Most victims (90.2%) had no clinical diagnosis of CAD, however 33.8% had an autopsy evidence of silent myocardial infarction. SCD occurred during physical activity in 24.1%. Three-vessel disease was detected in 44.4% of the study victims. Cardiac hypertrophy (58.3%) and myocardial fibrosis (82.6%) were also common. At least 1 cardiovascular risk factor was present in 64.7% of SCD victims. In conclusion, most SCDs among victims < 50 years of age are due to CAD.

The Distillation of National Crime Data into A Plan for Elderly Fraud Prevention: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of U.S. Postal Inspection Service Cases of Fraud against the Elderly

ABSTRACT The following article represents the product of a research study funded by the United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) and conducted by researchers from the Identity Management and Information Protection Center (CIMIP) of Utica College. The study focuses on frauds committed against victims aged 55 years and older. The primary objective was to uncover as much key empirical information on characteristics of victims of elderly fraud, those who commit these crimes, and the methods they employ to commit these fraudulent acts. For this study, researchers were afforded the opportunity to examine criminal case investigation data from the USPIS national criminal case database on elderly frauds. The data that supplies the foundation for this study relies on information from criminal case investigators transposed to a national database reflecting critical characteristics of cases of fraud against the elderly. Recommendations are offered as to how the analysis of this information can be beneficial in the development of effective public awareness campaigns for helping to prevent elderly fraud victimization.

Suicide in the context of COVID-19 diagnosis in India: Insights and implications from online print media reports

Background: Suicide reports during the COVID pandemic is an increasing cause for concern. However, there is a limited understanding of suicide among individuals with positive/suspected COVID diagnosis specifically. Hence, this study, using online newspaper reports, aimed to determine factors influencing suicide among individuals withCOVID-19 infection status. Methodology: Information regarding positive/suspected COVID related suicide was obtained from online newspapers published in 4 languages between 30th Jan 2020 to 16th August 2020 using google news aggregator. Of 235 online identified, 93 were eligible for analysis after the exclusion and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Median Age of COVID related suicide victims was 45 years (range 15 - 80) wherein 61.3% belonged to 30-59 year age group, and 75.3% were males. 50% of suicides occurred within the first week of COVID diagnosis confirmation, and 50% suicides occurred at COVID centres. Hanging (53.8%) was the commonest method of suicide, followed by jumping (12.9%). Conclusion: Higher risk for suicide was observed among male gender and those with positive/suspected COVID infection within the first week, while receiving treatment in COVID care centres. Hanging and jumping were the two commonest methods. The above highlight an urgent need to integrate suicide preventive strategies into standard care protocols of COVID-19 positive and suspected cases.

School Bullying and Association with Somatic Complaints in Victimized Children

To examine the relationship between peer victimization and psychosomatic symptoms among school-going children. A total of 213 school-going children (Mean = 11.49 y, SD = 1.44) studying in grades 5 to 8 were recruited from 2 schools from a north Indian city. The children were administered the California Bullying Victimization Scale (CBVS), Pre-Adolescent Adjustment Scale (PAAS), and the Children's Somatization Inventory (CSI). The total score on the somatization inventory and the total number of psychosomatic symptoms endorsed were used as the main outcome measures. Out of the 213 students, 42.7% were involved in bullying either as victims or as perpetrators. A little more than one-fourth (26.8%) were victims. A consistent positive association between victimization and somatic complaints was found. The most common physical symptoms reported by victims included headache (60.7%), chest pain (35.7%), stomach pain (33.9%), weakness (30.4%), and pain in arms and legs (19.6%). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that 22.6% of the variance in the total CSI scores was accounted by the total victimization score, self-reported adjustment with school teachers, and academic performance (F = 20.97, P = 0.0001). The total number of functional somatic symptoms were predicted by the total victimization score, academic performance, and age of the child (F = 16.03, P = 0.0001). These variables together predicted 18% of the variance in the total number of symptoms. Primary health care clinicians and pediatricians need to consider bullying as one of the potential risk factors when they encounter physical symptoms among pediatric patients in their clinical practice.

Socioeconomic Factors Associated With Reports of Domestic Violence in Large Brazilian Cities.

Background: Domestic violence is a traumatic experience that can lead to physical consequences, mental disorders and financial damage. Over 18 cases per 100,000 inhabitants were reported in Brazil between 2013 and 2014. The ministry of health poses a mandatory notification of all cases of domestic violence, which is essential, bearing in mind its systemic relation to various social issues and the extensive regional differences and high socioeconomic inequalities present in Brazil.Aim: To analyze the characteristics of the notification rates of domestic violence and investigate the correlation of these with health and socioeconomic characteristics of large Brazilian cities.Methods: Retrospective data on notifications of domestic violence was collected from the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases for Brazil, 2017. Dependent variables were collected from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Ministry of Citizenship. Inclusion criteria were: cities larger than 100.000 habitants and that had at least 20 reports, totaling 68.313 reports in 259 cities. These were stratified by age, race and sex of victim, type of violence used, violence perpetrator, place of occurrence and means of aggression. Proportional number of notified cases was calculated for each city to expose different characteristics of reports. A multiple linear regression model was used to investigate the correlation between report rates and different socioeconomic and health variables.Results: The analysis showed a high proportion of repeated violence, use of body strength and over 50% were perpetrated by a partner or boyfriend. Report rates were higher for women, black individuals and children under four, highlighting subgroups of the population that were more vulnerable. Indeed, these groups were correlated differently with socioeconomic variables. Poverty, assessed as Bolsa Família investment, was correlated with domestic violence report rates across vulnerable groups.Conclusion: The study showed that black women and children are more vulnerable to domestic violence, highlighting deleterious effects of patriarchy and structural racism within Brazilian society. Altogether, we suggest that reducing poverty, patriarchy and structural racism could lead to fewer cases of domestic violence.

Elder Abuse and Neglect in China: Prevalence, Co-occurrence, and Intergenerational Risk Factors.

The prevalence and patterns of elder abuse and neglect in China have been understudied. The objectives of this study were to examine the chronicity and prevalence of different patterns of elder abuse, and the influence of individual and contextual risk factors. We used data from a sample of 7,466 adults randomly recruited from six regions in China. The participants responded to a questionnaire about their demographic characteristics, childhood abuse experiences, and instances of abuse and neglect against their elderly parents. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association of elder abuse and neglect with individual and contextual factors. The results showed that one in 10 participants reported that their elderly parents had experienced abuse or neglect in the past year. The elder victims were reported to have suffered different types of abuse and neglect on multiple occasions, ranging from 3.6 to 11.82 times on average. More than 5% of participants reported that their elderly parents had suffered two or more types of abuse and neglect in the past year, accounting for 40% of the elderly victims. The co-occurrence of elder abuse within elderly couples was also high. Reports of abuse and neglect of elderly parents were related to low socioeconomic status, living in rural areas, and the experience of childhood abuse of the participants. This study supports the model of intergenerational transmission of violence in the Chinese population. The high prevalence, chronicity, and co-occurrence of elder abuse and neglect underline the importance of screening for risk factors, and have implications for preventive practice and policy.

Medicolegal Analysis of Sodomy Cases at Beni-Suef Governorate From January 2011 to December 2015 – A Retrospective Study

Sodomy is anal intercourse between 2 men (homosexual sodomy) or a man and a woman (heterosexualsodomy) also known as buggery, when the passive agent is a child, sodomy is referred to as paederasty.This study sheds some light on one sensitive Egyptian issue, sodomy cases, with quantification of thedemographics and medico legal findings, related to female child and male cases presenting to Beni Suefgovernorate Forensic Medical Authority, Egypt, between 2011 and 2015. 51 cases of sodomy were analysed,the mean age of victims is 9.79 years in children and 24.30 years in adults. 74.19% of cases were malechildren while 85% were adult females. Cases occurred mainly in urban areas for both child (61.29%)and adult (55%) victims. Frequency of sodomy cases shows an ascending manner. Most child victims hadprimary education 77.42%, unlike 35% high education in adult victims. 96.67% of assailants had no relationto children, 50% were relative in adult cases. Multiple assailants were present in 13% of child victims,30% in adult victims. Physical force was the commonest in child 51.62% and adult 50% victims. assailantswere guilty in 54.84% of child victims, 50% in adult victims. Forensic examination of children took (2-5days) in 61.30%of child cases and (1-2 weeks) in 50% adult cases. Semen was detected in 19.35% ofchild cases and in 15% of adult cases. Genital Injuries were found in 45.16% of children and55% in adultcases. Rape accompanied sodomy in 19.35% of child cases and 25% of adult cases. Conclusion—theseanalyses demonstrate that the very low incidence may also suggest gross underreporting; making awarenessof importance of reporting of sexual offences is mandatory