Age Of Liberty Research Articles

MORBI ARTIFICUM – A POST-RAMAZZINIAN ACADEMIC DISSERTATION ON OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES BY A PUPIL OF CARL VON LINNÉ

This study presents the first full translation from Latin to English of the Linnaean dissertation Morbi Artificum or Occupational diseases, submitted by Nicholas Skragge in 1765. It consists of an essay that places the dissertation in historical and scientific context and of the translation. Skragge's thesis has not only significance in the history of occupational medicine but also provides a perspective on Linnaeus' thinking on dietetics. Skragge's doctoral thesis is one of the 186 academic dissertations defended by students of Carl Linnaeus. Prior to the present study, only three of these 186 dissertations have been translated from Latin to English in our own times. The first extensive compendium on occupational diseases by Bernardino Ramazzini, with the title De Morbis Artificum Diatriba, served as a blueprint for Skragge's thesis. The background for Skragge's thesis was Linnaeus' general interest in systematizing objects according to certain norms in biology, which methodology he also applied when classifying diseases in medicine. Also, Linnaeus' life-long emphasis on the importance of dietetics is evident in the thesis. Finally, in the era when Linnaeus lived (Age of Liberty), Sweden focused greatly on improving the country's economy. Since trade and industry were prioritized by the state, it was reasonable to map the diseases workers were prone to.

“Thebourgeoisnature indifficulties”: The Crisis of Liberalism in Robert Browning'sAristophanes’ Apology

Nathan K. Hensley's recent study,Forms of Empire(2016), posits that liberalism, as the nineteenth century progressed, came up against the “wayward meanings” generated by its own contradictions, particularly the “curious intimacy between legality and harm” that characterized a doctrine of individual freedom inextricably rooted in violent imperial expansion. For Hensley, “the dogged persistence of killing in an age of liberty disrupted the conceptual assumptions of progressive idealism”; while “the very inseparability of law and violence, never more painfully evident than in episodes of colonial war and legal emergency, collapsed the logical principles of non-contradiction and identity that remain our common sense.”

Zamach na życie króla Szwecji Gustawa III w świetle polskojęzycznej prasy warszawskiej z 1792 roku

W artykule autorzy przybliżają kwestie związane z zamachem na życie króla Szwecji Gustawa III, dokonanym na balu maskowym w sztokholmskiej operze w nocy z 16 na 17 marca 1792 r. W pierwszej części tekstu przedstawiono pokrótce sylwetkę i dokonania tego władcy panującego w latach 1771–1792. Gustaw III przeszedł do historii jako autor dwóch zamachów stanu –z 1772 i 1789 r. Po pierwszym z nim zakończona została w dziejach Szwecji „epoka wolności”. Drugi pozwolił królowi skupić pełnię władzy w jego rękach. W ostatnich latach życia władca Szwecji planował zorganizowanie monarchistycznej krucjaty przeciwko rewolucyjnej Francji. Jego zamiary zostały jednak zniweczone przez zamach z 16 marca 1792 r. W drugiej części artykułu, opierając się na doniesieniach prasy warszawskiej, przedstawiono przebieg zamachu na życie króla, ostatnie chwile życia władcy, jego śmierć i uroczystości pogrzebowe. Omówiono również przebieg śledztwa, proces i wyroki na królobójców. Uzupełniając doniesienia prasowe o ustalenia literatury przedmiotu, udało się uzyskać w miarę pełny i nieopracowany dotąd na gruncie polskim obraz zasygnalizowanego w tytule zagadnienia.

Freedom at sea

Abstract The Amistad case deals with an 1839 slave-ship rebellion seeking to reverse the middle passage. The rebels reimagine freedom in counterpoint to liberal freedom and legal authority—a domain that intertwined emancipation and enslavement, the age of liberty and the Black Atlantic, the distance between continents and tides binding them together, redemption of American humanism and attacks on Black humanity.

The Historians’ Preposterous Project

Contrasting its author’s microhistorical approach with other historical methodologies, especially that of Keith Thomas, Clendinnen praises Kirsten McKenzie’s A Swindler’s Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010) for deftly tying the apparently idiosyncratic stories of a transported convict and the noble family whose scion he impersonated to more pervasive dynamics in nineteenth-century British imperial culture.

Rewriting Eighteenth-Century Swedish Republican Political Thought: Heinrich Ludwig von Hess's Der Republickaner (1754)

SUMMARYThis article provides the first comprehensive and historically genuine analysis of Heinrich Ludwig von Hess's (1719–1784) pamphlet Der Republickaner (1754). Hess was an important figure in both the German and Swedish eighteenth-century political context. Firstly, I will show that the proper historiographical context for Hess's pamphlet is Sweden. In previous historiography on the subject it has been argued that Der Republickaner was a comment on the constitutional reality of Hamburg. My article demonstrates that the original context of Hess's pamphlet was the power struggle between King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and the council of the realm. Secondly, I argue that Hess's pamphlet is the most elaborate defence of aristocratic republicanism written in Sweden in the Age of Liberty (1719–1772). As a result, Hess's pamphlet is the fiercest attack on absolutism written in German in the eighteenth century.

The 18th-century traditions of representation in a new age of revolution

What happened to shared historical experiences in the discursive processes of constitutional reform in Sweden and Finland? This article examines the use of 18th-century history in early 20th-century politics. Building on a long-term survey of Swedish and Finnish estate and parliamentary debates, it analyses the political implications of differing national historiographies in the two successor states of the 18th-century Swedish realm, focusing on how the ancient past and collective (and often selective) memories of the Age of Absolutism, the Age of Liberty and the Gustavian Age were used by parliamentarians in constitutional debates. The analysis demonstrates how the Finnish polity continued to be profoundly influenced by these 18th-century constitutions even after the Russian Revolution, while Sweden took the post-French Revolution constitution of 1809 as its point of departure. In both countries, interpretations of the long 18th century were ideologically motivated in an age of the parliamentarization of government and the democratization of the representative system. This leads us to a discussion of the history-political significance of the common and differing understandings of representative government in the two interconnected countries.

A Swindler’s Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty

A Swindler’s Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty

A Swindler’s Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty, by Kirsten McKenzie.

"A Swindler’s Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty, by Kirsten McKenzie.." Canadian Journal of History, 47(1), pp. 207–208

Book Reviews

Peter Temin of Massachusetts Institute of Technology reviews “The Age of Equality: The Twentieth Century in Economic Perspective” by Richard Pomfret. The EconLit abstract of the reviewed work begins: Explores how the modern economy has been shaped by economic and political events throughout the last century. Discusses the age of liberty; war and depression; the Soviet economic model; multilateralism and welfare state in the first world; decolonization and cold war; the conservative reaction in the West; the collapse of central planning; the end of the third world; and the move from the age of equality to the age of fraternity. Pomfret is Professor of Economics at the University of Adelaide. Index.

Kirsten McKenzie. A Swindler’s Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. Pp. 386. $29.95 (cloth).

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<em>A Swindler's Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty</em>, by Kirsten McKenzie

Reviewed by: A Swindler's Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty Rohan McWilliam (bio) A Swindler's Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty, by Kirsten McKenzie; pp. 344. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2010, $29.95, £22.95. Kirsten McKenzie's A Swindler's Progress kicks off with an 1835 forgery trial in Sydney, Australia. What was remarkable about the trial was not the worthless promissory note issued by the defendant but a claim he made about himself: "I have sworn before my God that I am Edward, Lord Viscount Lascelles, the eldest son of the Earl of Harewood, and heir apparent to that illustrious name" (qtd. in McKenzie 6). Had an English nobleman been living a secret life on the other side of the world? He was not Lascelles but a man we have to call "John Dow" (6), though this was also not his real name. Interested in far more than unmasking an impostor, McKenzie's real task is tracing a web of connections in order to write a genuine transnational history. She explores that web by taking us from New South Wales to Yorkshire and Barbados to make sense of colonisation; she also has much to say about exile, hierarchy, social climbing, identity, and the meaning of liberty. At the same time the book is a product of the rediscovery by historians of the art of narrative in the wake of Simon Schama's work. McKenzie writes with immense aplomb, carried along by her infectious delight in uncovering a linked set of episodes. The book tells us not one story but at least three. The first concerns the Lascelles family, who bulldozed their way into the peerage in 1790 using a fortune built up through trade with the West Indies. This included government contracts to provision the military, but also slave-trading and plantation-owning. They built a magnificent stately home, Harewood House, and became bulwarks of the Tory party. Henry Lascelles became MP for Yorkshire in 1796, as did William Wilberforce. Relations between the great abolitionist and the scion of a slave-owning family were apparently cordial. The 1807 election, however, fought in the aftermath of the abolition of the slave trade, led to a rupture that McKenzie interprets in postcolonial terms. The two candidates were challenged by a Whig candidate, Charles William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam. McKenzie recreates this rumbustious electoral contest where the Whigs drove a wedge between Lascelles and Wilberforce by emphasising Lascelles's slave connections. Wilberforce was returned, but Wentworth-Fitzwilliam managed to defeat Lascelles. The second episode concerns Lascelles's eldest son, Edward, who later would be so dramatically impersonated in an Australian courtroom. Never cut out to be the scion of a noble family, Edward secretly married the daughter of a local publican in 1818. An outraged Lascelles threatened to disinherit his son unless the marriage ended. Edward immediately agreed to a divorce and, disgraced, decided it was better for his younger brother to inherit the earldom. As far as the world was concerned, he [End Page 755] disappeared. In fact he moved to the continent, taking up with a widowed Bavarian baroness, whom he married despite his father's objections. He was a casualty of the aristocratic need for property and primogeniture and therefore could not marry whomever he liked. Halfway through the book we arrive at its central episode: the defendant whom we initially encounter in Scotland in 1825, now in Sydney affecting to be the son of Sir James Colquhoun. As with so many of these impostors, he claimed to have foolishly misspent his inheritance and, being estranged from his family, to be in need of credit. Rumours circulated that he was really a coal miner's son. McKenzie explores the way Scottish coal mining amounted to a form of bonded labour analogous to the slaves who had built the Lascelles fortune. In court, Colquhoun was given the name John Dow, which he refused, and we will likely never know who he actually was. He was transported to Van Diemen's Land for running up credit by employing false claims about himself. By the time he ended up in the antipodes...

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this issues. Captain Cook: Voyager Between Two Worlds. By John Gascoigne A Swindler's Progress: Nobles and Convicts in the Age of Liberty. By Kirsten McKenzie Coming to Terms: Aboriginal Title in South Australia. Edited by Shaun Berg Paupers, Poor Relief and Poor Houses in Western Australia 1829–1910. By Penelope Hetherington The Writings of Walter Burley Griffin. Edited by Dustin Griffin Zombie Myths of Australian Military History . Edited by Craig Stockings. Anzac Legacies: Australians and the Aftermath of War. Edited by Martin Crotty and Marina Larsson Fight for Liberty and Freedom: The Origins of Australian Aboriginal Activism. By John Maynard Aborigines and Activism: Race, Aborigines and the Coming of the Sixties to Australia. By Jennifer Clark Confusion: The Making of the Australian Two‐Party System. Edited by Paul Strangio and Nick Dyrenfurth The High Commissioners: Australia's Representatives in the United Kingdom, 1910–2010. Edited by Carl Bridge, Frank Bongiorno and David Lee When Our World Became Christian 312–394. By Paul Veyne White People, Indians and Highlanders: Tribal People and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America. By Colin G. Galloway The Tolpuddle Martyrs: Injustice Within the Law. By Herbert Vere Evatt Eat My Dust. Early Women Motorists. By Georgine Clarsen Treason on the Airwaves: Three Allied Broadcasters on Axis Radio During World War II. By Judith Keene Constructing Singapore: Elitism, Ethnicity and the Nation‐Building Project. By Michael D. Barr and Zlatko Skrbiš Ethnic Conflict: Causes, Consequences and Responses. By Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff Becoming Historians. Edited by James M. Banner, Jr. and John R. Gillis

ARISTOCRATIC REPUBLICANISM AND THE HATE OF SOVEREIGNTY IN 18TH‐CENTURY SWEDEN1

This article is a conceptual analysis of perceptions of the Swedish regime during the Age of Liberty (1719–1772) in comparison with European 18th‐century political thought, particularly with Montesquieu's views on monarchy and republics. It focuses particularly on the concepts of ‘sovereignty’, ‘liberty’ and ‘fatherland’ and their uses in Swedish reflections on the regime and its future. It shows the presence of classical republican conceptions of politics and state and demonstrates how aristocratic republicanism itself contributed to the questioning of a de facto aristocratic regime.

THE SWEDISH ARISTOCRACY AND THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT CIRCA 1740–1780

During the second half of the 18th century, Sweden had important political and cultural contacts with France. The aristocracy, which had a central role in Swedish politics during the Age of Liberty, showed an active interest in the French Enlightenment. This article examines the meaning of radical philosophy in the context of court society. It focuses on the Swedish diplomats in Paris as an example of a learned elite for which philosophy was not so much a way to transform society as an alternative form of intellectual satisfaction.

Reviews of Books:A People of Poverty and Liberty: National and Political Self-Image in Sweden from the Late Age of Greatness to the End of the Age of Liberty (c. 1660-1772) Jonas Nordin

Reviews of Books:A People of Poverty and Liberty: National and Political Self-Image in Sweden from the Late Age of Greatness to the End of the Age of Liberty (c. 1660-1772) Jonas Nordin

<sc>michael roberts</sc>. <italic>The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719–1772</italic>. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1986. Pp. ix, 233. $39.50

michael roberts. The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719–1772. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1986. Pp. ix, 233. $39.50 Get access Roberts Michael. The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719–1772. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1986. Pp. ix, 233. $39.50. H. Arnold Barton H. Arnold Barton Southern Illinois University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 92, Issue 4, October 1987, Page 976, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/92.4.976 Published: 01 October 1987

The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719-1772

Preface Introduction 1. The predicament of a minor power 2. Swedish liberty: in principle and in practice 3. The rise of party, 1734-1746 the Hat ascendancy, 1747-1764 4. The Caps in power, 1765-1769 5. The end of an age Bibliography Index.

Reviews and Short Notices

Reviews and Short Notices

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: British Radicalism and the French Revolution 1789–1815. By H. T. Dickinson. Huguenot Heritage. The History and Contribution of the Huguenots in Britain. By Robin D. Gwynn. The Quiet Conquest. The Huguenots, 1685–1985. Compiled by Tessa Murdoch. The Provincial Book Trade in Eighteenth‐Century England. By John Feather. Ascendancy and Tradition in Anglo‐Irish Literary History from 1789 to 1939. By W. J. McCormack. The Scottish Enlightenment and Early Victorian English Society. By Anand C. Chitnis. British and American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century. Edited by Robert P. Maccubbin and Peter Martin. Frederick the Great: A Military Life. By Christopher Duffy. Religious Toleration and Social Change in Hamburg 1529–1819. By Joachim Whaley. Politics and Rural Society: The Southern Massif Central, c. 1750–1880. By P. M. Jones. The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars. By T. C. W. Blanning. Origin of Modern Wars Series. The Cercle Social, the Girondins and the French Revolution. By Gary Kates. The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772. By Michael Roberts. The Golden & the Brazen World: Papers in Literature and History, 1650–1800. Edited by John M. Wallace. Eighteenth‐Century Encounters: Studies in Literature and Society in the Age of Walpole. By Pat Rogers. Literature and Popular Culture in Eighteenth‐Century England. The Newton Handbook. By Derek Gjertsen. John Locke and Agrarian Capitalism. By Neal Wood. Edmund Burke and the Practice of Political Writing. By Christopher Reid. Thomas Parnell. By Thomas M. Woodman. Swift's Narrative Satires: Author and Authority. By Everett Zimmerman. Proceedings of The First Münster Symposium on Jonathan Swift. Edited by Herman J. Real and Heinz J. Vienken. The Politics of Sexual Myth: Gender and Ideology in the Verse of Swift and Pope. By Ellen Pollak. Intricate Laughter in the Satire of Swift and Pope. By Allan Ingrain. Henry Fielding: Justice Observed. Edited by K. G. Simpson. Remarks on Clarissa. By Sarah Fielding (1749). Introduction by Peter Sabor. The Augustan Reprint Society Publication Numbers 231–232. The Dramatic Censor; Remarks upon the Tragedy of Venice Preserv'd. By Samuel Derrick (1752). Introduction by Janet E. Aikins. The Augustan Reprint Society Publication Numbers 233–234. Byron's Don Juan. By Bernard Beatty. The World of Harlequin: A Critical Study of the ‘Commedia dell'Arte’. By Allardyce Nicoll. Du Baroque auxLumières. Pages à la mémoire de Jeanne Carriat. Voltaire. By A. J. Ayer. My Father's Life. By Rétif de La Bretonne. Translated with an Introduction by Richard Veasey. New Images of the Natural in France. By D. G. Charlton. Mme Du Châtelet. By Esther Ehrman. Correspondance de Madame de Graffigny. Tome 11716 ‐ 17 juin 1739. Lettres I ‐ 144. Edited by English Showalter, with the assistance of P. Allan, P. Bouillaguet, N. Boursier, J. Curtis, J. A. Dainard, L. C. Kerslake, D. W. Smith, D. A. Trott and E. A. Walker.Voltaire: Adélaïde Du Guesclin. Les Frères ennemis. Amélie ou le due de Foix. Alamire.Edited by Michael Cartwright. The Complete Works of Voltaire, 10. 1760 I: Le Droit du Seigneur. Edited by W. D. Howarth; L'Ecossaise. Edited by Colin Duckworth; Anecdotes sur Fréron. Edition critique par Jean Balcou. The Complete Works of Voltaire, 50. Lessings Trauerspiele. Der Ursprung des modernen Dramas aus dem Geist der Kritik. By Gisbert Ter‐Nedden. The Emancipation of Music from Language. Departure from Mimesis in Eighteenth‐Century Aesthetics. By John Neubauer. Early Gravestone Art in Georgia and South Carolina. By Diana Williams Combs Painters and Public Life in Eighteenth‐Century Paris. By Thomas E. Crow. Biobibliography of British Mathematics and its Applications, pt 2, 1701–1760. Edited by R. V. and P. J. Wallis.