Age Of Marriage Research Articles

Prevalence and distribution of HPV 16 and 18 with its epidemiological profile among cervical cancer patients: A prospective study from regional cancer centre of Gujarat, Western India

Cervical cancer (CC) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to cancer among women in Indian. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of HPV16/ 18 and epidemiological profile of CC patients from, Gujarat Western India.CC biopsy specimens of 400 patients were analyzed for HPV16 and 18 by type-specific PCR. In our study 74% of CC cases were positive for HPV, 67% had HPV16, 14.8% had HPV18 and 7.7% had both HPV16/18. The median age of the women with CC was 50 years and peak incidence (31.8%) was between 40 to 50 years. Majorities (68.5%) were postmenopausal. The median age of marriage was 20years. Squamos cell carcinoma (SCC) was found in 91% and adenocarcinoma (ADC) in 7.3% of the patients. As per study 7.8%, 16.3%, 58% and 2.5% of CC patients presented in FIGO stage I, II, III, and IV respectively. HPV16 was exhibited in, 68.8% and 66.4%, HPV18 in 14.9% and 15.9% of pre and postmenopausal patients respectively. HPV16 and HPV 18 positivity was 68.7% and 51.7% and 13.2% and 31% in SCC and in ADC respectively. HPV16 infection was higher in stage I and HPV18 in stage IV malignancy.There were two peaks of HPV16, first between 21 to 30 and second between 51 to 60 years among CC patients. HPV 16 is highly prevalent among all groups. In patients with adenocarcinoma, Stage IV malignancy & who had marriage before 18years, incidence of HPV18 was relatively high.

Change in Marriage Behaviour in North-Central Namibia 1925–2009

Namibia is the only country in Africa for which historical data is available to describe the change in marriage behavior since the 1920s. The aim of this article is to describe and to understand how the age at first marriage changed and how it was related to cohabitation since the 1920s in Namibia. The description of changes is based on parish register material and the family reconstitution method. The mean age at first marriage was over 20 for both sexes as early as the 1920s. In 1945–49, the mean age at first marriage started to increase, reaching about 29 for men and 24 for women at the end of the 1950s. The explanation for the increase was labor migration. The new cohabitation model was introduced from the end of the 1970s to the 1980s. Features of this model were cohabitation before marriage, late marriage age, a low married proportion of the population and high proportion of premarital births.

Reactualization of the Marriage Age Limit in Indonesia (in the Perspective of Maslahah Mursalah)

Law is a structure that regulates the pattern of society to form a culture. The Islamic family culture in Indonesia is strongly influenced by the prevailing family law structure which includes marriage and divorce. This is regulated in the structural system of laws regarding marriage, namely Law No. 1 of 1974 as amended by Law No. 16 of 2019 concerning Changes in the Minimum Age of Marriage for Women. Articles which for some people believe have not accommodated the interests of all parties and have not met the times, so that this Law is felt by some women activists to be discriminatory which tends to reap injustice. Among the articles that are considered controversial, namely the Minimum Age for Marriage. study on the actualization of Indonesian Marriage Age Limits uses a qualitative descriptive method by using a literature study, so that the findings are that Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage which was amended by Law No. 1 of 2019 especially related to Article 7 concerning the age limit is already in line with and accommodate the interests of citizens, In the Qur’an and Hadith there is no mention of age limits but mentions “baligh” and “able” as a benchmark in the permissibility of marriage, Jumhur scholars accept Maslahah Mursalah as one of the reasons in establishing sharia law, but in the application and placement of conditions they have different opinions

The relationship between demographic factors and known risk factors with breast cancer in women aged 30-69.

Breast cancer is one of the most important causes of cancer deaths in women. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between demographic factors and known risk factors with breast cancer in women aged 30-69. This case-control study was conducted with two matched and unmatched control groups. Three hundred fifty women aged 30-69 with breast cancer, 350 age-matched women without cancer, and 350 not age-matched women were included in the study. Controls were selected from the records of women whose breast cancer screening results were normal. Study subjects were evaluated regarding the risk factors for breast cancer. The data collection tool was a checklist including the risk factors investigated in the integrated health system. The collected data were analyzed utilizing SPSS22 software at a significance level of less than 0.05. The average age in the case group was 46.63±11.77 years and 49.61±8.39 in the unmatched control group. The average age of marriage in the case group was 21.54±4.31, and the average age of women at first pregnancy in the case group was 24.06±3.39 years. In the case group, 163 people (46.57%) lived in the city, 221 people (63.14%) were over 40 years old, and 337 people (96.28%) were married. In multivariate analysis, the variable 'age of marriage' 0.821 (0.691-0.976) and 'age of first pregnancy' 1.213 (1.020-1.443) showed a significant relationship with breast cancer which were observed as predictors of breast cancer in comparison to the unmatched control group (P-value <0.05). The age of the first pregnancy and the type of delivery were observed as predictors of breast cancer. Therefore, by performing breast cancer screening in women who are exposed to these risk factors, early diagnosis of the disease and increasing the speed of their treatment can be significantly helped.

Between biological age and social age: age of marriage and first birth among Arab-Palestinian women in Israel

The gap between the perceived ideal age for major life events, and the age they actually occur, stems from cultural and structural constraints. These constraints, more restrictive in patriarchal societies, impose gender-based expectations in all aspects of life, affecting career opportunities and gender relations. Focusing on the Arab-Palestinian society in Israel, we used a questionnaire [n(men)=38; n(women)=82], and ‘the social survey 2019’ [n(men)=555; n(women)=574], to examine the perceived ideal age for women to marry, and the perceived importance of career pursuit before marriage. Our findings show that the social norms preserve conservative patterns. The gaps between social and biological time indicate that time in the context of society exerts effects of discipline and classification, and should be considered in the study of gender and family relations.

Pernikahan dini perspektif hukum islam dan hukum positif

Islam strictly speaking does not have rules that determine the age limit for marriage, based on Islamic law basically all age levels can enter into marriage. In Islam, the conditions for marriage are 'aqil and puberty which do not look at age limits. The method used is library research, namely by reading and studying books and writings that are related to the object of discussion, namely early marriage according to Islamic law and statutory regulations in Indonesia. The results of this research include: Ulama have different opinions regarding the age of marriage, including: Most Maliki madzhab ulama are of the opinion that the age limit for menstruation for women and men is 17 years or 18 years. Abu Hanifah believes that the age of puberty is 19 years or 18 years for men and 17 years for women. Imam Syafi'i, Ahmad, Ibnu Wahab and Jumhur are of the opinion that this is at the perfect age of 15 years. According to Marriage Law no. 1/1974 as a positive law in force in Indonesia, sets the age limit for marriage at 19 years for men and 19 years for women. In article 6 paragraph (2), it is stated that a person is said to be an adult if they reach the age of 21 years, so that in carrying out a marriage there is no need to obtain permission from both parents. The problem of early marriage in Indonesia according to Islamic law and Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage is based on the interests of children's rights, so that children can spend their time playing and studying. Apart from that, it is also necessary to pay attention to the impacts caused by early marriage, because they are not mature in thinking and resolving problems in marriage. So the goal of a mawwadah and rahmah marriage is not achieved optimally.

PREVALENCE OF VESICO VAGINAL FISTULA AND COPING STRATEGIES OF WOMEN IN KEBBI STATE, NIGERIA

Vesico-Vaginal Fistula (VVF) poses a significant challenge for women, particularly in Kebbi State, Nigeria, where a VVF Centre operates to provide surgical repair and healthcare professional training. Despite this, research on VVF prevalence and coping strategies in Kebbi State remains limited, warranting further investigation to address knowledge gaps. This study investigates the prevalence and coping strategies associated with Vesicovaginal Fistula (VVF) among women in Kebbi State. Employing purposive sampling, 49 questionnaires were distributed to women aged 15 years and above. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, including frequency, and inferential statistics, with Spearman rank correlation analyzing variable associations. Results indicate that the mean age of marriage is 16, with the highest frequencies of married (35.9%) and divorced (27.4%) respondents. Occupation-wise, 33.4% are housewives, revealing low-income earners, especially among casual laborers (28.9%) and farmers (26.9%). VVF prevalence is concentrated among ages 14–19 (30.7%), and overall prevalence is 29.3 per 1000 deliveries. The disease exhibits an increasing trend, with the years 2011-2012 having the least frequency (17%) and a mean score of 5.1. Yearly variations are noted in documented VVF cases from Gesse VVF Centre in Birnin Kebbi (2011-2020). Knowledge of VVF prevalence is highest (100.0%) among age groups 30-34 and 40 and above, contrasting sharply with the smaller proportion (15-30 age group). Coping mechanisms predominantly involve accepting fate. Recommendations include implementing comprehensive health education, targeting girls and women to address early marriage and reproductive health, facilitated by government and health workers.

Analisis Tentang Perlindungan Hukum Pernikahan Dini Pada Usia di bawah 19 Tahun Menurut Hukum Islam

In maintaining the welfare of women and children involved in early marriage, legal protection has a very important role. This research uses doctrinal legal research which is a process to find rules, principles, and doctrines to answer the issues at hand. The characteristics of the research are prescriptive. The research method used is Normative / Doctrinal / Library Research Researchers concluded that to protect the Law of Early Marriage the age under 19 years according to Islamic law needs appropriate legal regulations, the need for women's empowerment and community education, inter-stakeholder cooperation in the context of the legal protection of early marriage from various parties, including government, non-governmental institutions, international organizations, and civil society. This collaboration is needed to formulate effective policies, provide adequate services, and raise public awareness. According to Islamic Fiqh itself, Marriage scholars differ on the minimum age of marriage. Most of the scholars of the Maliki madzhab argue that the age of menstruation for women and men is 17 years or 18 years, while Abu Hanifah argues that the age of puberty is 19 years or older. Shafi'i, Ahmad, Ibn Wahab, and the majority think that it is the perfect age of fifteen years.

THE USE OF SADD AL-DHARI’AH ON CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW IN INDONESIA: CONCEPT AND PRACTICE

This study analyzes the application of sadd al-dharīʿah in the provisions of Islamic family law in the Indonesian Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974 and Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI). Sadd al-dharīʿah is a method to establish the prohibition of certain actions due to their potential of incurring an action with greater harm (mafsadah). This qualitative library study employs the descriptive analytical method. The Indonesian Marriage Law and KHI are the primary sources, whereas secondary data come from, among others, texts on maqāṣid al-sharī'ah, uṣūl fiqh, and fiqh. Content analysis is used to make inferences by highlighting themes methodically and objectively. The findings show that both the Marriage Law and KHI, which serve as the main references for Religious Court judges and as positive laws for all Muslim Indonesian citizens, have indirectly adopted sadd al-dharīʿah. This can be seen in clauses related to current marriage issues, such as restrictions on age of marriage and consent for polygamy.

Child Marriage In Niger: New Insights on Mental, Psychological and Other Indicators

This research paper discusses one of the most prevalent issue of Child Marriage in Niger and concretely analyses if there were any societal norms and expectations associated with child marriage. It further examines the various forms of violence in domestic spaces across different regions of Niger and most importantly, provides a detailed study of the impact of mental health on child marriage. These aspects were studied by using quantitative and qualitative measures mostly using an interview method and secondary sources. The secondary sources included various files, documents, articles and previous research done on certain aspects of child marriage. It was found in the research that the societal norms played a crucial role in early marriage, they strongly believed in the ideals of upholding family honor and securing an honorable position in the society. Further, sexual and economic violence secured the highest rates of abuse and it was associated with lack of awareness and poor economic status in the society respectively. When analyzed about mental health, it was seen that anxiety, depression and a poor psychological well being had a positive correlation with the age of marriage. To conclude, despite certain limitations that this paper poses, it calls for effective working and implementation of policies and programmes by international organizations - calling for an end to early marriage in Niger.

NEED OF INTEGRATED APPROACH AGAINST PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION (GARBHAJANYA VISHAMAYATA) FOR SAFE MOTHERHOOD AND HEALTHY CHILD INSIGHT OF AYURVEDA.

Everything is changing and not stable in nature. Generally, we observe that menarche age is falling, and marriage age is growing. This condition develops so many health issues. We are more attracted by the western culture rather than following our own Indian culture. New Technology gave new Health issues. Pregnancy (Garbhadharana) is a physiological (Sharirkriya) normal process. A change of lifestyle and certain other co-factors develops lot of trouble for the developing fetus and mother for labor and delivery. Specifically, after covid pandemic such issues are increasing like conception problems and if conceived then fetus development issues, cardiac activity not developed etc. A Pregnancy diverts normal biochemical values within homeostatic limits. Garbhajanya Vishamayata (Pregnancy induced hypertension) is develops in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks of gestation. We should focus on early detection and Integrated approach of treatment. Ayurved see this as a Vata Dosha Dusti (abnormality in placentation) then Kapha, Pitta Dushti happens. Dushya is Heart (Hridaya), blood arteries (Dash Dhamanya), veins (Sira), Ras- Rakt –vaha and Manovaha Strotas, Ras, Rakt Dhatu and Manna. Treatment of line should be Vaatashaman- Anulomana, Pittashamana, Hridya, Garbhasthapaka, Medhya, Brahman and Balya. Preventive care, Do’s is Masanumasika Paricharya &amp; Don’ts are GarbhopaghatakaraBhava’s. This paper is about how Integrated approach against pregnancy induced hypertension for safe motherhood and healthy child.

A Survey on Attitude of Gond Tribe Towards Marriage

Marriage is an important personal and social affair. A research was conducted to study attitude of Gond tribe towards marriage. Sample size was 20. Data collected from 20 persons of marriageable age, those between 15 and 35, were interviewed. Some were interviewed twice or thrice. It consisted of both open-ended and close-ended questions. The samples comprised of the tribal girls living in Keonjhar district of Odisha at the time of research. Non-random convenience sampling method was used. Some themes were identified on why people marry. For current generation, marriage is needed to show lavishness where, rituals are considered as secondary and there is inter- caste marriages also. Most are in favour of marriage as they want to be independent, due to their own wish, for family lineage, and also get support for their own family. Some are not in favour of doing marriage as they don’t belief in marriage, want to remain alone the entire life and also want to remain with their parents. The intention, beliefs and feelings of participants about marriage have been inquired to know the conative, cognitive and affective components of attitude.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN ORANG TUA TENTANG KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI REMAJA DENGAN KEJADIAN PERNIKAHAN USIA DINI

Parents' knowledge about the age of marriage plays an important role in breaking the chain of cases of early marriage, for that parents must understand when the age of marriage is good. The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship of parental knowledge about adolescent reproductive health with the incidence of early marriage. The design of this study is quantitative research with a correlational approach and includes crossectional research. The population in this study is parents who have teenagers and adolescents in Wanisodo Village, Bondowoso Regency with a total of 35 respondents. The sample size in this study was 35 people taken by random sampling. Data collection using questionnaires was then processed using SPSS using Chi Square Test. The results of data analysis found that most of them knew as many as 19 people (54.3%), most of them were low as many as 23 people (65.7%). There is a relationship between Parental Knowledge About Adolescent Reproductive Health and the Incidence of Early Marriage in Wanisodo Village, Grujugan District, Bondowoso Regency as evidenced by a significance value of 0.030 &lt; 0.05, meaning that ho is rejected and ha is accepted, so there is a relationship between Parental Knowledge About Adolescent Reproductive Health and the Incidence of Early Marriage in Wanisodo Village, Grujugan District, Bondowoso Regency. It is recommended that youth posyandu be maximized.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MODERN TRENDS IN NATURAL MOVEMENT OF POPULATION OF THE AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC OF ADJARA

Iamze Surmanidze E-mail: Surmanidze.iamze@bsu.edu.ge Doctor in Business Administration Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Batumi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4389-9250 Natalia Robitashvili E-mail: nato.robitashvili@bsu.edu.ge Doctor in Business Administration Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Batumi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-649 Nino Kontselidze E-mail: n.kontselidze@bsu.edu.ge Ph.D. Student Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Batumi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-4886 Abstract: The demographic policy of the country, among other things, includes important issues such as population reproduction, marriage-divorce, birth rate, death rate, and so on. Their discussion is also necessary in the regional context in order to assess the demographic resources of the region and to develop an adequate political approach based on it, which in turn considers the policy of demographic security. Regional demographics are always on the list of interest for both sociologists and economists. It is important to identify and study the peculiarities of demographic development in certain regions of the country, the problem of population decline and aging, its reproductive potential, on which both national demographic security and socio-economic development of the country (region) depend. The article examines the dynamics of the absolute indicators of natural movement for the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and its peculiarities in the regional context. In particular, the study of the dynamics of marriages and divorces legally registered in Adjara showed that in the recent years there has been a decrease in the number of marriages and an increase in the number of divorces due to socio-cultural and economic factors, as well as delays in marriage age. This trend will have a negative impact on the birth rate, because high rate of divorce played a certain role in the decline in the number of births and in the long run it will aggravate the demographic situation in Adjara. Despite the fact that natural increase was declining since 2014, it still had a positive mark, the birth rate exceeds the death rate. Declining trend of natural increase is due to many factors (biological, socio-economic, etc.). The largest decline in natural increase in 2019 compared to the previous year was observed in highland municipalities, which is caused by factors such as changes in age-sex structure, eco-migration, lack of jobs. A greater part in the declining number of births is caused by changes in reproductive behavior and less was due to age structure. Adjara is characterized by high natural increase compared to other regions of Georgia. In order to better assess the natural movement, the crude birth rate, death rate and natural increase were calculated. Calculations have shown that the general ratios of natural movement have changed slightly in recent years and are almost stable. The crude rate of natural increase is highest in Adjara and it is higher than the critical risk limit (0.0-1.0 per mille). Birth and mortality rates were also found beyond the critical risk limit (13 per mille). Unlike other regions of Georgia, depopulation is not observed in Adjara. The dynamics of the economy of the natural movement of the population of Adjara shows that the replacement of the mother generation requires the birth of more than one girl by one woman, or reproduction at the expense of more human turnover and not at the expense of efficiency ("lower costs"). One of the factors in population reproduction, such as the sex ratio at birth, is gradually decreasing and largely approaching normal value (105-107). Another study of natural movement - the dynamics of mortality - has shown that the death toll of women of childbearing age is quite small and declining, giving a promising forecast for the future in terms of increasing birth rate. The study of demographic aging of the population in the region showed that Adjara has moved from the initial level of aging to the average level (according to criteria of J. Beaujeu Garnier &amp; R. Rosset’s Demographic Aging scale), which is mainly caused by the outflow of the working age population from the country (external migration). However, unlike other regions of Georgia, Adjara has the lowest rate of demographic aging. Although the demographic situation in Adjara is better than the general situation in the country, we can not call it positive and hopeful in the long run, because there is an increase in the number of divorces, a decrease in natural increase, demographic aging, a decrease in the economy. Based on the conclusions, it can be said that the modern trends in natural movement of the population of Adjara are generally unfavorable, which will have a negative impact on the demographic and socio-economic development of the region in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue a timely and adequate demographic policy in order to avoid a severe demographic crisis in the future. Keywords: Reproduction, marriage, divorce, childbirth, natural increase, aging level. JEL classification: J11, J12, J13, J14

Community Assistance in Understanding the Marriage Age Limit Law

Changes in the minimum age for marriage regulated in Law Number 16 of 2019 have significantly impacted the number of applications for marriage dispensation in North Sulawesi. This service aims to carry out educational activities so that the public understands Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage Limits. Metode pengabdian ini menggunakan Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) atau pendekatan partisipatif, meliputi pelatihan, pendampingan, dan kolaborasi dengan pemangku kepentingan terkait. Implementasinya dimulai dari koordinasi, sosialisasi kegiatan, tahap pelaksanaan kegiatan, keberlanjutan program, penyusunan laporan, hingga monitoring dan evaluasi. The result of this service is that the socialization runs smoothly with a team that expands the target of this socialization to include teenagers, namely students and parents of teenage children. The efforts made by the service team are to provide an understanding of the impacts of underage marriage. This is very important to do considering the condition of society, where child marriages are increasing day by day.

Perancangan Video Motion Graphics Sosialisasi Stunting Bagi Remaja Usia 15-19 Tahun Di Kabupaten Manokwari

The high stunting rate in Manokwari makes Manokwari Regency the district with the highest stunting rate in West Papua Province. One of the factors causing the high stunting is the high rate of early marriage. This is due to the difficulty of understanding stunting. The government has made various efforts to reduce stunting but people still feel that they do not understand the material presented in socialization activities, moreover the material cannot be accessed repeatedly, especially for adolescents aged 15-19 years. Video motion graphics can be a solution to convey stunting information to the public. The research aims to design videos of less than one minute that contain illustration, animation, text and backsound, so that information can be conveyed in a more interesting way. The research method used is descriptive qualitative the result of this research is that motion graphics videos can be a medium for delivering socialization about stunting, especially early marriage, which can increase the information of the target audience who watch the video, especially for adolescents aged 15-19 years in Manokwari Regency. Keyboards : Stunting, Early Age Marriage, Motion graphics

Factors influencing cervical cancer screening uptake among the women in Maesot, Tak province, Thailand

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most significant public health issues in Thailand. The number of women who have had cervical cancer screenings has increased over time; however, if major obstacles are not addressed, it will become challenging to maintain this success. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the magnitude and factors influencing cervical cancer screening uptake among women in Maesot, Tak Province, Thailand. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Maesot, Thailand. A structured questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were used to determine the magnitude of the cervical cancer screening uptake and associated factors. The association was described with an Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) at the statistically significant level of p-value &lt; 0.05. Results: Of the total 422 women, the average age was 38.82 ±8.46 years. Nearly one-fourth of the respondents were Thai nationals. Almost 70% of respondents were married, and 80% were employed. About one-third of respondents had a high school level of education. The magnitude of Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake (CCSU) was 13.27% (95% CI: 10.34-16.86). Age ≥ 40 years (AOR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.05-4.40), Christian and having others religion (AOR=2.19,95% CI:1.08-4.44), married between 26 years to 43 years (AOR= 2.93, 95%CI: 1.45-5.93), having good knowledge of cervical cancer (AOR= 4.70, 95%CI: 2.22-9.72), and having good knowledge of cervical cancer screening program (AOR= 6.58, 95%CI: 2.82-17.77) were significant predictors of cervical cancer screening. Conclusion: Cervical cancer screening among women in Maesot is lower than that of national coverage of Thailand. Determining factors for the decision to undergo cervical cancer screening uptake include age, religion, age of marriage, knowledge of cervical cancer and knowledge of cervical cancer screening program. To improve uptake, structured screening programs need to be implemented in collaboration with national partners and institutions to decrease the incidence of cervical cancer in Thailand.

“Missing” Women in Economics Academia in India

Existing literature has established that a diverse workforce is more creative and productive, with academia being no exception. Research on gender diversity in academia, especially economics academia so far has focused on the developed world. This article examines gender diversity in economics academia in India by analyzing the share of women in faculty positions, journal publications, and participation in a conference held annually since 2004. Unlike some developed countries, women students actually constitute the majority at the Master’s level in India. Yet, evidence suggests that women’s presence in economics academia is less than one-third in all three dimensions. Through interviews and further data analysis, the study explores factors that impinge on women’s presence in economics academia. It concludes with specific suggestions on what Indian institutions can do to ensure that women not only join and survive, but also thrive in academia. HIGHLIGHTS In India, only one-third of faculty, conference participants, and published researchers in economics are women. The drop in the representation of women occurs mainly at the doctoral and faculty levels. Norms around marriage age and desire for financial freedom affect women’s pursuit of doctoral programs. Biases in recruitment and the “two-body” problem impact women’s presence in faculty positions. Indian institutions must invest in faculty mentoring, promotion transparency, and childcare availability to foster academic success of students and faculty.

Pembatasan Usia Minimal Perkawinan dalam Hukum Keluarga Islam Studi Komparasi Indonesia dan Yordania

The minimum age limit for marriage in Islamic Family Law is a provision that regulates the minimum age limit that must be met by individuals before legally entering into a marriage according to the principles of Islamic law. This is intended to protect the parties involved and ensure the physical, mental and emotional maturity of prospective partners before entering into marriage. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach using literature study methods to investigate differences in minimum age restrictions for marriage between Islamic law and state policy. Data collection was carried out through direct surveys and literature searches from trusted sources, including international journals, books and e-books. The literature study method involves three essential steps: Literature Inventory, Literature Description, and Literature Comparison. The research focus is focused on analyzing laws regarding minimum age limits for marriage in various countries, with an emphasis on comparisons between Islamic legal views and implementation of state policies. The research findings produced several conclusions, including: 1) Differences in approach between Islamic law which does not set a minimum age limit and state policies such as Indonesia (19 years) and Jordan (18 years); 2) Limiting the age of marriage as an effort to protect and mature individuals in living a married life; 3) Rearranged minimum standardization divergence to prevent misuse; 4) Marriage as an institution with noble purposes, interpreted by Islamic law and adopted by the state taking into account local, social and cultural aspects.

IJCM_8A: Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in selected health blocks of Himachal Pradesh

Background: Anemia is a manifestation of under-nutrition and poor dietary intake of iron and is a public health problem in India. Iron deficiency is the primary cause of anemia among women in India with a prevalence reported in National Family Health Survey-4 as 54.4% among pregnant women and 52.2% among women of age 15-49 years in rural area. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in selected health blocks of Himachal Pradesh. Methodology: It was a community based cross-sectional study where 09 health blocks from 07 districts were selected randomly using probability proportionate to size criteria for selection of blocks. Considering 50% prevalence, 5% error and 80% Confidence level, a sample size 164 was obtained and taking 10% dropout a total sample size of 180 was obtained. 20 pregnant women from each block were enrolled after written informed consent and screened for anemia. Results: A total of 180 women were enrolled for the study. The mean age of the study subjects was 26.3±4.13 years with mean age of marriage as 22.44±2.97 years. 102 (56.6%) subjects were primigravida. The prevalence of anemia observed was 29.4% and mean hemoglobin levels observed were 11.7±1.47 gm/dL. Conclusion: We estimated prevalence of anemia among pregnant women as 29.4% which is lower than that reported in India but still there are lacunas which are to be filled so as to further reduce its prevalence.