Age Limit Research Articles

Reconciling moral discourses on choice, risk and pronatalism: the politics of elective egg freezing in Singapore

This article examines the framing of choice, risk and pronatalism in Singapore’s debate on elective egg freezing, beginning from the government’s review of the ban in 2012 and ending in 2023 when the procedure was legalised. It demonstrates the possibility of reconciling liberal discourses on reproductive choice with technocritical discourses on egg freezing as a risky and oppressive pronatalist technology. While medical complications, false hope and commercial abuse were longstanding concerns in Singapore, these risks were perceived as reconcilable with choice through an age limit, mandatory counselling and comparative frames from the national and international regulatory context. Additionally, low fertility rates and efforts to advance gender equality enabled the reconciliation of choice and pronatalism as policy justifications, while the construction of female candidates’ heteronormative reproductive desire framed pronatalism in women-centric ways. Such reconciliation was facilitated by Singapore’s strong interventionist culture which normalises paternalism and pronatalism. Within this context and through actors’ articulation of policy ideas, elective egg freezing was reinterpreted as a technology with manageable risks, and a hope technology for women and nation. A moral Singapore State which permits elective egg freezing while supporting the interests of women and society was thus co-produced by politicians, journalists and doctors.

Aircraft Age Limitation versus Three Indonesian Fatal Air Accidents in HFCAS Perspective

An aircraft deemed to be airworthy, not limited by aircraft age but by well maintenance and by the operation of the aircraft. The investigation by KNKT between 2014 -2021 found no statement related of aircraft aging like material fatique or other phrases. The latent errors started with repetitive failures which were not solved as early as possible. Three fatal accidents involved aircrafts with age of 27, 6 and 1 year old, all below the Minister Regulation No. 160 (2015) which stated maximum age was 30 years. The cancelation of Minister Regulation No. 027 (2020) is the correct decision from Indonesian Government as per other countries policy in term of aircraft airworthy not affected by aircraft aging. The cancelation empowers the technology innovation for old aircraft to be remanufactured which is common practise in other countries, latest technology innovation, safe operation, sustainability by reserving raw material of natural resources from scarcity. Incosistency regulations about aircraft age limit which operated since beginning in Indonesian airspace, showed that the regulations were made not based on academic or research approach.

Age and Functional Outcomes in Patients With Large Ischemic Stroke Receiving Endovascular Thrombectomy

Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke with large infarct. Patients older than 80 years with large infarct are commonly encountered in clinical practice but underrepresented in randomized clinical trials. To provide an age-based analysis of functional outcomes in endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic strokes with large infarct. This retrospective multicenter cohort study included patients from the German Stroke Registry who received endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke with large infarct at 1 of 25 German stroke centers between May 2015 and December 2021. Patients with acute ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion and large infarct were included. Large infarct was defined as an Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score of 0 to 5. Patients were subdivided by age to evaluate its association with functional outcomes. Age. Primary outcomes were independent ambulation (90-day modified Rankin Scale score of 0-3) and mortality (90-day modified Rankin Scale score of 6). A total of 408 patients with large infarct were included (217 women [53.2%]; median [IQR] age, 75 [64-83] years). The rate of independent ambulation decreased from 56.4% in patients aged 60 years and younger (44 of 78 patients) to 15.1% in patients older than 80 years (19 of 126 patients) (P < .001), while mortality increased from 15.4% (12 patients) to 64.3% (81 patients) (P < .001). Being older than 80 years was associated with lower rates of independent ambulation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.82; P = .01) and higher mortality (aOR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.61-4.72; P < .001). A final modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction grade of 2b or 3 was associated with higher rates of independent ambulation (aOR, 4.95; 95% CI, 2.14-11.43; P < .001), independent of age and without significant interaction (aOR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.35-1.34; P = .27). In this cohort study of patients with acute ischemic stroke and large infarct, age was associated with functional outcomes. Patients older than 80 years had poor prognosis with high mortality but with sizeable differences depending on additional baseline and treatment characteristics. While it does not seem justified to apply a fixed upper age limit for endovascular thrombectomy, these results could assist clinicians in making informed treatment decisions in older patients with large ischemic stroke.

Transformasi Sosial: Pengabdian Masyarakat dalam Sosialisasi UU Batas Usia Perkawinan di Kecamatan Cilengkrang Kabupaten Bandung

Early marriage is a significant social problem in Indonesia, including in Cilengkrang District, Bandung Regency. In an effort to address this problem, the Indonesian government issued Law Number 16 of 2019 which sets the minimum age of marriage to 19 years for both men and women. Community service in socializing this law in Cilengkrang Sub-district aims to increase community understanding and compliance with the regulation. The program involves various educational activities, such as counseling, group discussions, and training for community leaders and educators. The methods used include direct approaches through village meetings and indirect methods through social and print media. The results showed that the involvement of community leaders and religious leaders was very effective in conveying messages and reducing resistance to legal change. The main challenges faced were changing entrenched mindsets and problems accessing information in remote areas. Recommendations to improve the effectiveness of this program include increasing the involvement of community leaders, optimizing the use of media, continuous training, inter-agency cooperation, periodic evaluation, and a culturally sensitive approach. With the implementation of these recommendations, it is expected that the socialization of the marriage age limit law in Cilengkrang Sub-district can be more effective, reduce the number of early marriages, and create an environment that supports the optimal development of children and improves the overall welfare of the community.

The Association Between Trajectories of Self-reported Psychotic Experiences and Continuity of Mental Health Care in a Longitudinal Cohort of Adolescents and Young Adults.

Young people (YP) with psychotic experiences (PE) have an increased risk of developing a psychiatric disorder. Therefore, knowledge on continuity of care from child and adolescent (CAMHS) to adult mental health services (AMHS) in relation to PE is important. Here, we investigated whether the self-reported trajectories of persistent PE were associated with likelihood of transition to AMHS and mental health outcomes. In this prospective cohort study, interviews and questionnaires were used to assess PE, mental health, and service use in 763 child and adolescent mental health service users reaching their service's upper age limit in 8 European countries. Trajectories of self-reported PE (3 items) from baseline to 24-month follow-up were determined using growth mixture modeling (GMM). Associations were assessed with auxiliary variables and using mixed models. Study results. At baseline, 56.7% of YP reported PE. GMM identified 5 trajectories over 24 months: medium increasing (5.2%), medium stable (11.7%), medium decreasing (6.5%), high decreasing (4.2%), and low stable (72.4%). PE trajectories were not associated with continuity of specialist care or transition to AMHS. Overall, YP with PE reported more mental health problems at baseline. Persistence of PE or an increase was associated with poorer outcomes at follow-up. PE are common among CAMHS users when reaching the upper age limit of CAMHS. Persistence or an increase of PE was associated with poorer mental health outcomes, poorer prognosis, and impaired functioning, but were less discriminative for continuity of care.

Suitability and Early Clinical Outcomes of Corneal Donor Tissue in the 76–80-Year-Old Age Group

Purpose: There is a significant global shortage of corneal donor tissue suitable for keratoplasty. One simple strategy for addressing this shortage is to increase the upper age limit for acceptable tissue over the current customary upper limit of age 75. We describe a pilot study completed at one eye bank procuring, processing, and distributing keratoplasty tissue from donors aged 76 to 80 years. Methods: This is a retrospective case series of donor tissues aged 76 to 80 years in comparison with donor tissues aged 71 to 75 years. Standard tissue parameters were evaluated for all tissues, including tissue suitability, mean endothelial cell density (ECD), death-to-procurement time, and cause of death. For the older tissues, clinical outcomes through 3 months were obtained from each surgeon, including intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results: Corneal tissues from donors aged 76 to 80 years had a similar suitability rate (57%) when compared with donors aged 71 to 75 years (59%) (P = 0.635). Both groups had comparable ECDs (P = 0.097). Early clinical outcomes of corneal grafts from donors older than 76 years were favorable, with no early graft failure or significant concerns for clinical safety or efficacy. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that corneal tissues aged 76 to 80 years can be safely and efficiently transplanted in the United States. While additional study is needed, our results strengthen the case that expanding the upper age limit for donor age has the potential to help meet the global shortage for suitable keratoplasty tissue.

A Review of Feminist Legal Theory on Abortion Regulations for Rape Victims in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to review and evaluate abortion regulations for rape victims, especially the requirements outlined in the Health Law and Government Regulation No. 61 of 2014 concerning Reproductive Health, using feminist legal theory as an analysis framework. This study uses an extra-doctrinal methodology outside the laws and regulations, emphasizing feminist legal theory as the basis of thought. The findings suggest that abortion regulations for rape victims still largely ignore women's life experiences and put them in difficult situations. The marginalization of women victims of rape in accessing safe abortion is a consequence of the gestational age limit for abortion, which fails to acknowledge the different experiences of women and treat them as a homogeneous group. To effectively address this issue, it is critical to involve the participation of women who have experienced rape, including victims of sexual violence, in the development of policies related to abortion for rape victims.

Virtual Clinic Telehealth Abortion Services in the United States One Year After Dobbs: Landscape Review.

Telehealth abortion has taken on a vital role in maintaining abortion access since the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Supreme Court decision. However, little remains known about the landscape of new telehealth-only virtual clinic abortion providers that have expanded since telehealth abortion first became widely available in the United States in 2021. This study aimed to (1) document the landscape of telehealth-only virtual clinic abortion care in the United States, (2) describe changes in the presence of virtual clinic abortion services between September 2022, following the Dobbs decision, and June 2023, and (3) identify structural factors that may perpetuate inequities in access to virtual clinic abortion care. We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study by reviewing web search results and abortion directories to identify virtual abortion clinics in September 2022 and June 2023 and described changes in the presence of virtual clinics between these 2 periods. In June 2023, we also described each virtual clinic's policies, including states served, costs, patient age limits, insurance acceptance, financial assistance available, and gestational limits. We documented 11 virtual clinics providing telehealth abortion care in 26 states and Washington DC in September 2022. By June 2023, 20 virtual clinics were providing services in 27 states and Washington DC. Most (n=16) offered care to minors, 8 provided care until 10 weeks of pregnancy, and median costs were US $259. In addition, 2 accepted private insurance and 1 accepted Medicaid, within a limited number of states. Most (n=16) had some form of financial assistance available. Virtual clinic abortion providers have proliferated since the Dobbs decision. We documented inequities in the availability of telehealth abortion care from virtual clinics, including age restrictions that exclude minors, gestational limits for care, and limited insurance and Medicaid acceptance. Notably, virtual clinic abortion care was not permitted in 11 states where in-person abortion is available.

The Influence of Epilepsy on Oral Health Outcomes: A Retrospective Study in South Indian Adults.

Introduction Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder marked by recurrent seizures, affects approximately 50 million people worldwidewith a higher prevalence in developing countries. This condition challenges motor skills and coordination, leading to poor oral health maintenance. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of epilepsy on oral health outcomes in adults by contrasting South Indian epileptics with healthy controls. The primary objective was to assess the prevalence of oral health issues in patients with epilepsy compared to healthy individuals and to analyze the types andfrequency of dental procedures required inepileptic patients compared to healthy controls in the South Indian population. Materials and methods A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India. Approved by the Institutional Human Ethical Committee (Registration ID: IHEC/SDC/OMED-2202/23/106), the study involved105 epileptic patients and 105 healthy controls from records between January 2021 and December 2023. Both male and female patients within the age limit of 18-55 years were included. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0 (Released 2022; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Results The study involved 210 participants with an equal gender distribution. Valproate was the most common medication used by 39% of epileptic patients. Gingival hyperplasia was significantly more prevalent in the epileptic group (24%). The epileptic group also required more dental procedures, with 32% of teeth needing restoration, 20% root canal treatment, and 20% extraction, compared to 12%, 11%, and 5%, respectively, in the control group. Conclusion Epileptic patients exhibit poorer oral health outcomes, including higher rates of gingival hyperplasia and a greater need for dental procedures compared to healthy controls. These findings highlight the necessity for targeted dental care and regular monitoring for individuals with epilepsy to improve their oral health and overall quality of life.

Investigating the Variables Associated with Physical Exercise Status among United States Adults with Arthritis.

Background/Objectives: Arthritis is a chronic, debilitating condition affecting millions of United States (US) adults. Regular physical exercise is particularly important for adults with arthritis. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics associated with regular physical exercise in US adults with arthritis. Methods: This cross-sectional database study used 2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data and included US adults (age ≥ 18) alive with arthritis. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to test the association of the following variables with regular physical exercise (defined as moderate-vigorous intensity exercise for ≥30 min ≥5 times weekly; yes, no): age, sex, Hispanic, race, census region, marriage status, schooling, employment, health insurance, household income, mental health, general health, smoking status, chronic conditions, pain, and functional limitations. Results: Overall, 5091 people (regular physical exercise n = 2331, no regular physical exercise n = 2760) were involved in this analysis. Most were female, non-Hispanic, white, married, had schooling beyond high school, were unemployed, had private health insurance, had mid-high household income, had good mental health, had good general health, were non-smokers, had two or more chronic conditions, had little/moderate pain, and did not have a functional limitation. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, male vs. female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.440, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.185-1.749), employed vs. unemployed (OR = 1.277, 95% CI = 1.005-1.624), good vs. poor general health (OR = 2.174, 95% CI = 1.673-2.824), little/moderate vs. quite a bit/extreme pain (OR = 1.418, 95% CI = 1.109-1.818), and no functional limitation (OR = 1.592, 95% CI = 1.282-1.980) were associated with higher odds of reporting regular physical exercise, while Midwest vs. West census region (OR = 0.698, 95% CI = 0.521-0.935) was associated with lower odds of reporting regular physical exercise. Conclusions: This study identified variables associated with regular physical exercise among US adults with arthritis. Further work is needed to develop interventions for characteristics that may help increase exercise and, subsequently, health outcomes in this population.

Korelasi Shalat Dhuha Terhadap Kecerdasan Spiritual Siswa di MIM 12 Betiring Brondong Lamongan

The Correlation of Dhuha Prayers on the Spiritual Intelligence of Students at Mim 12 Betiring Brondong Lamongan for the 2022/2023 Academic Year. Thesis, S-1 Program of Islamic Religious Education Study Program, Paciran Muhammadiyah Islamic College, Lamongan. This research is motivated by the existence of problems in the rapid development of internet technology, namely the large number of shows through social media that no longer see the age limit and also the existing context, often conflict with religious and cultural values, resulting in a decline in ethics and also children's manners in life. every day because of the influence from the outside world that he sees. Not only that, deviations also occur in the norms of life, both religious and social. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of Duha prayer on the spiritual intelligence of students at MI Muhammadiyah 12 Betiring. Spiritual intelligence (Spiritual Quotient abbreviated as SQ) is intelligence to solve problems of meaning and value, namely intelligence to place behavior and life in the context of a broader and richer meaning, intelligence to judge that one's actions or way of life is more meaningful than others (Zohar , 2001: 12). The research method used in this study is a quantitative research method. Data collection techniques in this study were questionnaires and interviews. This research will be carried out by distributing questionnaires to MI Muhammadiyah 12 Betiring students. Data analysis will be carried out using a simple linear regression analysis method. The results showed that based on the analysis of hypothesis testing, either the F test or the T test, it was known that the conclusions of the two hypotheses were to reject H0 and accept Ha. This conclusion means that there is a significant and positive correlation simultaneously or partially with Duha prayer on the spiritual intelligence of students at MI Muhammadiyah 12 Betiring. The Coefficient of Determination also shows a very good number, which is 82.4%. The results of this study mean that the implementation and implementation of Duha prayer at MI Muhammadiyah 12 Betiring can achieve the desired goals and targets.

Single‐Stage Synchronous India‐Asia Collision Model Revealed by Himalayan High‐Pressure Metamorphic Rocks

AbstractDespite a half‐century of intense research, the timing and diachroneity of initial collision between India and Asia remain highly debated, largely due to different definitions of “initial collision” and correspondingly different methods adopted. This study focuses on high‐pressure pelitic granulites of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) to elucidate their metamorphic evolution and provide new constraints on the timing of initial India‐Asia collision. Petrological examination and phase equilibria modeling show that high‐pressure pelitic granulites have undergone four metamorphic stages, with the peak assemblage of garnet + K‐feldspar + kyanite + biotite ± plagioclase ± rutile + ilmenite + quartz at P‐T conditions of 13.1–15.7 kbar and 790–850°C. Clockwise P‐T paths suggest that the Indian continent underwent tectonometamorphic processes of initial collision and subsequent continent subduction. Zircon and monazite dating results indicate that the metamorphic ages of pelitic granulites range from 60 to 15 Ma, with the oldest ones clustered at 60–58 Ma. The oldest metamorphic ages of high‐ to ultrahigh‐pressure Himalayan metamorphic rocks can provide an upper age limit of the initial collision. Therefore, the initial India‐Asia collision must have occurred before 60–58 Ma in the EHS, roughly consistent with ca. 57 Ma in the western Himalaya and 63–60 Ma in the central Himalaya. Collectively, we conclude that the northern margin of India most likely underwent a single‐stage synchronous collision with the southern margin of Asia initially at around 60 Ma along the entire Yarlung‐Tsangpo suture zone.

Evaluation of the Regional Head Age Limit Policy in Indonesia After the Supreme Court Decision Number 23 P / HUM / 2024

This study evaluates the regional head age limit policy in Indonesia following the Supreme Court Decision Number 23 P/HUM/2024 through a normative juridical analysis. The age limit policy, governed by Law No. 10 of 2016, aims to ensure capable leadership by imposing a minimum age requirement for candidates. However, the Supreme Court's decision raises questions about the policy's alignment with constitutional principles of equality, non-discrimination, and democratic participation. The analysis examines statutory regulations, legal principles, and comparative insights from other democratic countries to understand the policy's rationale and implications. Findings highlight the need for a balanced approach that ensures legal consistency and promotes inclusive, effective regional governance. Recommendations include lowering the minimum age requirement, implementing a flexible age range, and incorporating empirical evidence to refine the policy, ensuring it serves the principles of justice, democratic participation, and effective governance.

Invasive group A Streptococcus infection (Streptococcus pyogenes): Current situation in Spain.

Group A ß-hemolytic Streptococcus (S. pyogenes), also known as GAS, is a Gram-positive bacterium. It can be easily identified in the microbiology laboratory by its ability to hemolyse blood in culture media. This bacterium is highly virulent due to its production of enzymes and toxins, and its ability to cause immunologically mediated diseases such as rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. GAS is the primary cause of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis, although it is typically a benign and non-invasive disease. However, it also has the potential to cause severe skin and soft tissue infections, necrotising fasciitis, bacteraemia and endocarditis, pneumonia and empyema, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, without any age or predisposition limits. The term invasive GAS disease (iGAS) is used to refer to this group of conditions. In more developed countries, iGAS disease has declined thanks to improved hygiene and the availability of antibiotics. For example, rheumatic fever has practically disappeared in countries such as Spain. However, recent data suggests a potential increase in some iGAS diseases, although the accuracy of this data is not consistent. Because of this, the COVID and Emerging Pathogens Committee of the Illustrious Official College of Physicians of Madrid (ICOMEM) has posed several questions about invasive GAS infection, especially its current situation in Spain. The committee has enlisted the help of several experts in the field to answer these questions. The following lines contain the answers that we have collaboratively produced, aiming to assist not only the members of ICOMEM but also anyone interested in this topic.

Pengaruh Dampak Pernikahan Dibawah Umur pada Perempuan dalam Perubahan Batas Usia Perkawinan

Early marriage is the marriage of someone before the age of mental and physical readiness. Therefore, marriage should be done after adolescents reach adulthood, because unpreparedness for marriage will affect married life. Impacts such as the number of divorces, deaths of mothers and children due to the age of the mother who is still too young and does not have the strength to be physically and mentally ready so that it can endanger the lives of both will often be found. Based on the developments in society and the applicant to be able to make changes because it is considered to violate the rights of children in child protection, the Indonesian government then updated the Law on limiting the age of marriage in Law Number 16 of 2019. This article uses the approach method used in this writing is the statutory approach (statue approach) and uses the normative legal research method. Primary legal materials consist of laws and regulations related to the object of research, namely, Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection, decision letter of the Constitutional Court Number 22 / PUU-XV / 2017 concerning approval of changes regarding marriage age limits and other laws and regulations related to this research.

Analisis Perbandingan Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Kecelakan Lalu Lintas oleh Anak di Indonesia dan Malaysia

The number of traffic violations and accidents by children in Indonesia and Malaysia is quite high as evidenced by the many cases that have occurred in both countries, giving rise to debates about the regulation and application of law enforcement of traffic accidents by children in both countries. Law enforcement is a whole series of actions to maintain and maintain the balance of rights and obligations of citizens in accordance with human dignity and dignity, as well as their respective responsibilities according to their functions fairly and equally. This research aims to compare the regulation and law enforcement of criminal traffic accidents by children in Indonesia and Malaysia. The research method is normative juridical with statute approach and comparative approach. The data used is secondary data and analyzed descriptively qualitative. The data collection technique used in this research is library research. The result of the research is that criminal responsibility for traffic accidents by children in Indonesia already has an integrated arrangement with Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak through the practice of diversion and restorative justice approaches. Whereas in Malaysia, there is no integration of legal arrangements specifically related to law enforcement of criminal traffic accidents by children. There are only rules regarding child driver traffic accidents in Sections 39 of the Road Transport Act 1987 (Act 333) and rules regarding the age limit of child criminal liability through the Kanak-Kanak Act 2001 (Act 611) and the Malaysia Penal Code.

Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Permohonan Dispensasi Nikah Pasca Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Perkawinan

Marriage is the right of every person who aims to form a family by a husband and wife as regulated in article 1 of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage that Marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between a man (husband) and a woman (isrti) whose aim is to form a happy and eternal family (household) based on belief in Almighty God. However, along with the dynamics that are developing in society, currently there are many underage marriages or what is often referred to as early age marriages. Early Marriage can be interpreted as a marriage that takes place even though they are still children. The age limit for marriage is regulated in article 7 paragraph (1) of Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage which states that marriage is only permitted if the man and woman have reached the age of 19 (nineteen) years. This research uses a Normative Juridical method, which means that this research is based on searches with reference to and based on norms, legislation, legal theories and doctrines, court decisions and other library materials that are relevant and in accordance with the topic discussed in this research.

Limits of Viability: Perspectives of Portuguese Neonatologists and Obstetricians.

Advances in neonatal care have improved the prognosis in extremely preterm infants. The gestational age considered for active treatment has decreased globally. Despite implemented guidelines, several studies show variability in practice. The aim of this study was to understand theperspectives of Portuguese neonatologists and obstetricians regarding the management of extremely preterm infants. An online survey was sent through the Portuguese Neonatology Society and the Portuguese Society of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine from August to September 2023. We obtained 117 responses: 53% neonatologists, 18% pediatricians, and 29% obstetricians, with 62% having more than 10 years of experience. The majority (80%) were familiar with the Portuguese Neonatology Society consensus on the limits of viability and 46% used it in practice; 62% were unaware of Portuguese morbidity-mortality statistics associated with extremely preterm infants. Most (91%) informed parents about morbiditymortality concerning the gestational age more frequently upon admission (64%) and considered their opinion in the limit of viability situations (95%). At 22 weeks gestational age, 71% proposed only comfort care, while at 25 and 26 weeks, the majority suggested active care (80% and 96%, respectively). Less consensus was observed at 23 and 24 weeks. At 24 weeks, most obstetricians offered active care with the option of comfort care by parental choice (59%), while the neonatology group provided active care (65%), p < 0.001. Regarding the lower limit of gestational age for in utero transfer, corticosteroid administration, cesarean section for fetal indication, neonatologist presence during delivery, and endotracheal intubation; neonatologists considered a lower gestational age than obstetricians (23 vs 24 weeks; p = 0.036; p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p = 0.021; p < 0.001, respectively). Differences in perspectives between obstetricians and neonatologists in limits of viability situations were identified. Neonatologists considered a lower gestational age in various scenarios and proposed active care earlier. Standardized counseling for extremely preterm infants is crucial to avoid ambiguity, parental confusion, and conflicts in perinatal care.

Opioid analgesic dose and route conversion ratio studies: a scoping review to inform an eDelphi guideline.

Clinicians regularly prescribe opioids to manage acute and chronic cancer pain, frequently to address acute postoperative pain, and occasionally to manage chronic non-cancer pain. Clinical efficacy may be suboptimal in some patients due to side effects and/or poor response, and opioid rotation/switching (conversions) is frequently necessary. Despite the widespread practice, opioid conversion ratios are inconsistent between clinicians, practices, and countries. Therefore, we performed a scoping systematic review of opioid conversion studies to inform an international eDelphi guideline. To ensure a comprehensive review, we conducted a systematic search across multiple databases (OVID Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, EBM-Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Registered Trials, LILACS, IMEMR, AIM, WPRIM) using studies published up to June 2022. Additionally, we performed hand and Google Scholar searches to verify the completeness of our findings. Our inclusion criteria encompassed randomized and non-randomized studies with no age limit, with only a few pediatric studies identified. We included studies on cancer, non-cancer, acute, and chronic pain. The level and grade of evidence were determined based on the Multinational Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) criteria. Our search yielded 21,118 abstracts, including 140 randomized (RCT) and 68 non-randomized (NRCT) clinical trials. We compared these results with recently published conversion ratios. Modest correlations were noted between published reviews and the present scoping systematic review. The present scoping systematic review found low-quality evidence to support an opioid conversion guideline. We will use these data, including conversion ratios and type and route of administration, to inform an eDelphi guideline.

Abuse of Authority Against Judicial Power in Constitutional Court Decision No.90/PUU-XXI/2023

Each law enforcer has its own authority according to what has been regulated in Indonesian laws and regulations. These provisions are stated in the Judicial Power Law No. 48 of 2009 which states that power judiciary according to The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is independent power . However, what has happened in Indonesia recently seems to be diminishing justice and putting aside codes of ethics in the world of law. The facts that occurred in the Constitutional Court decision No. 90 of 2023 regarding the age limit for presidential and vice presidential candidates were considered a decision that violated the code of ethics because there was a conflict of interest. In fact, the decision was built based on less than rational legal reasoning, resulting in a decision that was considered problematic. Based on the background description above, problems arise in the form of how a judge's authority should be in deciding cases in accordance with what is contained in the legislation. Then what are the legal remedies given in the form of sanctions to judges who are proven to be abusing their authority? This research uses a normative juridical approach, namely by looking at the rules and principles applied in the judiciary in Indonesia. The administration of government must be based on the principles of legality, protection, human rights and AUPB, especially in terms of the principle of not abusing power. Article 10 paragraph (1) letter e and the explanation of Law Number 30 of 2014 stipulate the principle of not abusing one's own authority. This basis requires every government agency and official not to exceed, abuse or confuse their authority for personal or other interests.