Demographic processes in China are important not only for its socio-economic development, but also for the global economy as a whole. The high growth rate of China's population at the end of the 20th century provided many countries with labor resources. The changes taking place at the beginning of the 21st century are fundamentally different. The current demographic situation in China is characterized by a slowdown in population growth, a change in the age structure of the population and the institution of family and marriage. The main objective of this study is a comparative analysis of China's demographic indicators for the period from 2010 to 2020. The study is based on data from China's sixth and seventh national censuses in 2010 and 2020. The analysis showed that in the future we can talk about an increase in the proportion of the Chinese population at older ages. In addition, social problems caused by an unbalanced gender structure of the population will become more and more visible. In the past, the population problem in China was associated with a large population. The solution to the problem was to regulate the excessive growth of the population. The demographic problem in the future is associated with an increase in the proportion of the population of the older age group. These processes require the state to apply new measures to adapt the social infrastructure. This infrastructure should provide a birth support system, on the one hand, and an increasing proportion of the older population, on the other.