Age Groups Of Population Research Articles

110 Identification of Urinary Incontinence through Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment among an integrated care programme of older persons population

Abstract Background Urinary incontinence (UI) is an under-reported and treatable condition, associated with reduced quality of life. The Integrated Care programme of Older Persons (ICPOP) supports people with complex care needs in their home. There is no available research on the rate of UI among the ICPOP population. This study aimed to assess UI in this group. Methods A convenience sample of 100 patient records selected randomly from an ICPOP serving approximately 30,000 people from 2017 to present were retrospectively reviewed; including patients charts, Comprehensive Geriatric Assessments (CGAs) and outpatient letters. As part of the CGA each person was assessed for UI on domiciliary visit. Irish geriatric medicine trainees were surveyed to assess their self-reported confidence assessing and treating UI. Results Of the 100 patients CGAs reviewed, 62% were female. 11% had UI reported on their referral to ICPOP. 56% reported UI during their CGA. Only 18% of those with UI had UI generated on to their problem list. Of those patients with UI, polypharmacy (≥5 medications) was noted in 89%. 77% of those with UI were on a medication associated with worsening UI, while only 18% of those with UI were on a treating medication for UI. 25% had their UI assessed at clinic, including 7% who were referred onwards to urology for management of their UI. 80% of geriatric medicine trainees said that they did not feel confident managing UI and 100% said they would like to receive further teaching on UI. Conclusion CGA is an excellent method for identifying UI. This data suggests that UI is more prevalent among the ICPOP as compared with an inpatient population and the general population in the same age group. Further specialist teaching is needed to improve trainee confidence in this area.

Aging and carbon emissions in Asian economies: Policy recommendation from panel quantile regression

Climate change due to global greenhouse gas emissions poses a severe threat, and energy sectors contribute about two‐thirds of the emissions. However, energy plays an important role in the well‐being of the aging population, which is increasing in Asian countries. Therefore, this study aims to discern how the male and female populations of different age groups affect carbon emissions in Asian economies. The findings from the panel quantile regression reveal that economic growth escalates emissions across all quantiles along with energy use. The female population in the 0–14 years age group reduces emissions at all quantiles, while the male population of the same age group enhances the emissions. However, the male and female population between 15 and 64 years increases carbon emissions across all Asian economies. Furthermore, the male population above 65 years is responsible for low emissions, while the female counterparts are responsible for high emissions. Finally, we offer a set of policy recommendations based on our findings. For instance, there is a need to educate the male population between 0 and 14 years on environmental degradation to encourage an environment‐friendly lifestyle. Also, policies should aim to persuade the 15–64 age group to use renewables, which can help mitigate CO2 emissions.

Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Boon or Bane - A Single Centre Retrospective Observational Study from India.

Background Subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) for refractory Parkinson's disease (PD) is more of a modality of treatment that is empirical, for which a physiological explanation is being sought. This study was done to determine the outcome and complications of patients undergoing STN-DBS for PD. Methods This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in an advanced neuromedicine facility in eastern India for 9 years (August 2013-August 2022), which included all patients undergoing STN-DBS. Results A total of 53 patients were operated on during the study period. The mean age group of the study population was 60.5 (standard deviation [SD]: 8.2) years with a male (33 [62.3%]) predominance. The most common presenting complaints included rigidity and hypokinesia (27), severe dyskinesia (21), and tremors (17). During the postoperative period, rigidity and hypokinesia (21), severe dyskinesia (16), and tremors (12) improved significantly in a subset of the patients. The majority (45 [84.9%]) of these cases received bilateral monopolar simulation, whereas three patients (5.7%) had bilateral bipolar stimulation. Unilateral bipolar stimulation was used in five (9.4%) patients. In the immediate postoperative period, they were initiated on limb, speech, and swallowing therapy as indicated. Surgery-related complications were seen in five (9.4%) cases. At 6 months of follow-up, a significant improvement in the Unified PD rating scale component (mainly motor examination and complication of PD therapy) was noted in the majority (36 [67.9%]) of patients. One patient developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome and succumbed to his illness on the fourth postoperative day. Conclusion Given these findings, STN-DBS appears to be a good, safe, and effective treatment for a subset of medically refractory PD with an overall improvement in two-thirds of the study cohort and less than 10% risk of complications.

Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Fluoride and Nitrate of Groundwater – A Case Study of the Central Dry Zone of Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka

Abstract Forty-two groundwater samples were randomly collected from Chikkanayakanahalli taluk during the pre-monsoon season of 2022 and were analysed for Fluoride and Nitrate levels using APHA standard methods. USEPA method was employed to assess the non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with exposure to NO3– and F– from drinking water consumption by computing estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI). HQnitrate > 1 through the ingestion pathway was observed in 14.28 and 4.76 % of the groundwater samples, respectively, for children and Teenagers, while HQfluoride > 1 for children was reported in 16.66% of the groundwater samples. Higher mean values of HQFluoride over HQNitrate supported added contribution of fluoride in groundwater of the study area in the non-carcinogenic human health risk over nitrate among different age groups of the local population. Overall, the average THI values were 0.205, 1.452, 1.025 and 0.821, respectively, for Infants, children, Teenagers, and Adults, and their trend was in the order: children > Teenagers > Adults > Infants. It was found that 90.5%, 54.8%, and 14.3% of the samples progressed beyond the standard limit (THI = 1) for children, Teenagers, and adults, respectively, illustrating that children are more prone to non-carcinogenic risks than other age groups. Further, NHHR of F- and NO3- in groundwater was higher for children, attributed to their lower body weight over teenagers and adults, besides average water consumption rates.

Incidence of Prosthetic Valvular Thrombosis in Rheumatic Heart Valve Diseases and Risk Factors for Mortality: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center with Review of Management Options

Background Prosthetic valve thrombosis bears significant risks of morbidity and mortality. In our study, we explore the risk factors associated with thrombolysis for thrombosis of prosthetic valves of the heart. Materials and Methods This is a hospital-based cross-sectional study with 60 patients with valve replacement between 25 and 60 years. Using an organized questionnaire we have obtained data on sociodemographic, behavioral risk factors, and previous history of other medical conditions. Results and Discussion The incidence of prosthetic valve thrombosis was 4% ( n = 60). The prevalence of aortic valve thrombosis was found to be 3.4% and mitral valve thrombosis was 5.2%. The mean age group of the study population was 30 ± 10 years. The incidence was highest (31%) in the 30–40 years age group. Aortic valve thrombosis was the most common ( n = 48, 80%). The overall mortality was 38% ( n = 23). The mortality rate due to Aortic valve and Mitral valvar thrombosis was 41.06% ( n = 20) and 20% ( n = 3), respectively. Sub-therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) was noted in 86% ( n = 52) patients and drug non-compliance was 70% ( n = 42). All patients underwent thrombolysis, considering the higher severity of functional class. The risk factors significant for mortality were previous history of valve thrombosis, subtherapeutic INR and aortic valve. Conclusions Aoretic valve prosthetic valve thrombosis was the most common and the overall mortality was higher in women. High mortality was observed in the cohort. Previous history of thrombosis and subtherapeutic INR is an important risk factor for mortality.

Методологические и методические подходы к оценке влияния глобальных вызовов на показатели здоровья населения и систему здравоохранения.

The relevance is explained by the need to determine the list of indicators of public health and the functioning of the health system, which are influenced by biological, geopolitical and man-made challenges, considered as the transition of one of the determinants that determine the state of public health to an extreme state, and the rationale for their changes for timely organizational and managerial decisions. O b j e c t i v e : conduction an expert assessment and substantiate the impact of global biological, geopolitical and technogenic challenges on population health indicators and healthcare system. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . Based on the content analysis of domestic (n=14) and foreign publications (n=30), using expert assessment, a list of parameters was compiled that determine the impact of biological, geopolitical and technogenic challenges on population health indicators and healthcare system. R e s u l t s . The directions of changes in such health indicators of the population as primary and general morbidity according to the data of the appeal, mortality of the population in different age groups, life expectancy, physical development, disability and health groups, and such indicators of the structure of consumption of resources of the health system as access to medical care, the burden on medical workers, changes in financial costs are determined, as well as the risks of its sustainable functioning. D i s c u s s i o n . The theoretical substantiation of the vector of the impact of a particular type of global challenge to society on the state of indicators of key determinants of public health, allows for timely development of a set of preventive measures taking into account the models of response of determinants, improving approaches to their planning and organization both for the industry as a whole and at the level of a medical organization and the region.

Non-communicable diseases and their impact on depression, anxiety, and stress among the geriatric population residing in old age homes in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are most prevalent among the elderly population. Mental illness and chronic disease conditions are of utmost significance when considering their implications on various aspects such as well-being, quality of life, cost of treatment, and longevity of the affected individuals. There is a paucity of data from India to assess the prevalence of NCDs and their relation to depression, anxiety, and stress among the elderly population. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of NCDs and their relationship with depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS) among the geriatric population that resides in senior citizen homes (Old age homes) in Chennai. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the elderly population in old age homes located in Chennai. The research was carried out through offline methods during the period of January 2023 to April 2023. A total of 311 participants were involved in this study who were aged 60 and older. DASS 21 was used to study depression, anxiety, and stress. The overall prevalence of depression was 84.2%, anxiety was 49.2%, and stress was 55.9% among the study participants. The findings of the study show that there is a statistically significant association, the odds of diabetes were 2 times higher (OR- 2.082, 95% CI: 1.225-3.888), the presence of hypertension was nearly 4.1 times higher (OR- 4.116, 95% CI: 2.110-8.030) and the odds of the presence of visual impairment were nearly 1.8 times higher (OR-1.810, 95% CI: 0.976-3.357) in developing the symptoms of depression. Screening of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes, etc. for DASS among the elderly population is recommended at regular intervals, as elderly people are considered to be the most vulnerable age group population, worldwide.

The COVID-19 pfizer BioNTech mRNA vaccine and the frequency of seizures

ObjectiveA nationwide vaccination operation against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine commenced in Israel in December 2020. People older than 60 were prioritized, and most were vaccinated shortly after. Seizures are not infrequently attributed to the vaccine despite a lack of supporting evidence. People with epilepsy (PWE) are often reluctant to get the vaccine due to concerns of seizure aggravation. We aim to examine the effect of the vaccine effort on the frequency of both new-onset seizures and recurrent seizures in PWE. Methods: All adults who presented to the emergency department (ED) of Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center between January 1st and May 31st, 2017–2021, and were diagnosed with seizures were included. Demographic, clinical, and vaccination status parameters were collected using MDClone, a data acquisition tool. Vaccination rates in the general population were obtained from official governmental publications. Statistics included a sub-analysis of patients with the highest vaccination rate, people older than 60. Results: 1675 cases were included. The numbers of ED visits and hospital admissions due to seizures in 2021 were comparable to preceding years after adjusting for the total number of ED visits at the same time. Out of 339 cases in 2021, 134 patients older than 60 years old presented to the ED (39.5%) compared to 124–151 in 2017–2019 (37–44%) and 103 in 2020 (33%). The vaccination rate among patients hospitalized due to seizures was similar to the general population of the same age group during the same period in Israel. There was no temporal relation between vaccination and hospitalization due to a seizure. Significance: Despite very high vaccination rates in the general population in Israel and especially among people older than 60 years, no increase was observed in ED presentations due to seizures. No temporal relation was observed between vaccination and hospitalization due to a seizure. We conclude that the mass vaccination with the Pfizer BioNTech mRNA vaccine is not associated with increased seizure propensity.

Prevalence and Associated Factor with Hypertension among Elderly Population of Durgathali Rural Municipality of Bajhang District of Nepal

Introduction: Old age is not a disease in itself, but the elderly public are vulnerable to long term diseases of insidious onset like hypertension. Hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder rapidly emerging as a major public health problem in developing countries and is the most widely recognized modifiable risk factor. The main objectives of the study were to determine prevalence of hypertension among old age population and to study the factors affecting the hypertension. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Bajhang district of Nepal. The study participants were old age group population with age more than or equal to 60 completed years. A sample size of 247 was obtained using simple random sampling and proportionate sampling method. There are seven wards in Durgathali rural municipality among them four wards (ward number 1,2,7,4) selected for study by using lottery method. From four selected ward 247 respondent will be selected proportionately. Findings: Prevalence of hypertension was 36%, significantly higher in age group more than 80 years (50%) and males (48.6%) than female. Hypertension was significantly associated with smoking and insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption habit. Overweight and high waist and hip circumference ration were significantly affecting hypertension.

Advanced Age Impacts Survival After Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma is rare but has a poor prognosis. Prognostic factors have been extensively studied in order to provide the best possible management for patients. We have aimed to investigate commonly available factors predictive of recurrence and survival in this patient population at high risk of death and recurrence, with an emphasis on the effects of age (using a cutoff of 70 years) on survival outcomes. From 1387 patients with clinically nonmetastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy at 21 academic hospital centers between 2005 and 2021, 776 patients were eligible and included in the study. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were built to evaluate the independent prognosticators for intravesical and extravesical recurrence, overall survival, and cancer-specific survival according to age groups. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. We did not find an association between groups aged <70 and >70 years old and preoperatively clinical or histopathological characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analysis was found no statistical significance between the 2 age groups in terms of intravesical or extravesical recurrence (P = .09 and P = .57). Overall survival (P = .0001) and cancer-specific survival (P = .0001) have been found to be statistically significantly associated with age as independent predictors (confounding factors: gender, tumor size, tumor side, clinical T stage, localization, preoperative hydronephrosis, tumor localization, type of surgery, multifocality of the tumor, pathological grade, lymphovascular invasion, concomitant CIS, lymph node status, necrosis, or history of previous bladder cancer). This research confirms that patients aged 70 and above who undergo radical nephroureterectomy may have worse outcomes compared to younger patients, older patients needing an improved care and management of UTUC to improve their outcomes in the setting of an increase in this aged population group.

Distribution and reference intervals of daytime intraocular pressure in the eye health screening population of Handan

Objective: To describe the distribution and establish reference intervals (RI) of daytime intraocular pressure (IOP) in the eye health screening population of Handan. Methods: This cross-sectional study included subjects who participated in eye health screening at the Physical Examination Center of Handan First Hospital from May 2021 to June 2022. A complete general and ocular examination was performed, including measurements of visual acuity and IOP (using Goldmann tonometry), slit lamp microscopy, fundus photography, and anterior and posterior segment optical coherence tomography. Subjects with factors that could cause significant changes in IOP or affect the accuracy of IOP measurement, or with an inability to measure IOP were excluded. Simple random sampling was used to select participants, who were grouped by gender and age (18 to <30, 30 to <40, 40 to <50, 50 to <60, 60 to <70, and ≥70 years). Central corneal thickness and IOP at 8 to 11 o'clock in one eye of each participant were recorded. The independent sample t test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis, and the RI of IOP values was calculated by x¯±1.96s. Results: A total of 9 310 subjects had their IOP measured, and 3 491 participants (3 491 eyes) were randomly selected from 7 886 healthy subjects. The age of the participants was (47.74±14.47) years old, ranging from 18 to 90 years old. There were 1 694 males and 1 797 females. The central corneal thickness of all participants was (525.56±49.39) μm. The daytime IOP of all participants was (15.40±2.54) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and the RI was 10.42 to 20.39 mmHg. The IOP was (15.49±2.58) mmHg for males and (15.29±2.49) mmHg for females, and the gender difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The RI of daytime IOP values was 10.43 to 20.54 mmHg for males and 10.41 to 20.18 mmHg for females. There were significant differences in daytime IOP [(15.13±2.58), (15.33±2.53), (15.49±2.50), (15.53±2.55), (15.39±2.62), and (15.28±2.52) mmHg] among 6 age groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: The distribution of daytime IOP in different gender and age groups in the eye health screening population of Handan and the RIs derived from the distribution were roughly the same as the international normal IOP RI (10 to 21 mmHg). It is recommended to refer to the RI of daytime IOP values of different genders and ages for clinical decision.

Cost-effectiveness of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults in a Norwegian setting

BackgroundThe morbidity and mortality of adult diseases caused by S. pneumoniae increase with age and presence of underlying chronic diseases. Currently, two vaccine technologies against S. pneumoniae are used: the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, one of which is the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) that has recently been approved for adults.ObjectiveThis study was conducted to investigate the cost-effectiveness of implementing PCV20 in a reimbursement scheme for Norwegian adults aged 18–99 years at risk of pneumococcal diseases and those aged 65 years and older at low risk compared to PPV23.MethodsAn established Markov model was adapted to a Norwegian setting to estimate the economic and clinical consequences of vaccinating the Norwegian population in specific age and risk groups against pneumococcal diseases. Inputs for the model were found in Norwegian or Danish real-world evidence or retrieved from available studies. The costs and clinical outcomes were assessed using a health sector perspective and a lifetime time horizon.ResultsThe results showed that PCV20 was associated with better health outcomes including fewer disease cases, fewer disease-attributable fatalities, a higher gain of life years and quality-adjusted life years compared to PPV23. In addition, PCV20 had a lower total cost compared to PPV23. Therefore, PCV20 was the dominant vaccination strategy. The base case result was investigated in multiple sensitivity analyses, which showed that the results were robust to changes in input parameters and methodological assumptions, as PCV20 remained the dominant vaccination strategy in almost all scenarios.ConclusionResults showed that vaccinating the Norwegian adults with PCV20 was cost-effective compared to PPV23. Changes in the hospital cost of pneumonia, the price of PCV 20, the effectiveness of PCV20 against pneumonia, and the pneumonia disease incidence had the highest impact on the ICER, i.e., were the main drivers of the results.

Gender Determination by Using Left Foot Index in Rajasthan Adults

In the present era, with the evolution in the medical field, many parameters have gained importance in researches by the forensic experts, anthropologists in the identification of biological remains. Nowadays, complete human skeletons can be used for the identification of the biological profile of an individual. One of the emerging parameters are the foot dimensions in identification and gender determination. The study was conducted on 207 males &amp; 200 females from Rajasthan adult population of age group 17 to 25 years. The anthropometric measurements of left foot length and breadth were measured by the digital sliding caliper. Significant Foot index was calculated, it was found that the overall left foot index for males was 37.89 and females was 38.24. This indicates that the value of left foot index is less than 38 in male but more than 38 in females. This 38 value obtained can be the deviation point in predicting the gender, by calculating the left foot index.

Suicide after leaving the UK Armed Forces 1996-2018: A cohort study.

There are comparatively few international studies investigating suicide in military veterans and no recent UK-wide studies. This is important because the wider context of being a UK Armed Forces (UKAF) veteran has changed in recent years following a period of intensive operations. We aimed to investigate the rate, timing, and risk factors for suicide in personnel who left the UKAF over a 23-year period. We carried out a retrospective cohort study of suicide in personnel who left the regular UKAF between 1996 and 2018 linking national databases of discharged personnel and suicide deaths, using survival analysis to examine the risk of suicide in veterans compared to the general population and conditional logistic regression to investigate factors most strongly associated with suicide after discharge. The 458,058 individuals who left the UKAF accumulated over 5,852,100 person years at risk, with a median length of follow-up of 13 years, were mostly male (91%), and had a median age of 26 years at discharge. 1,086 (0.2%) died by suicide. The overall rate of suicide in veterans was slightly lower than the general population (standardised mortality ratio, SMR [95% confidence interval, CI] 94 [88 to 99]). However, suicide risk was 2 to 3 times higher in male and female veterans aged under 25 years than in the same age groups in the general population (age-specific mortality ratios ranging from 160 to 409). Male veterans aged 35 years and older were at reduced risk of suicide (age-specific mortality ratios 47 to 80). Male sex, Army service, discharge between the ages of 16 and 34 years, being untrained on discharge, and length of service under 10 years were associated with higher suicide risk. Factors associated with reduced risk included being married, a higher rank, and deployment on combat operations. The rate of contact with specialist NHS mental health services (273/1,086, 25%) was lowest in the youngest age groups (10% for 16- to 19-year-olds; 23% for 20- to 24-year-olds). Study limitations include the fact that information on veterans was obtained from administrative databases and the role of pre-service vulnerabilities and other factors that may have influenced later suicide risk could not be explored. In addition, information on contact with support services was only available for veterans in contact with specialist NHS mental health services and not for those in contact with other health and social care services. In this study, we found suicide risk in personnel leaving the UKAF was not high but there are important differences according to age, with higher risk in young men and women. We found a number of factors which elevated the risk of suicide but deployment was associated with lower risk. The focus should be on improving and maintaining access to mental health care and social support for young service leavers, as well as implementing general suicide prevention measures for all veterans regardless of age.

Association of iris pigmentation with hearing disorders in patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital of Punjab, Pakistan.

Objective: Hearing disorders are very common these days due to increasing noise pollution. Iris color is due to that melanin pigment. As in Pakistan, people having dark eye colors are common. Melanin is involved in the hearing because cochlear melanocytes are involved in generating endo cochlear potential that helps in hearing. Hence eye color may be associated with hearing loss due to melanin pigment. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Physiology, Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal. Period: 11 June to 16 July 2022. Material &amp; Methods: Convenient sampling technique was used. Patients with hearing disorders at OPD of Sahiwal teaching hospital were included in our research. Results: During the study period, 86 patients visited the STH as cases valid for this study. Majority of the patients (93.02%) had a darker iris and only a small number of them (4.65%) had a fair iris color. The middle ear disorders were the most common in the patients prevailing in 47.67% of the patients flowed by outer ear issues in 45.35% patients and the inner ear issues were less prevalent fount in only 6.98% patients. In 39.53% patients have issues in there both ears simultaneously. Though the statistical significance was not found between iris color and hearing disorder (p=0.904), yet it (iris color) was statistically significant with the age groups of the study population (p=0.004). Conclusion: There is no association between Iris color and hearing disorders.

A public health study on the participation mechanism of social capital in the governance of public sports space in dilapidated urban communities - a case study of Changsha City, Hunan Province.

China's aging population, mobile population, low-income families, and other vulnerable groups congregate in dilapidated urban communities serving as public health spaces. As a result, managing public sports spaces in aging urban areas is a significant public health project in China, an essential strategy for raising residents' quality of life, and a significant effort to support the active aging of the older adult. The study used mathematical and statistical techniques, questionnaires, and logical deduction to conduct a public health study on the participation mechanism of social capital in the governance of public sports spaces in dilapidated urban communities. It chose 11 old Changsha, Hunan Province, communities as the research objects. Personal social capital was found to boost the availability of public sports spaces in older populations through social connections. Collective social capital improves the availability of public sports spaces in aging populations through social trust and stabilizes the order of public sports spaces in aging communities through social involvement. To improve the governance efficiency of public sports spaces in aging urban communities, the study aims to actively mobilize and accumulate social capital through cultivating the public spirit, reshaping the concept of sports governance, appropriately decentralizing and empowering, strengthening sports governance structures, enhancing communication and collaboration, and building sports governance. This is essential for China to fully implement the policies of active aging, a healthy China, and creating a community for global public health.

Внутренняя миграция как последствие региональной дифференциации в современной России

The article deals with the contradictory consequences of the processes of globalization and socio-economic modernization in the context of regional differentiation in modern Russia. The authors conclude that these pro-cesses destroy the established socio-economic order and people’s habitual way of life. First of all, it affects the so-called provinces – rural population and residents of small towns. Large metropolitan areas and industrial centers are becoming points of attraction. However, in the strategies for socio-economic and spatial develop-ment, the main directions of the social policy of modern Russia, scientific and practical discourses, small towns invariably remain in the shadow of large urban agglomerations. In this regard, it seems highly relevant to study the causes and consequences of internal migration processes in the country, as they are, in fact, a response to regional socio-economic differentiation. The most active, migration-mobile and statistically significant socio-demographic group is young people. Pilot study of the migration behavior of this age group of the small town population, conducted by the authors, allows to analyze the factors and causes of migration; to actualize the need to implement social state and regional programs that are aimed at reducing the territorial mobility of young people.

The Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Non-Exclusive Breastfeeding on the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection in Children aged 0-24 Months at YARSI Hospital Jakarta and its review according to an Islamic perspective

Acute respiratory infections are the most important cause of morbidity in children. Based on the results of the 2018 Riskesdas, the highest category of the population experiencing ISPA was in the age range of 1-4 years (25.8%). The prevalence of ISPA according to the population age group 0 to 11 months was (9.4%). One of the factors that influence the incidence of ARI is the history of breastfeeding. Data obtained from the DKI Jakarta Province Health Profile shows that the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in 2016 was 48.1% and decreased to 46.60% in 2017 with Central Jakarta City as the region with the lowest percentage of exclusive breastfeeding. The community needs to know the important role of exclusive breastfeeding both from a health perspective and from an Islamic point of view. This research is an analytic observational study using a cross-sectional design conducted on children aged 0-24 months at YARSI Hospital, Jakarta. After conducting a review based on the history of breastfeeding, the results of the Chi Square Test p 0.031 indicated that there was a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of ARI in children aged 0-24 months at YARSI Hospital, Jakarta. Most mothers give exclusive breastfeeding which is in accordance with Islamic recommendations.

The Age-Related Growth of Mastoid Air Cells in Infancy: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

To investigate the normal growth and development of mastoid pneumatization volume from 5 to 12 months for pediatric otosurgeons. Retrospective chart review. A tertiary referral center. This study evaluated age-dependent changes in mastoid air cell volume in 94 (188 ears) patients aged 5 to 12 months without a history of middle ear disease. Volume reconstruction was based on high-resolution computed tomography images using a three-dimensional reconstruction that is considered normal by radiologists. One-way analysis of variance and linear regression were used to determine the relationship between the volume and age in male and female subjects. Forty-eight scans were from male and 46 from female patients. In the age group from 5 to 12 months, the mastoid pneumatization was independent of age ( p > 0.05). There were no significant volume differences found between the age groups. Neither male/female nor right/left significant differences were observed in relation to the algebraic data of the mastoid air cells volume ( p > 0.05). Based on this analytic study, we are the first to use three-dimensional volume quantification based on high-resolution computed tomography in such large samples of early infancy. Because of its potential role as a susceptibility factor for otitis media and other otologic problems, it is important to describe the growth and development of mastoid pneumatization. More extensive clinical studies are needed to give a comprehensive insight into the air cell volume across age groups in different populations.

Let's talk about COVID-19 vaccination: Relevance of conversations about COVID-19 vaccination and information sources on vaccination intention in Switzerland

BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is known to be more pronounced among young people. However, there are a lack of studies examining determinants of COVID-19 vaccination intention in the general population in this young age-group in Switzerland, and in particular, studies investigating the influence of information sources and social networks on vaccination intention are missing. MethodsThe cross-sectional study “COVIDisc – Discussion with young people about the corona pandemic” provided the opportunity to investigate COVID-19 vaccination intention in 893 individuals aged 15–34 years from the cantons of Zurich, Thurgau, and Ticino in Switzerland. An online survey was administered between 10 November 2020 and 5 January 2021. Associations of public information sources and conversations about COVID-19 with COVID-19 vaccination intention were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression and mediation analysis using generalized structural equation modeling. Results51.5% of the participants intended or probably intended to get vaccinated once the vaccine would be available. Using print or online news (AOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.09–2.07) as an information source and having conversations about the COVID-19 vaccine (AOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.52–2.87) increased participants' COVID-19 vaccination intention. The effects of female gender (b = −0.267, p = 0.039) and risk perception (b = 0.163, p = 0.028) were partially mediated by having conversations about the COVID-19 vaccine. The effects of age (b = −0.036, p = 0.016), secondary educational level (b = 0.541, p = 0.010) and tertiary educational level (b = 0.726, p = 0.006) were fully mediated via having conversations about the COVID-19 vaccine. ConclusionsConversations and campaigns should start even before vaccines become available. Our data support interventions for young women and less educated people using social norms and supporting information seeking with news. Trust and risk perceptions are essential foundations for vaccine intentions.