Girls In Age Group Research Articles

Comparison of Postural Control Between Different Age Groups of Girls With Intellectual Disability

Objective: The control ability different positions of body in space was due to interaction between neural, sensory, and muscle-skeletal systems, which is generally defined as postural control. Limitations in mobility: The prevalence of balance and gait problems is also high in persons with intellectual disabilities. Thus, the present research aimed to examine the effect of visual, proprioception, and vestibular systems manipulation on postural control in three groups of girls with Intellectual Disability. Methods: The method of the present study is comparative-causative. The statistical population of this study was all girls with oral disabilities in special schools in Rasht. Sixty girls with Intellectual Disability were assessed in groups of 7-9, 10-12, and 18-16 years old (N=20). Postural control was evaluated in four conditions: open and closed eyes and on hard and soft surfaces. Collected data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test via SPSS software, V. 21 (P<0.05). Results: The research findings indicated that there were significant differences in postural control in all of the three groups. Based on the results in conditions 1, 2, and 3, there are significant differences between groups 1 and 3 and 2 and 3. Conclusion: These results support recent findings suggesting that Sensory systems for children with Intellectual Disabilities up to the age of 16-18 are still growing and maturing in terms of organizing and integrating with other systems in postural control. In each of the three age groups, the central nervous system, based on the proprioception information, provided better postural control.

Adolescent anaemia and cognitive status among females in a rural block Sampla, Haryana

Adolescent anaemia and cognitive status among females in a rural block Sampla, Haryana - JPMHH- Print ISSN No: - 2454-6704 Online ISSN No:- 2454-6712 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/2454-6712.2018.0017, Journal of Preventive Medicine and Holistic Health-J Prev Med Holist Health

Desventaja social y utilización de servicios de salud para recibir atención prenatal en niñas y adolescentes de barrios pobres de Chiapas

Objetivo: analizar la relación entre desventaja social, individual y de pareja en niñas y adolescentes embarazadas, indígenas y no indígenas, con la no utilización de servicios de salud para recibir atención prenatal.Diseño metodológico: enfoque mixto, con análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de casos, por grupos de edad de niñas y adolescentes embarazadas, indígenas y no indígenas.Resultados: identificación de variables de desventaja social, individual y de pareja relacionadas con la no atención prenatal en niñas y adolescentes indígenas y no indígenas, en un contexto urbano con acceso geográfico y económico a servicios de salud.Limitaciones de la investigación: el estudio se enfoca en casos de embarazos ocurridos en niñas y adolescentes, indígenas y no indígenas, identificados retrospectivamente.Hallazgos: se documenta la relación entre las variables de condición de desventaja social de las niñas y adolescentes y la no utilización de los servicios de salud para recibir atención prenatal. Se reportan diferencias en la condición de desventaja social por adscripción étnica y edad de las embarazadas. Los resultados contribuyen a la comprensión de las condiciones sociales de riesgo durante el embarazo en niñas y adolescentes, indígenas y no indígenas.

Updated and revised normal values of aortic pulse wave velocity in children and adolescents aged 3-18 years.

Measurement of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao) is recommended for stratifying individual cardiovascular (CV) risk in adults. Diseases in children and adolescents might influence aortic stiffness. It is necessary to exclude overweight (OW), obese (O) subjects, and individuals with increased systolic (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from the population, when creating normal values of PWVao in children and adolescents. Body mass index (BMI), SBP/DBP cut-off values have remarkably changed in this population during the last decade. Aims of our study were to expand our previously published PWVao database and to revise it by using the recently determined normal values. PWVao was measured by an occlusive-oscillometric device (Arteriograph, TensioMed Ltd, Budapest, Hungary) in a healthy population aged 3-18 years. 7940 (4374 boys) participants were recruited, 1912 OW/O subjects and 1368 individuals with high SBP/DBP were excluded. Finally, n = 4690 (2599 boys) participants were enrolled. Mean PWVao values increased from 5.4 ± 0.6 to 6.4 ± 0.5 m/s (p < 0.05) in boys and from 5.5 ± 0.6 to 6.4 ± 0.5 m/s (p < 0.05) in girls. Mean PWVao values were significantly lower in our new study, in boys in age groups of 9-16, in girls in age groups of 11-17. This is the largest and widest age-ranged database of PWVao published to date. Due to the change of BMI and SBP/DBP reference values during the last decade, the "old" database of PWVao needed to be revised. As a result of this, normal values of PWVao decreased significantly in both sexes.

Maternal profiles and social determinants of severe acute malnutrition among children under-five years of age: A case-control study in Nepal

BackgroundAddressing the determinants of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among children remains a challenge in Nepal. This study investigated the effect of maternal and social determinants of SAM among under-five children of Nepal. MethodsWe conducted a hospital-based unmatched case-control study with 256 under-five children (128 cases and 128 controls). The children aged 6–59 months were taken, and the cases and controls were defined based on mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). ResultsBackward Stepwise logistic regression analysis of 6–59 months children showed that the odds of SAM were lower among male children (AOR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.27–0.92), mothers from high socioeconomic status (AOR = 0.469, 95% CI = 0.26–0.83), breastfeeding 6–12 months (AOR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.05–0.68), breastfeeding ≥13 months (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.05–0.54) and optimal complementary feeding (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.22–0.70). SAM was significantly higher among children of the age group 6–24 months (AOR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.30–5.22) and children with a history of diarrhea (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.92–3.39). ConclusionsIn order to reduce the children's SAM, it is necessary to scale up services to improve the socioeconomic status which includes the education, occupation, and monthly income of the mother. Girls of age group 6–24 months were more likely to develop SAM. Two contributing factors to decrease SAM are the importance of exclusive breastfeeding practices and the availability and usage of soap in hand washing, which are ideal for low cost interventions. To reduce SAM in Nepal, a focus on enhancing complementary feeding through increased affordability of nutritious foods is also needed.

Timing of permanent tooth emergence and its association with physical growth among children aged from four to seven years in nine cities of China

Objective: To investigate the timing of permanent tooth emergence and its association with physical growth among children aged 4-7 years in 9 cities of China, and to analyze the trend of permanent teeth development. Methods: According to a stratified cluster sampling design, a cross-sectional survey on the timing of permanent tooth emergence children aged 4-7 years was carried out in 9 cities (Beijing, Harbin and Xi'an in northern China; Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan in central China; Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Kunming in southern China) from June to October in 2015. A total of 37 973 children (19 035 boys and 18 938 girls) were recruited and were divided into different age groups (4.0-<4.5, 4.5-5.0, 5.0-5.5 and 6.0-<7.0 years of age). The situation of the exfoliation of primary teeth and the eruption of permanent teeth were investigated. Height and weight were measured using the standardized methods. Z-scores of physical growth indicators were calculated using the growth standards for Chinese children in 2009. Probit regression analysis was used to determine the median and percentile age of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth. Chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data and t test was used for comparison of measurement data between boys and girls, urban and suburban as well as among different ages and regions. Meanwhile, the data from the national survey on physical growth and development of children under 7 years of age in 9 cities of China in 1995 were used to analyze the trends of the permanent teeth development. Results: The rate of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth in 37 973 children aged 4-7 years was higher with age, which was 0.6% (42/7 568) in 4.0-<4.5 years of age group, 30.3% (2 295/7 583) in 5.5-<6.0 years of age group, and 74.5% (5 680/7 627) in 6.0-<7.0 years of age group. The rates of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth in boys were all lower than those of girls except for children aged 4.0-<4.5 years (all P<0.01). The rate of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth in urban children was higher than that in suburban children for older than 5.5-6.0 years of age group in boys and older than 4.5-5.0 years of age group in girls, which was 74.2% (1 427/1 924) in urban boys aged 6.0-<7.0 years and 69.2% (1 305/1 885) in suburban boys aged 6.0-<7.0 years (χ(2)=11.446, P<0.01). The age of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth was 6.00 (95%CI: 5.98-6.01) years and the range of the 3-97 percentile was 4.88-7.11 years of age. The median permanent tooth emergence age of girls was lower than that of boys (5.94 vs. 6.06 years) and the median age of urban children was lower than that of suburban children (5.94 vs. 6.05 years). The median permanent tooth emergence age of southern Chinese children (6.05 years) was higher than that of northern (5.97 years) and central Chinese children (5.97 years). The weight for age Z-scores (WAZ), height for age Z-scores (HAZ) and body mass index for age Z-scores (BMIZ) of children with transition from deciduous to permanent teeth (0.35±1.17, 0.32±1.00, 0.23±1.16) were significantly higher than those of children without transition from deciduous to permanent teeth (0.03±1.13, 0.03±1.02, 0.04±1.13, t=20.81,21.67,12.09, all P<0.05). In comparison with the data in 1995, data in 2015 showed that the rate of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth was higher, for example, the rate of urban boys aged 6.0-<7.0 years group was 63.8% (1 146/1 796) in 1995, and increased to 74.2% (1 427/1 924) in 2015 (χ(2)=46.748, P<0.01). The median permanent tooth emergence age decreased by 0.24 years in 2015 as compared with that in 1995. Conclusions: The development of permanent teeth is earlier in girls than in boys, earlier in urban children than in suburban children and slightly delay in southern children than in central and northern Chinese children. In addition, the development of permanent teeth, which is related to the physical growth, slightly accelerate in China during the past 20 years.

THE EFFECT OF FUN TENNIS TRAINING ON SOME MOTORIC FEATURES AND TENNIS SKILL IN 8-10 YEAR OLD CHILDREN

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of fun tennis training on some motoric features and tennis skills of 8-10 age group girls who have just started tennis. Method: 16 club athletes and 8 students’ volunteers, consisting of female athletes from Izmit Tennis Club, participated in the study. Motoric test measurements were taken from all athletes before the first measurements. Then, by random method club athletes experiment1 (E1), experiment2 (E2) and control (C) group, 24 athletes in total participated in the research. The training sessions were applied 3 days a week and 60 minutes a day for 8 weeks. Entertaining tennis training for E1 group, traditional club technical training program for E2 group and mini tennis training within the scope of sportive activities for Izmit Youth Services and Sports District Directorate were given to C group. Measurement data Parametric tests were accepted in SPSS 22.0 program and ANOVA analyzes and Pared Sample T Test results were taken to evaluations. Findings: Significant differences were found (p .05), there was a significant difference in tennis skill tests in E2 group as a result of T test (p = 0.001) (p .05). As a result of the T test in tennis skill tests, the E1 group improved compared to the C group (p = 0.037). Result: It has been determined that fun tennis exercises applied to 8-10 age group girls have an impact on selected motor skills like push-up, sit-up, ball throwing, standing long jump and vertical jump skills and tennis skills. In order to provide infrastructure development for athletes, it can be said that performance improvements can be achieved by practicing coordinated skills together with tennis skills in training programs. Article visualizations:

School Sanitation Facilities and Absenteeism from School during Menstruation in Adolescent Girl in Rural Area of Hapur

Introduction: The menstrual related problems are one of the most common problems among adolescent girls and might have an adverse effect on their performance in academic and other activities of daily life which may lead to school absenteeism during menstrual days. School absenteeism due to menstrual problems has been reported previously among adolescent. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study was conducted in rural field practice area of RHTC (Rural Heath Training Centre) under Department of Community Medicine of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Pilkhuwa, Hapur, Uttar Pradesh. The study population included all adolescent girls in age group of 10-19 year studying in senior secondary school, Pilkhuwa. A verbal consent of the adolescent girls was taken before administering the questionnaires and assured of confidentiality. Result: In present study as many as 229 (41.86 %) out of 547 girls who attained menarche used to remain absent from school during menstruation. 191 (83.4 %) of girls normally absent for just one day. However, a considerable proportion 20 (8.72%) of girls absent for 2 days while 18(7.86 %) remain absent for three days. Conclusion: There is a need to improve the conditions with respect to basic facilities at school to cut down the absenteeism.

Çocuklarda Kallosal/Supratentoryal-Suprakallosal Alan Oranının Korpus Kallosum Morfometrisini Değerlendirmede Yararlılığı

Objective: To perform morphometric analysis of corpus callosum (CC) by using callosal area (CA), supratentorial-supracallosal area (SSA) and CA/SSA parameters in a healthy pediatric population and to investigate changes according to age and gender. Method: Method: This retrospective study included a total of 313 children (154 boys, 159 girls) aged between 3-17 years. The cases were divided into three groups according to age: 3-6 years (Group 1) (pre-school), 7-12 years (Group 2) (preadolescent) and 13-17 years (Group 3) (adolescent). CA and SSA were measured on the mid-sagittal plane on T1-weighted images. CA/ SSA index was calculated. Differences in age, CA, SSA, and ratio parameters among the gender groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U or the t-test. Results: Median values of CA (p= 0.002), mean values of SSA (p=0.001) and CA/SSA ratios (p= 0.04) were significantly higher in boys compared to girls. The median CA and mean CA/SSA ratios in Group 3 were significantly higher than Groups 1 and 2 (p= 0.001). Mean CA/SSA ratio values of boys and girls in Age Group 3 were significantly higher than Group 1 (p= 0.001) and significantly higher than Age Group 2 in girls. There were highly significant positive correlations of age with CA (p=0.001, r=0.47), SSA (p=0.028, r=0.12) and CA/SSA ratio (p=0.001, r=042). There was a highly significant and positive correlation between CA and SSA (p=0.001, r=0.25) and CA/SSA ratio (p=0.001, r=0.87). Conclusion: CA, SSA, and CA/ SSA ratio values in children are affected by age and gender. These parameters can be used as reference values for the diagnosis of congenital and acquired pathologies affecting the corpus callosum.

Pattern of common skin diseases among school going children in Semi-Urban Area of Jaipur: A cross-sectional study

Aims: Skin disorders are a common health problem in pediatric age group, and a school-based survey seems to be a good screening tool for estimating the prevalence of cutaneous disorders among children. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted in three schools of semi-urban area of Jaipur. A total of 576 children including 218 boys and 358 girls of age group 4–18 years were examined for the study, and laboratory investigations were also done for all the children. Results: Out of 576 students, 349 students were found to have a skin disorder. Of all the affected children, 69.7% (370) had noninfectious dermatoses, 19.8% (105) had infectious dermatoses, and 10.5% (56) had nutritional dermatoses. Conclusions: In our study, the prevalence of skin infection was found to be associated with low socioeconomic status and poor personal hygiene. Hence, awareness regarding skin-related health problems in children as well as in their parents seems to be of utmost importance.

A study to estimate the occurrence, knowledge, practice regarding prevention of urinary tract infection among adolescent girls in selected community areas, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

Background: Genitourinary tract infection is the reproductive infections which are mostly affected the adolescent age groups girls. They are mostly vulnerable for reproductive growth and development. Hence, every adolescent as well as parents need to increased knowledge and good practice regarding prevention of urinary tract infection. Every child was closed with family especially adolescent girls are share problem or issues to her mother. It is necessary the mother provide the comfort to the adolescent girls because girls or mother both are play a main role to reduce the risk of urinary infection with the help of good life style, nutrition, and personal hygiene. Objectives: The objective of the study was to estimate the occurrence and assess the knowledge with identify the practice regarding prevention of urinary tract infection among adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: A descriptive (non-experimental) research approach was adopted for the study. A total of 469 house adolescent houses were considered for the data collection, of which 230 samples were found and taken for the study. Total enumerate sampling technique was used for the study, demographic data, structured questioners, and self-reported practice check list and was prepared as a tool for collecting data. The sample was interviewed and observed occurrence, knowledge, and practice. The investigator observed that the adolescent girls give less importance to menstrual hygiene. Results: The statically finding shows that the overall mean awareness score of the study participants was 12.29 ± 4.26. Percentage distribution of knowledge level shows that majority (90%) of adolescents had moderately adequate knowledge and 5.6% of them had inadequate knowledge, whereas only 4.3% of adolescents had adequate knowledge on prevention of urinary tract infection. Conclusion: The study finding ensure that there is a great need for adolescent to maintain good menstrual hygiene, parents should encourage their children to maintain good hygiene during menstrual period and maintain personal care, frequently check-up and early deduction is needed to prevent any types of infection related to reproductive system. This study may help to develop healthy information and awareness of the avoidance of urinary tract infection among teenage girls.

A Prospective Study to the Morphological Variation on Radiological Examination (In Form of Appearance of Ossification Centers in Carpal Bones) in Boys and Girls of Age Group 5 to 12 Years of the Western Rajasthan (Jodhpur) Region

A Prospective Study to the Morphological Variation on Radiological Examination (In Form of Appearance of Ossification Centers in Carpal Bones) in Boys and Girls of Age Group 5 to 12 Years of the Western Rajasthan (Jodhpur) Region

Clinico-hematological profile of anaemia in adolescent girls in a tertiary care hospital of North India

Background: Anaemia in adolescent girls leads to foetal morbidity and mortality in future. The current study was done with the aim to study the clinico-haematological profile of anaemia in adolescent girls in a tertiary care hospital of North India.Methods: An observational study was conducted among 50 adolescent girls with anaemia (Hb &lt;12 g/dl) in the Department of Medicine in collaboration with Department of Pediatrics and Department of Haematology at VMMC and Safdar-jang Hospital, New Delhi. Detailed previous history of the patients was collected. Blood samples were collected from all the patients and analysed for hematological parameters. Data were analysed statistically and p values less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results: The prevalence of anaemia was common in the patients of age group of 15-19 years (58%). The common symp-tom observed was fatigue (82%). Pallor was the common sign noticed in 66% patients. Majority of the patients with anaemia belongs to upper lower class (52%). Mean value of haemoglobin was high (7.80±1.22) in microcytic hypo-chromic anaemia compared to other types of anaemia. Serum iron levels were low in both microcytic and dimor-phic group but the difference was statistically not significant (p=0.43). Serum vitamin B12 levels were low in mac-rocytic and dimorphic anaemia and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.001).Conclusions: This study showed that nutritional deficiency anaemia was more prevalent in adolescent girls of age group between 15-19 years of upper lower socioeconomic status. Nonspecific symptoms like fatigue and weakness should not be ignored in the adolescent girls as they could be important indicators towards incidence of anaemia in these patients.

BODY MASS INDEX AND MOTOR COORDINATION OF BOYS AND GIRLS AGED 7 TO 9

The aim of this paper is to examine the differences in the overall level of motor coordination between groups of children with different nutritional status. In total, 418 participants of both sexes, aged 7-9, took part in the study. The participants were classified based on their nutritional status into one of four groups: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese, according to the International Obesity Task Force. The motor coordination of the participants was assessed using the KTK (Körpercoordination test für Kinder) battery of tests and total point scores were calculated for each age category. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine the differences in the overall motor coordination between groups of participants. Statistical significance was set at the p≤.05 level. The results revealed statistically significant differences in the overall level of motor coordination between all the examined groups of boys with different nutritional status aged 7, 8 and 9. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed statistically significant differences between all three age groups of boys (7-, 8- and 9-year-olds) in favor of the normal weight groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed no statistically significant differences in the case of the girls. The results of the Mann-Whitney test revealed statistically significant differences between all three age groups of girls (7-, 8- and 9-year-olds) in favor of the normal weight groups. The obtained results showed statistically significantly poorer motor coordination in boys and girls with higher values of body mass index compared to boys and girls with normal body weight across all age groups.

Study on Menstruation and Hygiene Practices among Adolescent girls in Urban Community

Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adult life during which pubertal development and sexual maturation take place, thus making physiological development a challenge adolescents have to face. There is a substantial lacuna in the knowledge towards menstruation among adolescent girls; hence, an attempt was made to study menstruation and personal hygiene among adolescent girls of urban locality. Ex post facto research design was used for the study. The locale of the study was Jadcherla town of Mahabubnagar district in Telangana State. Sample size of 30 adolescent school going girls of age group 12 to 16 yrs. was purposively selected. Structured questionnaire was used to examine the existing knowledge and hygiene practices regarding menstruation. Frequency and percentage were used to analyse the collected data. Results revealed that prior information about menstruation before its attainment was available to 80 per cent of the adolescent girls in the present study. About 93 per cent of the respondents use sanitary pads during their periods which show good hygiene practice during menstruation. About 67 per cent of the respondents do not have knowledge about the organ from where bleeding occurs. Hence, awareness needs to be given to the respondents.

Anesthetic Management of Double Atrial Septal Defect with Moderate Pulmonary Hypertension Emergency Caesarean Section

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is common congenital heart disease in adults. Most of the cases are detected in childhood, whereas few cases reach adulthood undiagnosed. It is the most common congenital heart lesion in child bearing age group girls. ASD leads to various complications depending upon size, position of ASD and shunt flow direction and hemodynamic change. Pulmonary artery hypertension is one such complication which occurs due to large blood flow across pulmonary artery due to left to right shunting. Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at rest or greater than 30 mmHg during exercise. We reported a case of double ASD of size 10 mm and 5 mm with moderate pulmonary artery hypertension which underwent emergency caesarean section for meconium stained liquor. Under all aseptic precaution epidural catheter was placed at L3-4 level in sitting position by loss of resistance technique and then spinal anesthesia was given at the same level with 26G needle. Total drug given in spinal was 2.5 ml which includes 2 ml of bupivacaine (heavy) and 0.5 ml fentanyl. The patient was managed successfully under regional (epidural with low dose spinal) anesthesia without facing any complication. During anesthesia our main aim was to prevent complications, like hypotension, hypoxia, hypercarbia, reversal of shunt, fluid overload and maintain systemic pulmonary vascular resistance. As these complications adversely affect the outcome in heart disease patients.

Determination of nutrient adequacy of the food catered in the child care homes (CCHs) of Sunsari district

Summary Malnutrition continues to be a primary cause of ill health and mortality among school age orphan and vulnerable children in developing countries. Objective: Determination of nutrient adequacy of the food catered in the child care homes of Sunsari district. Methods: Weighing method was used for determining the amount of food eaten. T-test and bivariate spearman correlation coefficients were used to compare the nutrient intake with respective RDA and to determine the association between nutrient intake and malnutrition respectively. Results: The study revealed, 33.82% and 17.39% of study population were stunted and underweight respectively. Equal percentages (7.81%) of study population were overweight and thin. Probability of calorie and protein adequacy was found in 52.94% and 89.71% of study population in CCHs. Calcium intake of all children and adolescent were found to be below their RDA. Cereals contributed the highest amount by weight (355.3 g) and proportion (39%) to the total diet for the study population in CCHs. Fruits 1% (12.9 g) and additional oil 2% (20.9 g) made a small contribution to the study population dietary intake. Fish and eggs were completely lacking in their diet. Probability of iron inadequacy was found in 80.9% of study population in CCHs.

Menstrual health and related problems in adolescent girls of Lucknow district: a cross sectional study

Background: Menstruation and related problems are difficult issues for adolescent girls and are a common reason for consulting healthcare providers. The objective of the study was to study the age of menarche, menstrual pattern, menstrual related health problems and health seeking behaviour for it.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in urban as well as rural schools of Lucknow district from August 2014 to September 2015. Multistage random sampling was used to select the requisite number of girls. A total of 600 girls of age group 10-19 years were interviewed and analysed using appropriate statistical methodsResults: The mean age of menarche of the total population was 13.2±1 years. During menstruation, urban girls had significantly excessive passage of clots (26.5%) and faced more discomfort in their routine activities (78.8%) when compared to their rural counterpart (25.2% and 73.4% respectively), whereas the relation was inverse with regard to school absenteeism that was significantly higher in rural girls (44.0%) than urban girls (32.3%). The usual age of menarche as well as the pattern of pre-menstrual symptoms varied significantly between the girls of rural and urban areas.Conclusions: With few exceptions, menstrual health related problems have an unequal distribution in girls of rural and urban origin. Hence effective management of menstrual problems will lose its chase unless health education targeting all the three groups viz.; adolescent girls, concerned parents and teachers have to be uniformly strengthened.

Comparative Study of Efficacy of Using Mayonnaise and Hair Shampoo in the Control of Head Lice among Elementary School Students

Background and objective: Head lice are expensive and difficult to eradicate, causing much frustration for families, providers, and communities. In order to develop procedures for the care of affected school students with head lice, the researchers (a) assessed the prevalence of head lice infestation rate in primary school students, and the mothers’ and teachers’ knowledge of head lice infestation and its control measures, and (b) compared the effect of using mayonnaise and hair Shampoo to control head lice among elementary school students. Materials and Methods: An experimental design was used to conduct the study. Ten primary schools in Al Riyadh were identified using the cross-sectional study during 2015 and 2016. Five hundred (500) students, chosen through a multi-stage systematic random sample, participated and were randomly divided into two groups. Mayonnaise and hair Shampoo was applied to the first and second group respectively as a treatment for head lice. For all statistical analyses, SPSS version 20 were used. Results: using Mayonnaise helped in dismissing head lice was faster among all age groups of girls, none of the girls stayed infected beyond 8 and more days. The Total (82.0% ) of girls recovered from infection between 6 to 8 days as compared to only (15.2%) as total among the hair Shampoo group with the same age group. Conclusion: The study shed light on the effectiveness of mayonnaise in the obliteration of head lice. Additional studies should be carried out to ensure the success of mayonnaise in overcoming the lice problem.

Prevalence of Anaemia among Adolescent Girls and the Outcome of Nutrition Education Programme

With a view to assess the prevalence of anaemia and impact of educational progamme on improving the status of anaemia, a two-phase study was carried out in Kannur district of Kerala (India). In phase 1, one thousand girls in age group 10-19 years were included. Second phase had 120 Anganwadi girls, 60 each in experimental and control group. The study showed positive outcomes after educational intervention.