Age Distribution Characteristics Research Articles

Analysis and prediction of epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis deaths among Chinese residents from 2006 to 2021

Objective: The epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis deaths among Chinese residents from 2006 to 2021 were analyzed, and the tuberculosis mortality rate from 2022 to 2027 was predicted to provide a reference for tuberculosis prevention and control in China. Methods: The data set of tuberculosis deaths from 2006 to 2021 was published regularly by the China CDC, and the crude mortality rate (CMR) and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) were calculated according to the population structure of China in 2000. The distribution characteristics of age, sex, region, and time of tuberculosis deaths were analyzed, the Joinpoint regression analysis model was used to analyze the changing trend, and the grey model was applied to predict CMR and ASMR from 2022 to 2027. Results: From 2006 to 2021, the CMR and ASMR of tuberculosis showed a downward trend among males and females, urban and rural areas, and all age groups, in a word, all the Chinese residents. Except for the age group ≥85 years old, the mortality trend was insignificant. In the eastern, central, or western regions. CMR and ASMR were significantly higher in males than in females.CMR and ASMR were significantly lower in urban areas than in rural areas. In general, active tuberculosis patients present a higher mortality rate. The CMR and ASMR in the western region were higher than those in the eastern and central regions and lower in the eastern region than in the central region, but the differences were less obvious. The ASMR of the eastern cities was lower than that of the central and western regions, and the ASMR of the central cities was higher than that of the western region from 2006 to 2009 and 2012 and lower than that of the western region in other years. The ASMR in the western countryside was higher than that in the eastern and central regions and lower in the eastern part than in the central region, but the difference was not obvious. The grey model prediction results show that the CMR (/100 000) of Chinese residents from 2022 to 2027 is 1.585, 1.471, 1.360, 1.250, 1.143, and 1.038, and the ASMR (/100 000) is 0.779, 0.653, 0.531, 0.411, 0.295 and 0.181, respectively. Conclusions: The CMR and ASMR of tuberculosis will continue to decline, and extraordinary achievements have been made in tuberculosis prevention and control in Chinese residents from 2006 to 2021 and, presumably, from 2022 to 2027. However, tuberculosis screening and treatment programs in the western region, men, the elderly population, and rural areas should be further strengthened, and targeted prevention and control measures should be formulated to reduce mortality.

Survival analysis of malignant tumors in cancer registration areas of Hubei province in China, 2013 to 2015

Objective: To analyze the survival of newly diagnosed malignant tumors in cancer registration areas of Hubei Province from 2013 to 2015. Methods: From January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015, all newly diagnosed malignant tumors were collected from cancer registration areas in Hubei Province, and patients were followed up using a combination of active and passive methods. Cancer survival was analyzed using the strs package in Stata software. Observed and expected survival were calculated using the life table and Ederer Ⅱ methods, and the difference in survival rate of patients with different sex, age, urban and rural areas and different cancer species was compared. Results: From 2013 to 2015, 83 987 new malignant tumors were diagnosed in cancer registration areas in Hubei Province, including 45 742 males (54.46%) and 38245 females (45.54%). The overall 5-year relative survival rate was 41.46%, 34.43% for men and 49.63% for women. With the increase of age, the observed survival rate and relative survival rate of patients of different genders showed a decreasing trend. The 5-year relative survival rate of patients with malignant tumors was 47.58% in urban areas and 26.58% in rural areas. The observed survival rate and relative survival rate in rural areas were significantly lower than those in urban areas. The overall 5-year relative survival rates for common malignancies were 20.61% for lung cancer, 15.36% for liver cancer, 22.89% for esophageal cancer, 34.92% for gastric cancer, and 54.87% for colorectal cancer. In addition, the 5-year relative survival rates of common malignant tumors in women were 78.65% for breast cancer and 52.55% for cervical cancer. Conclusions: In Hubei Province, the survival rate of malignant tumors is different among different genders, regions, age groups and cancer species. Prevention and treatment and health education should be strengthened for malignant tumor patients in rural areas and those with high incidence and low survival rate such as liver cancer and lung cancer, and relevant strategies should be formulated according to the gender and age distribution characteristics of different cancer species.

A study on factors associated with age of Alzheimer's disease onset

Objective: To understand the distribution characteristics of age of Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset and influencing factors. Methods: Based on the follow-up data of Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative from 2005 to 2022, participants with normal cognition (CN) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline survey, and those with progression to AD during follow-up period were selected as study subjects. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to explore the associations of gender, race, number of ApoE ε4 genes carried, family history, years of education and marital status with the age of AD onset. Results: A total of 405 participants, with an average age of (74.0±6.9) years at baseline survey, progressed to AD during follow up period. The age of AD onset was (76.6±7.5) years, and age of onset in men was about 1.9 years later than women. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that for each increase in ApoE ε4 gene number, the age of AD onset was about 0.344 years earlier. The age of AD onset was 4.007 years earlier for those with MCI at baseline survey compared with those with CN. Years of education were not significantly associated with the age of onset of AD (P>0.05). Conclusion: Those who carry ApoE ε4 gene, and have MCI at baseline survey might have earlier age of AD onset.

The prevalence of hypospadias in newborn males in Hangzhou, China from 2011 to 2020: A cross-sectional population-based study

Hypospadias is one of the most common anomalies of the human genitourinary system. The prevalence of hypospadias varies considerably by region, ethnicity, and clinical practice. This research was designed to investigate the prevalence and related influencing factors of neonatal hypospadias in Hangzhou from 2011 to 2020 in order to provide a scientific basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of hypospadias. This study retrospectively analyzed the Hangzhou Maternal Child Information System and Birth Defect Monitoring System and included data from a total of 1,008,754 pregnant women between October 2010 and September 2020. The chi-square test was adopted to compare the prevalence of hypospadias at different maternal ages and different years. The prevalence of neonatal hypospadias in Hangzhou, China, was 2.89 per 10,000, with a total of 292 newborns diagnosed with hypospadias from 2011 to 2020. The prevalence of hypospadias in Hangzhou showed temporal, regional, and age distribution characteristics: from 1.08/10,000 in 2011 to 7.03/10,000 in 2020; the prevalence was higher in suburban areas than that in the urban area and the counties, with statistically significant differences (P<0.001); the prevalence of hypospadias was lowest in maternal age < 25 years (1.20/10,000) and highest in maternal age ≥ 40 years old (14.59/10,000). The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The risk factor for hypospadias in the offspring of advanced pregnant women was 3.86 times higher than that of younger pregnant women. The overall prevalence of neonatal hypospadias in Hangzhou from 2011 to 2020 was 2.89/10,000 and showed temporal, regional, and age distribution characteristics.

Human papilloma virus infection and its associated risk for cervical lesions: a cross-sectional study in Putuo area of Shanghai, China

ObjectiveTo investigate the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection status, main subtypes and age distribution characteristics of women in the Putuo area of Shanghai.MethodsA total of 13,936 subjects were enrolled in this study. These subjects were 15–89 years old, with a mean age of 41.68. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology was used to detect 21 types of HPV.ResultsA total of 2,500 subjects with HPV infections were detected in 13,936 cervical exfoliated cell specimens (total infection rate 17.9%). There were 15 people aged below 20,486 people aged 21-30,876 people aged 31-40,484 people aged 41–50, 338 people aged 51–60, and 301 people aged > 60. In total, 1,893 (75.7%) subjects had a single type of HPV infection, 424 (16.9%) had a double infection, and 183 had triple or more infections (7.4%). The top 6 subtypes of HPV infection in the Shanghai Putuo District were HPV 52 (3.81%), HPV 58 (2.46%), HPV 16 (2.43%), HPV 53 (2.30%), HPV 81 (1.74%) and HPV 39 (1.5%). The number of high-risk HPV infections was 1,978, and the total infection rate was 14.19%. The number of intermediate-risk HPV infections was 578, and the total infection rate was 4.15%. The number of low-risk HPV infections was 338, and the total infection rate was 2.43%.ConclusionThe top 3 populations with HPV infection rates in the Putuo District, Shanghai, were ≤ 20 years old, older than 60, and 21–30 years old. The infection rate of HPV in cervical outpatient clinics was significantly higher than that of other departments. The 9-valent vaccine is recommended for HPV vaccination in this area.

Analysis of genotype and age distribution of cervical human papillomavirus infection in Futian District, Shenzhen, China

Our study aims to understand the prevalence of cervical HPV (Human papilloma virus) infection, different subtypes causing infection and age distribution characteristics of women in Futian District, Shenzhen, China, to provide a reference for effective local prevention and treatment of HPV and targeted development and application of the HPV vaccine. Information on HPV results, age and HPV genotypes infected were collected and retrospectively analysed among women who attended the free cervical cancer screening programme conducted by the Shenzhen Futian District Government between 01 January 2016 and 31 December 2022 at our gynaecology outpatient clinics and medical check-up centres. There were 2792 positive cases among 27,738 females in Futian District, Shenzhen, with a positivity rate of 10.07%. Types 52, 58, 16, 68, 51, 39, 18, 31 and 33 were the top 9 infected genotypes in Futian District, Shenzhen, China. The high prevalence of these three genotypes, HR-HPV (High-risk human papilloma virus) types 68, 51 and 39, in the region is an important finding. Age-related differences in HPV infection rates were considerable, with the bimodal peak of the infection rate curve occurring in the age ranges of 30–34 and 60–65. The distribution of cervical HPV infection types in each region is unique, and different age groups have their susceptibility to different HPV genotypes. Geographical and age specificity should be considered in the therapeutic usage of vaccinations.

Epidemiology and management of 10,486 pediatric fractures in Shenzhen: experience and lessons to be learnt

PurposeTo explore and analyze the causes and related influencing factors of pediatric fractures, and provide theoretical basis for reducing the incidence and adverse effects of pediatric fractures.MethodsThis study retrospectively analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of fractures in pediatric aged ≤18 years old who were admitted to the our hospital between July 2015 and February 2020.ResultsA total of 10,486 pediatric patients were included in the study, of whom 6961 (66.38%) were boys, and 3525 (33.62%) were girls. For the fracture incidence, age group of the 3-6 years reached the peak. 5584 (60.76%) children were operated upon within 12 h after admission. The top three types of fractures were the distal humerus (3843 sites, 27.49%), distal ulna (1740 sites, 12.44%), and distal radius (1587 sites, 11.35%). The top three causes of injury were falls (7106 cases, 82.10%), car accidents (650 cases, 65.72%), and clipping (465 cases, 5.37%). Fractures predominantly occurred between July and November (4664 cases, 48.87%) and on Saturdays and Sundays (3172 cases, 33.24%). The highest number of hospital visits occurred between 20:00 and 00:00 (4339 cases, 45.46%).ConclusionFor pediatric fractures, we should take appropriate and effective preventive measures to reduce the incidence of children’s fractures according to the distribution characteristics of age, gender, cause of injury, and fracture site.

Investigation on the etiology of patients undergoing non-traumatic total hip arthroplasty in China.

China has neither a nationwide joint replacement registry similar to Sweden and New Zealand nor a universal healthcare (medical insurance) registry similar to Hong Kong and Singapore to check. The purpose was to initially understand the distribution characteristics of gender, age and etiology of patients undergoing total hip replacement for non-traumatic reasons nationwide. The clinical data of patients who underwent initial artificial total hip replacement due to non-traumatic reasons in joint surgery of 13 large general first-class hospitals at Grade 3 in northern, western, eastern, southern, and southwestern China were collected. After the classification of patients by gender, the etiological characteristics and age distribution of male and female patients were compared, as well as male to female ratio and disease composition ratio of patients of different ages, distribution of causes in different regions, composition ratio, and age distribution characteristics of patients of different ethnic groups. In this study, the data of a total of 7663 patients in joint surgery of 13 general first-class hospitals at Grade 3 from 2015 to 2017 were collected, and 7622 patients were finally included in the study after excluding missing age, gender and some foreign patients. The main causes of diagnosis in male patients were AVN, DDH, and OA, and top 3 causes in female patients were DDH, AVN, and OA. This study initially understand the distribution characteristics of gender, age and etiology of patients undergoing total hip replacement for non-traumatic reasons nationwide, and further guide the clinical diagnosis, early prevention and treatment of the disease and provide data.

U-Pb Detrital Zircon Ages and Geochemical Features of the Jingxing Formation, (Qamdo Basin, Tibet: Implications): Inferences for the Metallogenic Model of the East Tethys Evaporite

Qamdo basin is located between the suture zone of Jinsha River (Ailao Mountains) and that of Ban Gong Lake (Nujiang) in the eastern Tethys. Part of the Jingxing Formation is deposited in the southwest of the basin. In this study, two profiles were investigated from the north and south of Qamdo basin. The characteristics of detrital zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age, and the main and trace elements of sandstone were analyzed. The characteristics of major and trace elements showed that the tectonic setting of the study area is mainly composed of a relatively stable active continental margin and a passive continental margin, showing characteristics of a continental island arc. The weathering degree of Jingxing Formation in the Qamdo area is lower than that in the Lanping-Simao area, which may be closer to the origin. The age distribution characteristics of detrital zircon grains indicate that the Qiangtang Block, Youjiang basin, and Yangtze area jointly constitute the provenance of the Qamdo-Lanping-Simao basin. Both basins may be part of a large marine basin with unified water conservancy connection before evaporite deposition. Metamorphic seawater from the Qamdo basin may migrate to the Lanping-Simao basin and even the Khorat basin, where evaporite was deposited.

The typically developing pediatric foot — The data of the 1744 children in China

BackgroundThe medial longitudinal arch (MLA) improves with age in childhood. However, it still causes parents to worry that children have flat feet. Due to the lack of a standard to quantitatively assess the arch development in kids at certain age, the pediatricians judge the flat feet by experience, causing many cases to be overtreated. The aim of this study was to plot the distribution of MLA parameters in children. MethodsChildren without lower limb deformity and lower limb pain were recruited from 12 primary schools and kindergartens in Chongqing province-level city. Foot length (FL) and navicular height (NH) was measured manually, arch index (AI) and arch volume (AV) were measured with the Foot Plantar Scanner. Each parameter was measured in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing positions. Significant differences were also compared between the measurements of consecutive years. ResultsThis study was the first to use a three-dimensional laser surface scanner to measure the MLA parameters of children aged 3–12 years in China. 1744 children (871 girls, 873 boys) participated in this study. FL, NH, AI and AV varied significantly with age in both the weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing positions. These parameters have significant differences between the weighted and non-weighted positions (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThe age distribution characteristics of these parameters indicated that the MLA improves with age. The establishment of a developmental scale for the children’s MLA is necessary.

Water age distribution characteristics of Lake Star (Zhaoqing, Guangdong) influenced by the Water Diversion Project and wind field

目前大量景观类湖泊在人工布局下呈现形状不规整的特点，容易造成湖湾水体滞留形成死水区，水质恶化问题日益突出，本文以星湖为研究区域，建立基于环境流体生态动力学（EFDC）模型的星湖水动力-风场耦合模型，以水龄作为衡量水体交换速率的指标，设计12种工况模拟计算不同出入湖通道布局及流量配比、引江济星工程和风场对星湖水龄时空分布的影响.结果表明：星湖水龄存在季节性和空间性分布差异，春季主导风向与湖体流动主方向互斥，抑制了波海湖水体交换，导致水龄在春季较长，而秋季南西南季风促进中心湖等水体交换，致使水龄偏短，也反映出风向的影响存在湖区空间异质性，风向为南东南时星湖整体水龄最小；入湖口通道布局及流量配比对湖区水体交换速率存在影响，以外坑为波海湖入湖口且波海湖、中心湖、仙女湖入流比为4：3：3时，星湖整体水龄最小，拟建的青莲湖出水口和仙女湖出水口能有效加快青莲湖东北部和仙女湖东南部的水体交换速率；综合考虑调水引流效益、经济投资、生态开发和占地的成本，方案二为最优调水引流方案.本研究强调入湖口布局、流量大小和比例、及风场等因素对城市内湖水体置换的影响，为人为干扰下的景观湖泊的治理和管控提供科学支撑.;At present, a large number of Landscape lakes have the characteristics of irregular shape under the artificial layout, which is easy to cause bay water retention and form dead zones. The water quality deterioration is increasingly prominent. This paper takes Lake Star as the research area, based on EFDC (environmental fluid dynamics code) model that hydrodynamic-wind field coupling model was set up, the water age is taken as the index to measure the water exchange rate, 12 working conditions were designed to calculate the influence of different access points and flow ratio, Water Diversion Project from the West River to Lake Star and wind field on the spatial and temporal distribution of water age in Lake Star. The result shows that:there are seasonal and spatial distribution differences in the water age of Lake Star. The dominant wind direction in spring and the main flow direction of the lake are mutually exclusive, which restrained the water exchange with Lake Bohai, resulting in a longer water age in spring. The south-southwest monsoon in autumn promotes the water exchange of Lake Central and other water bodies, resulting in a shorter water age, which also reflects the influence of wind direction on the spatial heterogeneity of the lake area. When the wind direction is southeast, the water age of Lake Star is the smallest; the channel layout and flow ratio have influence on the water exchange rate in the lake area, the outer pit is the entrance of Lake Bohai and when the inflow ratio of Lake Bohai, Lake Central and Lake Xiannv is 4:3:3, the overall water age of Lake Star is the smallest, the proposed outlets of Lake Qinglian and Lake Xiannv can effectively accelerate the water exchange rate in the northeast of Lake Xiannv and southeast of Lake Qinglian; comprehensive study considering the benefit of water diversion, economic investment, cost of ecological development and land occupation, the second scheme is the optimal water diversion scheme. This study emphasizes the influence of the layout of the lake entrance, the size and proportion of the flow, and the wind field on the water replacement of the municipal lakes, which provides scientific support for the management and control of the landscape lakes under human disturbance.

RETRACTED: Detrital zircon age distribution characteristics of Jurassic sandstone from the Southern Yili basin, China

The Central Asia orogenic belt contains a wide range of structural elements, including micro continent, back arc system, ocean island/plateau, ophiolite and subduction accretion complex. But its final closing time has been controversial. Based on the magmatic age of the surrounding orogenic belt, the source of this set of clastic sediments is determined, which provides new important evidence for the evolution of the South Tianshan orogenic belt. The results show that the Jurassic detrital zircons from the study area were mainly derived from magmatic zircons and are deposited in a proximal source. The detrital zircon age of the Lower Jurassic Badaowan and Sangonghe Formation are concentrated in 290–260 Ma, and in 350–290 Ma and 460–390 Ma, respectively. The detrital zircon age of the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation concentrates in 370–320 Ma and 450–390 Ma. There are very few zircons from the Precambrian period. These ages are consistent with the timing, indicating these clastic sediments were mainly originated from the southern margin of the Yili - Middle Tianshan Block. The Late Permian - Middle Triassic detrital zircons almost do not exist, implying that there were no contemporary magmatism related to collision or post-collision in the South Tianshan district, its complex evolution and orogenic stage are still a challenging topic. In the ancient active plate margin, the sedimentary records in the pre-arc basin can provide more information about the magmatic arc and basin-orogen coupling than the present exposed arc itself. The rhyolite, trachyte, and trachyandesite of the Dahalajunshan Formation were widely developed in the Yili - Middle Tianshan Block during the Early Carboniferous. During the formation of Wulang Formation in the Early Permian, a large number of rhyolite were developed. The age data of 75 detrital zircons were obtained from the sandstone (J1s-5) of the Sangonghe Formation, of which 74 zircons have a concordance degree of over 90%, and their age data also fall on the harmonic curv. In addition, the age of the youngest zircons increased gradually from Early to Middle Jurassic, indicating that the sediments in this period had the feature of uncovering. Our study provides a good reference for the analysis of provenance and regional tectonic evolution.

Analysis of age-specific cytogenetic changes among 515 patients withacute myeloid leukemia

To characterize cytogenetic changes and prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from different age groups. The karyotypes of 515 AML patients were analyzed by using short-term culture of bone marrow cells and R-banding technique. Combined with FAB typing and genetic testing, cytogenetic changes and prognosis of different age groups were analyzed. The abnormal cloning rate was 54.6% among the 515 patients. The abnormal cloning rate and adverse risk karyotype proportion of those with myeloproliferative syndromes (MDS) and secondary AML were higher than those with de novo AML (P = 0.027; P<0.01). A significant difference was found in the number of structural abnormalities and proportion of favorable risk karyotypes among different age groups (P = 0.026; P = 0.004). And there was also a significant difference in the abnormal cloning rate between different FAB types (P<0.01). In those with non-acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the expression level of WT1 gene seemed to affect the prognosis. The survival rate of patients with karyotypes of adverse risk was lower than those with karyotypes of favorable risk (P = 0.015). The survival rate of the ≥60-year-old group was lower than the ≤30-year-old and 31 to 59-year-old groups (P<0.01, P<0.01). The karyotypes of AML patients have different age distribution characteristics. The survival rate of ≥60-years-old group and karyotype of poor prognosis is low. Patients with MDS with secondary AML have a poor prognosis.

Using tritium and radiocarbon to determine groundwater age and delineate the flow regime in the Taiyuan Basin, China

Tritium (3H) and radiocarbon (14C) were used to determine the age, to delineate a flow regime, and to estimate flow velocity of medium-depth groundwater (50–200 m) from a Middle and Upper Pleistocene confined aquifer. Young groundwater age was determined using 3H and an exponential piston-flow model (EPM). Three correction models (Tamers, Pearson, and Fontes and Garnier) were chosen to date the 14C age of old groundwater. Groundwater ages of the medium-depth groundwater ranged from 3.5–25,790 a. Groundwater is relatively young in most of the piedmont area, although two high-age zones (with ages > 20,000 a) exist in the center of the plain. Groundwater age distribution characteristics indicated that groundwater flows from the mountain area to the basin area, and that the oldest groundwater in each high-age zone flows toward the depression cones. Two large local flow systems were formed because of overexploitation, and the regional flow system from north to south no longer exists. This study delineated the age of medium-depth groundwater in the entire Taiyuan Basin for the first time. The results can help promote the sustainable use of groundwater in the Taiyuan Basin.

The incidence and risk factors for thrombosis in primary immune thrombocytopenia

目的探讨原发免疫性血小板减少症（ITP）患者血栓发生情况及相关危险因素。方法对2005年12月至2017年12月在中国医学科学院血液病医院血栓止血中心住院治疗的3 225例ITP患者进行回顾性分析。结果共46例患者（1.43%）发生血栓事件，中位发病年龄为54（26~83）岁，成人患者中>40岁人群血栓发生率明显高于40岁以下人群[3.37%（40/1 187）对0.58%（6/1 030），P=0.000]。男、女性患者血栓发生率差异无统计学意义[1.53%（20/1309）对1.36%（26/1 916），P=0.187]。动脉血栓的发生率高于静脉血栓[1.12%（36/3 225）对0.22%（7/3 225），P=0.000]。82.61%（38/46例）患者发生血栓时PLT<100×109/L。吸烟、高血压病、糖尿病及脾切除是ITP患者发生血栓的危险因素（P值分别为0.232、0.531）；糖皮质激素、TPO治疗患者治疗在有无血栓事件的两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P值分别为0.064、0.075、0.531）。结论对于中国人群，ITP疾病本身可能也是一种可伴发血栓的免疫性疾病，即使血小板水平低下仍可发生血栓事件；且具有明显的年龄分布特点；吸烟史、高血压病、糖尿病史及脾切除是发生血栓的危险因素。

Formation, Mortality and Firm Age Distribution in Selected States of India

Firm age and its distribution is related to different parameters of an industry and economy. The shape of the firm age distribution can indicate firm mortality or survival. However, research on firm age distribution is scant in India. Theoretically, firms are ongoing entities, but in reality firms do die and they exhibit a higher mortality during initial years. Thus the risk of exit is higher at initial ages. So what is the behaviour across states? For this study the seven states - Bihar, Kerala, Haryana, Punjab, Odisha, Chhatisgargh and Jharkhand - have been selected according to the similarity in their levels of contribution to the GDP of India. The age data was calculated from the date of registration of the companies as available from the Ministry of Corporate affairs. These companies are active entities as indicated by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs database. All together 92,062 companies were considered for this study and it considers all available active companies as on 2015. Firstly, the statistics can be reasonably considered as parameters for the respective states. Secondly, most of firms are of micro, small and medium enterprise in nature, thus the age distribution characteristics reflect MSME sector as well. However, the data has not been segregated sector-wise. The findings indicate that age distribution closely reflects the status of economy and can serve as one of the indicators of business climate. Policy implications are also discussed in the paper.

Formation, Mortality and Firm Age Distribution in Selected States of India

Firm age and its distribution is related to different parameters of an industry and economy. The shape of firm age distribution can indicate firm mortality or survival. However, research on firm age distribution is scant in India. Theoretically, firms are ongoing entities, but in reality firms do die and they exhibit a higher mortality during initial years. Thus the risk of exit is higher at initial ages. So what is the behaviour across states? For this study, seven states of India- Bihar, Kerala, Haryana, Punjab, Odisha, Chhatisgargh and Jharkhand - have been selected according to the similarity in their levels of contribution to the GDP of India. The age data was calculated from the date of registration of the companies as available from the Ministry of Corporate affairs. These companies are active entities as indicated by the MCA database. All together 92,062 companies were considered for this study and it considers all available active companies as on 2015. Firstly, the statistics can be reasonably considered as parameters for the respective states. Secondly, most of firms are of micro, small and medium enterprise in nature, thus the age distribution characteristics reflect MSME sector as well. However, the data has not been segregated sector-wise. The findings indicate that age distribution closely reflects the status of economy and can serve as one of the indicators of business climate. Policy implications are also discussed in the paper.

Analysis on incidence and mean age at diagnosis for Global Cancer

Objective: To analyze the age distribution characteristics of different cancers in the world according to the database from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents published by the International Association of Cancer Registries, and to compare the age differences of cancer incidence in different regions. Methods: Cancer incidence data from volume XI of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents including 339 population-based cancer registries in 65 countries during 2008-2012 have been extracted. The average age of cancer incidence in different regions, gender and cancer sites were analyzed and stratified according to the human development Index and the level of national or regional development UN Development. The Segi's world standard population (world standard) was standardized to calculate the average age of the cancer incidence and to analyze the effect of age structure of the population on the average age of cancer diagnosis. Results: This study included 4 812 008 148 person-years in the global population (including 2 367 458 302 men and 2 444 549 846 women), and 21 892 093 of the new cancer cases, including 11 450 515 men and 10 441 578 women. The analysis showed that the average age of cancer incidence in the world was 65.73 years, and men and women were 66.70 and 64.67 years old, respectively. Among them, the average incidence age of testicular cancer was the youngest, with an average age of 36.67 years, and that of gallbladder cancer was the highest with average age of 71.55 years. After adjusting for population structure, the average incidence age was highest in gallbladder cancer, followed with bladder cancer and prostate cancer, and the testicular was with the lowest average age of incidence, followed by bone cancer and brain tumor. The results showed that the average age of cancer incidence in developed countries or regions was 66.38 years old, and that in less developed countries or regions was 61.75 years old, but in China it was 63.47 years old. According to the human development index (HDI), the higher the country or region with HDI, the higher the average age of cancer incidence, and the difference is reduced after the adjustment of the age structure of the population. Conclusions: There are different characteristics of the age distribution for different cancer sites. In terms of the age of cancer incidence, those of gallbladder cancer and bladder cancer are relatively old, while those of the testis, bone and thyroid cancer are relatively young. The average age of cancer incidence in China is between developed and less developed countries. Prevention and control of cancer should be carried out according to the age distribution characteristics of different cancers.

Percutaneous achillotomy in the treatment of congenital clubfoot: should it be performed in the operating theater or the polyclinic?

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, advantages, and complications of percutaneous achillotomy in the treatment of clubfoot with the Ponseti method when performed to two different groups under general anesthesia or polyclinic conditions with local anesthesia.MethodsA retrospective evaluation was made of 96 patients treated for clubfoot in our clinic between January 2013 and June 2016. Fifty-seven patients were separated into two groups according to whether the achillotomy was performed in polyclinic conditions with local anesthesia or under general anesthesia following serial plaster casting with the Ponseti method.ResultsThe characteristics of age distribution, mean week of tenotomy, side, and sex were similar in both groups. No statistically significant difference was determined between the two groups in respect to complication and recurrence. The durations of hospitalization-observation, separation from the mother, and fasting were found to be statistically significantly shorter in local anesthesia group.ConclusionAlthough the performance of percutaneous achillotomy with local or general anesthesia has different advantages, it can be considered that especially in centers with high patient circulation, achillotomy with local anesthesia can be more preferable to general anesthesia because it is practical and quick, does not require a long period of fasting or hospitalization, and has a similar complication rate to general anesthesia procedures.

Prevalence of tonsilloliths and CT diagnosis

Objective: To investigate the prevalence, gender and age distribution characteristics of tonsilloliths and its CT diagnosis, in order to improve the knowledge of clinicians. Methods: The images of 2 710 patients who underwent head and neck CT scans from November 2015 to November 2016 were retrospectively reviewed, the prevalence, gender and age distribution of tonsilloliths and CT manifestation were analyzed. SPSS 18.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Tonsilloliths were found in 383 (14.1%) of the 2 710 patients, including 217 men and 166 women. The prevalence was 15.1% in men and 13.1% in women, and no gender difference was seen. The age of patients with tonsilloliths ranged from 6-88 years, and the mean age was (51.1±16.8) years. The prevalence of tonsilloliths in patients 40 years and younger was significantly lower than in those who were over 40 years (χ(2)=15.201, P<0.001), and the prevalence of tonsilloliths was positively correlated with age(r=0.812, P=0.008). One hundred and twenty eight cases of tonsilloliths were located on the right side, and 157 were located on tleft side. Tonsilloliths were detected bilaterally in 98 patients. There was no significant difference between left and right sides(χ(2)=1.919, P=0.166). Most of tonsilloliths showed a single small tonsillolith, 60.6% of tonsilloliths showed only one tonsillolith, whereas 39.4% showed two or more. The size of tonsilloliths ranged from 1.0 to 10.0 mm, the mean maximum diameter was (2.3±1.2) mm, and 86.7% of tonsilloliths with a maximum diameter of no more than 3.0 mm. Tonsilloliths showed dot, round or oval hyperdense in tonsillar crypt or parenchyma. CT attenuation of majority tonsilloliths was over 120 Hu. Conclusion: Tonsilloliths are more common than previously suggested, its CT diagnosis is not difficult, and the knowledge of clinician and radiologist needs to be improved.