Age Children Research Articles

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Asupan Protein dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita

ABSTRACT
 
 HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG ASUPAN PROTEIN DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS LINGSAR
 
 Anggun Sukma Azani
 
 Background: Toddlers are one of the age groups that are prone to nutritional problems. One of the nutritional problems that often occurs in toddlers is stunting. Stunting is a chronic malnutriyion in toddlers that causes children to be too short of children of the same age.
 
 Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of maternal knowledge about protein intake with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the Lingsar Health Center work area.
 
 Method: The method used in this study is a type descriptive analytic observational research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study was all stunted toddlers aged 24-59 months in Batu Mekar village, totaling 153 children. The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling technique with a sample of 65 respondents based on the calculation results using the Lemeshow formula. Data analysis using spearman correlation test.
 
 Research Results: The results showed that there was a relationship between the mother’s level of knowledge about protein intake (p = 0.001), there was no relationship between maternal education (p = 0.671), there was no relationship between maternal work (p = 0.060), there was no relationship between maternal age (p = 0.509) and the incidence of stunting in the Lingsar Health Center work area.
 
 Conclusion: The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant relationship between the level of mother’s knowledge about protein intake and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the Lingsar Health Center work area.
 
 
 Keywords: Protein Intake, Toddlers, Mother Knowledge, Stunting
 

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF CHILDREN OF SENIOR PRESCHOOL AGE

The article highlights the problem of patriotic upbringing of older preschool children. The regulatory and legal documents on patriotic education of older preschool children were analyzed. The concepts of «patriotism» and «patriotic education» are revealed.It has been found that the problem of patriotism education is extremely complex due to its integrative function and is therefore equally significant for all levels of education, starting with preschool. Patriotic feelings do not arise by themselves, they are the result of long-term educational influence on a person.The national-patriotic upbringing of children is by its very nature a very complex process that requires educators to be equipped with appropriate methodological tools, to be aware of the necessity and importance of such work with children of older preschool age.Personality formation in a preschool educational institution should be aimed at the development of patriotism - love and respect, first of all, for one’s family, educational institution, city, state. And the problem is that a child of preschool age has a superficial understanding of the concept of «patriotism». Therefore, the task of a modern preschool institution is to educate a patriotic citizen capable of building a sovereign Ukraine, a creative personality with a high level of intellectual and spiritual development.Under such conditions, the preschool education institution becomes an important link in the formation of conscious, active and highly moral citizens of the Ukrainian state, a place of emotional and psychological safety and mental reassurance of the preschool child’s personality, constructive cooperation and mutual understanding. understanding, connection, in which national consciousness, social maturity and social responsibility for the fate of the Motherland, for its role in the national and cultural revival of Ukraine, its flowering, are born.

GAME TECHNOLOGIES IN CORRECTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL WORK WITH CHILDREN WITH SEVERE SPEECH DISORDERS

The article reveals the possibilities of game technologies in corrective and developmental work with children with severe speech disorders. A system of correctional work is proposed, which includes various methods and techniques of logarithmic influence on children of younger preschool age. The purpose and task of the logarithmic influence on children with severe speech disorders is revealed: overcoming this disorder through the development and correction of non-verbal mental functions and communicative behavior, which contributes to the fastest adaptation of the child to the conditions of the external environment. The stages of logarithmic influence are characterized, which are correlated with the stages of speech therapy correction: the development of the need for active motor activity, the timely mastery of the main types of movements, the provision of cognitive and linguistic development of children, the enrichment of ideas about surrounding objects and phenomena, the development of curiosity, the formation of sensitivity, the ability to empathize, communication. The following means of logopedic rhythms were used to achieve the corrective and developmental tasks of teaching younger preschool children with severe speech disorders: music making (vocal, instrumental), speech-motor games and exercises (respiratory and articulatory training, finger gymnastics, language games and role-playing poems), dance-rhythmic exercises (play gymnastics, game rhythms), emotional and communicative training (communicative games and exercises, relaxation exercises). The method of conducting classes on speech therapy rhythms by means of complex corrective influence is revealed. The relationship between the content of the lesson and the lexical topic, tasks of speech therapy correction in a specific age group, as well as program requirements for music and physical education is revealed. It is proposed to hold classes in three stages: preparatory, main, final. An example of a logarithmic lesson is given.
 Keywords: games; technologies; corrective and developmental work; children; younger preschool age; severe speech disorders; underdevelopment of speech; development of language communication.

The Relationship Between Lato-Lato Games And Decreased Gadget Use In Elementry School Age Children In Jati Kesuma village, Namorambe District Deli Serdang District, North Sumatera Province

The development of an increasingly advanced era at this time resulted in more and more changes that occur in people's lives. In the current era of globalization, there are many types of developments ranging from developments in science, technology to political, economic and cultural developments. Technology that is very popular in this era of globalization is gadget. Gadgets were once only used by the upper middle class, but their use is now used by various groups, ranging from early childhood to adults.
 The research method used in this study is an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. namely research that emphasizes the time of measurement or observation of data on the dependent variable and the independent variable is calculated at the same time or once. Factors that influence the level of lato-lato play with the use of gadgets include: parental age, parental education, child age and child gender. The results of statistical tests using the Chi Square test obtained a p value of
 0.002. So that the p value ? 0.05. Based on statistical tests, it can be seen that there is a significant relationship between lato-lato games and decreased gadget use in elementary school-age children in Jati Kesuma Village, Namorambe District, so that the results of statistical tests can be interpreted as Ho is rejected.
 And from the results of the above research, it can be suggested to parents to be aware of their children in the use of gadgets and more suggest to children to play games that can stimulate motor development and social development of children in the future.

Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Academic Performance Among Children in North Carolina

This cross-sectional study analyzes the association of exposure to fine particulate matter and academic performance among school age children in North Carolina.

The Effect of Health Education on Knowledge and Attitudes of Hand Washing in Children at TKA-TPA Al Muhajirin Kampung Parang

Health problems in children are related to the habit of not keeping their hands clean. The lack of hand washing behavior in school age children is caused by low knowledge about hand washing. Health education is an effort to modify behavior through increasing knowledge and skills to improve healthier lifestyles. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of health education on the level of knowledge and attitudes towards hand washing in children. This type of quantitative research with a Quasi Experiment approach. Research design one group prepost test design. The sample of this study were 20 children out of a total of 20 children at TKA-TPA Al Muhajirin Kampung Parang. The research instrument used a research questionnaire on the level of knowledge and hand washing attitudes. Statistical test using paired t test. The research results showed that the level of knowledge before the intervention was 18 and increased to 19.45 after the intervention. There was a difference in the average level of knowledge between before and after the intervention with an average difference of 1.45 and a p value = 0.000. Variable hand washing attitude, the table shows that the average hand washing attitude indicator of action before the intervention was 18 and increased to 19 after the intervention. There is a difference in the average action between before and after the intervention with a mean rank difference of 1 and a value of p = 0.001. This means that providing health education about hand washing attitudes is effective in increasing hand washing attitudes in children, where there is a significant increase

Sublingual microcirculation in healthy pediatric population using the sidestream dark-field imaging method.

The sidestream dark-field imaging method is used to study microcirculation. Normal values of sublingual microcirculation parameters in healthy children of different age and gender categories are unknown. The study's main goal was to determine normal values of selected parameters of sublingual microcirculation in healthy children of different age and gender categories. 40 healthy children were measured, ten aged 3-5.9 years, ten aged 6-10.9 years, ten aged 11-14.9 years, and ten aged 15-18.9 years. After recording the basic anthropometric parameters and vital functions, each volunteer had their microcirculation measured using an SDF probe placed sublingually. Three video clips were recorded and processed offline, and the three best and most stable parts of each were analyzed. Total vascular density, small vessel density, proportion of perfused small vessels, perfused vessel density, perfused small vessel density, and DeBacker's score were significantly higher in females than in males. There were no differences between age groups in microcirculation parameters except MFI. Age does not influence normal values of microcirculatory parameters. Female gender was associated with higher vessel density, perfused vessel density, and DeBacker's score. A suggestion of the normal range of microcirculatory parameters in healthy children is provided.

Частота развития дисфункции мейбомиевых желез у детей с некоторыми видами хронических дерматозов

In order to investigate frequency of occurrence and features of the clinical course of dry eye syndrome (DES) in children of various ages with certain types of chronic dermatoses, 80 patients aged 4 to 17 years were examined. The criteria for their inclusion in the study were the presence of a verified diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (in the acute stage) (60 children) or ichthyosis (vulgar and congenital) (20 children). All were examined for the severity of subjective discomfort, the condition of the ocular surface, the production and stability of the pre-corneal tear film. The results obtained indicate the presence of clinical and functional signs of DES (mainly due to dysfunction of the meibomian glands) in 41 children (68.3 %) with atopic dermatitis and 15 (75.0 %) with ichthyosis. At the same time, in children with the studied types of chronic dermatoses, DES occurred mainly in mild and moderate forms. It is advisable to conduct an examination of patients with other forms of chronic dermatoses in order to identify and treat their meibomian gland dysfunction and the associated dry eye syndrome. Keywords: dysfunction of the meibomian glands, dry eye syndrome, chronic dermatoses, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis.

Subverting parental overreach: Children endorse defiance and deception as legitimate modes of moral resistance and social opposition

This research examined how children evaluate the legitimacy of various sorts of rules as well as children’s reasoning about the legitimacy of covertly defying and lying to parents to resist those rules. We asked U.S. 6-, 8-, and 11-year-olds (N = 118) to assess seven hypothetical situations depicting comparably aged children engaged in defiance and deception to circumvent parents’ prohibitions. The nature of parents’ justifications for the prohibitions varied in terms of social-cognitive domain (moral, personal, prudential, pragmatic, or conventional). Evaluations and justifications for the legitimacy of parents’ prohibitions and children’s defiance and deception were examined, as were general evaluations of deception and parental authority. Across situations, increased age was associated with decreased acceptance of proscriptions and, in several situations, increased acceptance of defiance and deception. Children responded significantly differently to prohibitions by domain of norm. With age, children increasingly justified defiance and deception for reasons of personal autonomy. They also increasingly endorsed defiance and deception as moral obligations required to resist immoral norms. This research shows that children value parental authority, but not at the expense of their personal autonomy, and they value honesty but sometimes subordinate it to competing moral concerns.

Heavy Metals Accumulation in Vegetables and Its Consequences on Human Health in the Areas Influenced by Industrial Activities.

The degradation of the environment due to numerous industrial practices has emerged as a major issue globally, particularly in a country like Bangladesh. The present study dispenses information about heavy metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) contamination in some frequently consumed vegetables, namely, ash pumpkin, potato, bitter gourd, buffalo spinach, snake gourd, and pointed gourd grown in an industrially prone location and their repercussion on consumers' health. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique was used as the major analytical tool to detect heavy metal concentrations. Mean concentration and the range of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in vegetables were detected (4.81 ± 2.79, 2.43-10.94), (497.57 ± 258.08, 181.24-886.67), (644.49 ± 298.40, 179.56-998.78), (38.88 ± 14.31, 18.88-60.12), (58.11 ± 12.58, 42.55-84.79), (137.24 ± 48.37, 71.99-208.98), (123.31 ± 63.62, 49.97-256.09), (8.09 ± 2.69, 4.29-14.94), and (4.16 ± 2.95, 1.22-9.98) mg/kg (dry weight basis), respectively. An extreme level of heavy metal contamination in vegetable samples was notified regarding the estimated metal pollution index (MPI) and Nemerow pollution index (P) value, which underpinned the health risk values. The estimated hazard index (HI) value stipulated high risk in all varieties of vegetables regardless of age group and cadmium (Cd) was found as the major contributor. Concerning the carcinogenic risk index (CR) for single elements, the value of Co, Ni, and Cr was approximated far above the USEPA threshold risk limit (CR>1E-04). Moreover, total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for all varieties of vegetables exceeded the safety threshold value for both the age group and children, in particular, were found most vulnerable. The outshot of the present study divulged associated health risks for the population group by the heavy metals via dietary intake of vegetables.

NAP Trainning Guna Optimalisasi Tumbuh Kembang Anak Pada Pra Sekolah di TK Satu Atap Ketompen Pajarakan

Sleeping for a child is as important as eating, drinking and playing, because many children neglect their sleep time because they play on their cellphones. This community service aims to increase parents' knowledge and understanding about NAP Training in order to optimize the growth and development of pre-school age children. This activity is carried out using counseling and training methods for mothers who have pre-school age children with the material presented including the concept of sleep, sleep time according to age, benefits of sleep, sleeping techniques and methods for children, the concept of growth and development, children's growth and development according to age stages. . The activities were carried out at the One Roof Kindergarten in Ketompen Village which was attended by 41 mothers. The results obtained were truly extraordinary where almost all participants (97%) were able to answer the questions asked.

"The Influence of Education using the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) Method to Enhance Knowledge of Pre-Disaster Preparedness for Mount Kelud Eruption in Students of Penataran 03 Elementary School."

Abstract: Preparedness is an activity to anticipate pre-disaster mitigation so that each individual is always ready and prepared to face natural disasters. This study aims to determine the knowledge of school-aged children about pre-disaster preparedness for the eruption of Mount Kelud. This study used a pre-experimental method with a sample size of 31 respondents taken through purposive sampling technique. Data collection was done using a questionnaire. The results of the study showed a significant increase in knowledge. The pre-test results showed that there were no respondents in the good knowledge category, but after being given education using the Time Games Tournament method, there were 23 respondents (74%) in that category. Additionally, the category of sufficient knowledge increased from 0% to 26%, and the category of poor knowledge decreased from 100% to 0%. The Time Games Tournament method is an effective learning technique for delivering pre-disaster preparedness knowledge in a fun way. This method can also increase students' spirit, enable them to actively participate, foster a sense of togetherness and mutual respect, and improve creativity. Therefore, educators and health workers are expected to apply an educational program using the Time Games Tournament learning method in conducting health education. Keywords: preparedness, education, Team Games Tournament method, school age child

Post-COVID-19 and other changes in the health status of children and adolescents associated with the transmission of COVID-19

determining the state of physical and psycho-emotional health of children and adoles-cents who have suffered from COVID-19 is an urgent diagnostic problem, the solution of which will
 provide an opportunity for early detection of long-term and distant consequences of the coronavirusdisease. The aim is to analyze the frequency, duration, and clinical manifestations of post-COVID-19
 in children and adolescents, as well as other changes in health status associated with having experi-enced COVID-19. Materials and methods: 155 children aged 6 to 18 took part in the study. Among
 them, 120 children with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 in the anamnesis and a period afterCOVID-19 of more than 12 weeks (the main group) and 35 somatically healthy children of the sameage who did not suffer from COVID-19 and formed the control group. The distribution of children
 in the main group took place taking into account the severity of COVID-19. Children who contract-ed mild COVID-19 formed the first group (n=49). Group II included children who suffered from
 COVID-19 of moderate severity (n=40). Group III included children who contracted COVID-19 with
 a severe course (n=31). General clinical (analysis of anamnesis data, objective examination, assess-ment of complaints and identification of post-covid symptoms), survey (assessment of the general
 state of health of children before and after COVID-19, assessment of the level of fatigue), statisticalresearch methods (MedStat statistical packages, EZR). Results: post-COVID-19 was detected in 46children (38.3%) of the main group. Among the children of the I group, the post-COVID-19 conditionwas determined in 10 children (20.4%), in the II group – in 14 (35.0%) children, and the III group – in22 (71.0%) children. The median duration of the post-COVID-19 in the children of the I group was 3.5months [3; 4], in the II group – 5 months, in the III group – 7 months (p<0.05 between groups whenperforming multiple comparisons according to Dunn’s test). The median duration of post-COVID-19symptoms in children of the main group was 5 months. The average value (X) and standard deviation(±SD) of the number of symptoms of post-COVID-19 in children of the main group were 5.17±2.7symptoms: in children of the I group – 1.70±0.82 symptoms, in the II group – 4,29±1.38 symptoms,in the III group – 7.32±1.76 symptoms. The most frequently recorded post-COVID-19 symptoms wereanxiety (15; 95% CI 9.1-22.0), increased fatigue (13.3; 95% CI 7.8-20.0), sleep disturbances (12 .5;95% CI 7.2-19.1), depressive disorders (11.7; 95% CI 6.5-18.1), impaired concentration of attention(10.8; 95% CI 5.9-17,1). Analysis of survey data on changes in physical and psychological/emotional
 health status revealed a worsening of outcomes after COVID-19 compared to the period before coro-navirus disease. The median score on the Chalder fatigue scale in the children of the main group was
 12, in the control group – 7 (p<0.001 by the Wilcoxon W-test for two independent samples). Conclu-sions: Acute COVID-19 harms the health of children and adolescents, which can be manifested by the
 development of a post-COVID-19. The risk of developing post-COVID-19 depends on the degree ofseverity of the transferred coronavirus disease. The post-COVID-19 condition was detected in 71% ofchildren who suffered from severe COVID-19, which is significantly higher compared to children whosuffered from COVID-19 of mild and moderate severity. Children with COVID-19 scored worse onthe Chalder Fatigue Scale than healthy children. There was also a tendency to worsen the assessmentof the health status of children in a comparative analysis of the physical and psychological/emotionalcomponents before and after COVID-19.

Inconsistency in the Application of Glasgow Coma Scale in Pediatric Patients

Objective: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is widely used to objectively describe the extent of patients’ impaired consciousness. However, there are known variations in scoring GCS both in adults and children which may impact patient management. The aim of this audit was to assess the application of GCS by medical and nursing staff in pediatric medical patients. Subject and Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed amongst doctors and nurses working in the Department of Child and Adolescent Health at Mater Dei Hospital in Malta. The participants assigned GCS for 8 case scenarios involving children of different ages with varying levels of consciousness. Results were analyzed by calculating percentage agreement and by Cronbach’s alpha. Results: Sixty-six participants were studied, with a response rate of 52%. Performance was poor overall, with Cronbach alpha 0.53. Correlation was better at the upper and lower ends of the scale and the worst performance was for verbal response. Only respondents with 5–10 years of experience achieved acceptable consistency in the application of the GCS (Cronbach alpha 0.78). Conclusion: There is considerable variation in application of GCS in pediatric patients, highlighting the need for education and training to improve consistency for this commonly used neurological assessment tool.

Unraveling the interplay: Exploring the relationship between children's obesity, sleep disorders, depressive symptoms, and age dynamics

<b>Objective: </b>This study explores the relationships between sleep disorders, depressive symptoms, and obesity among children of different ages.<br /> <b>Material and methods: </b>The data for this study were collected from 163 Turkish children aged 7 to 10 and 11 to 15 years (mean age=9.4, SD=1.9) who were attending well-child visits. Parents completed an online questionnaire on sociodemographic data, while children completed the Children Depression Inventory and The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire.<br /> <b>Results: </b>The regression model for the 7-10 years group included sleep resistance, sleep onset delay, nighttime awakenings, and daytime sleepiness, and explained 33.8% of the variance in Children Depression Inventory scores (R<sup>2</sup>=0.338, F=9.779, p<0.001). For the 11-15 age group, the regression model included obesity status, Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire scores, sleep onset delay, sleep-related anxiety, and sleep-disordered breathing, and explained 80.3% of the variance in Children Depression Inventory scores (R<sup>2</sup>=0.803, F=28.489, p<0.001).<br /> <b>Conclusion: </b>Overall, the results of this study emphasize the significance of addressing sleep disorders, obesity, and depressive symptoms in children, particularly in adolescents, to promote better mental health outcomes.

Visuo-haptic processing of unfamiliar shapes: Comparing children and adults.

The question of how our sensory perception abilities develop has been an active area of research, establishing trajectories of development from infancy that last well into late childhood and even adolescence. In this context, several studies have established changes in sensory processing of vision and touch around the age of 8 to 9 years. In this experiment, we explored the visual and haptic perceptual development of elementary school children of ages 6-11 in similarity-rating tasks of unfamiliar objects and compared their performance to adults. The participants were presented with parametrically-defined objects to be explored haptically and visually in separate groups for both children and adults. Our results showed that the raw similarity ratings of the children had more variability compared to adults. A detailed multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the reconstructed perceptual space of the adult haptic group was significantly closer to the parameter space compared to the children group, whereas both groups' visual perceptual space was similarly well reconstructed. Beyond this, however, we found no clear evidence for an age effect in either modality within the children group. These results suggest that haptic processing of unfamiliar, abstract shapes may continue to develop beyond the age of 11 years later into adolescence.

Orodental phenotype and genotype findings in 8 Chinese children with hypophosphatasia

Objective: To analyze the oral phenotype and gene variation of children with hypophosphatasia (HPP), and explore the genotype-phenotype correlations. Methods: Eight children diagnosed with HPP from January 2008 to January 2023 in Children's Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine were recruited in this study. The pathogenic genes of 5 of them were sequentially analyzed and all of their oral manifestations, laboratory tests and genetic variation types were retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 8 children were recruited in the study, 3 males and 5 females, aged from 20 months to 104 months, whose main complaints were premature deciduous tooth loss. Among them, 3 children were diagnosed with odonto HPP, and the other 5 children were diagnosed with childhood HPP, including 2 children was odonto HPP at the first diagnosis and modified as childhood HPP at the age of 5. The age range of first deciduous tooth loss is 9 to 18 months, and the age range of diagnosis is 20 to 104 months. The patients of odonto HPP only showed premature loss of deciduous anterior tooth, while the patients with childhood HPP also showed premature loss of multiple deciduous molars. Panoramic radiographic film revealed enlarged pulp chambers and radicular canals in some primary and permanent teeth. The enamel hypoplasia, hypoplastic short roots, and alveolar resorption of deciduous molar were observed in some cases. The serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (30-107 U/L) levels of all the patients were lower than that in the normal children of same age and gender, and the ALP value of the 1-3 years old girls with childhood HPP (30-33 U/L) was lower than that of the three children with odonto HPP (61-107 U/L), but there was no significant difference in statistical analysis. There were 8 variation sites of ALP liver/bone/kidney (ALPL) gene detected in 5 children and their families, all of which were missense variation, including the new variants in the mutations of c.1334C>G(p.Ser445Cys) and c.1259G>T(p.Gly420Val) that were not reported in the literature. One case was autosomal dominant inheritance and other 4 cases were complex heterozygous variation with autosomal recessive inheritance. Conclusions: Pediatric stomatologists are often the first doctors to detect childhood and odonto HPP. Diagnosis of mild HPP is often delayed. The severity of HPP is related to serum ALP level and ALPL gene mutation sites.

STUDY OF THE CIRCADIAN MOLECULAR CLOCK IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH SEASONAL ALLERGIC RHINITIS: POTENTIAL APPROACHES TO TREATMENT

Understanding of the relationship between the circadian molecular clock and allergic diseases continues to be studied and may be of practical importance for further selection of optimal treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of mRNA expression of the circadian molecular clock genes bmal1 and per1 in buccal epithelial cells and to investigate the effi cacy of protocol treatment in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis, taking into account the time dependence. Material and methods. The study included 20 patients aged 6 to 17 years with a confi rmed diagnosis of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). The control group included 7 healthy children of the same age with no history of allergic or chronic diseases. All patients with SAR were divided into 2 groups of 10 patients each, who received the protocol therapy in the morning (group 1) and in the evening (group 2) for 4 weeks. The expression of circadian molecular clock genes was studied by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method by sampling the buccal epithelium of the children’s oral cavity in the morning (8:00 am) and in the evening (8:00 pm), with a repeat examination of the samples 1 month after treatment.Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism 5.00 computer program (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The research design was discussed and approved at the meeting of the medical and ethical commission of the Ukrainian Medical and Stomatological Academy, protocol No. 188 dated 11/25/2020, where permission to conduct medical and biological research was issued. The research design was discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical and Ethical Committee of the Ukrainian Academy of Medicine and Dentistry, Protocol No. 188 dated 25.11.2000, where permission to conduct medical and biological research was granted.The study was conducted in accordance with the research plan of the Pediatrics Department no. 2 of Poltava State MedicalUniversity «Optimization of early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the most common childhood diseases», state registration number 0122U001876 (years of implementation 2021-2026) and research work – Research Institute of genetic and immunological bases of development of pathology and pharmacogenetics of PDMU «Development of methods of treatment and prevention of development of pulmonary fi brosis by activation of PPAR-gamma receptors», state registration number 0122U201686 (years of implementation 2023-2025).Results. Morning gene expression in healthy children showed statistically higher levels of per1 (0.780 ± 0.070) compared to bmal1 (0.293 ± 0.074; p<0.001), whereas in the evening the level of the latter (0.697 ± 0.130) was signifi cantly higher than per1 (0.370 ± 0.044; p<0.05). Comparing the levels of per1 in this group, the expression of this gene was higher in the morning (0.780 ± 0.070) than in the evening (0.370 ± 0.044; p<0.001), while the expression of bmal1 was higher at 20:00 (0.697 ± 0.130 vs. 0.293 ± 0.074; p<0.05). In contrast, patients with SAR had a signifi cantly higher level of bmal1 gene mRNA expression (1.036±0.161 vs. 0.293±0.074 in healthy children (p<0.05). Examination of gene expression in children with SAR in the evening revealed that bmal1 values showed similar levels of expression in all participants (0.775 ± 0.163 vs. 0.697 ± 0.130; p>0.05), while the mRNA level of the per1 gene was statistically higher in patients with rhinitis (1.293 ± 0.186; p<0.01).Conclusions. The results obtained indicate a dysregulation of the peripheral molecular circadian clock in the buccal epithelium of patients with SAR. The use of the protocol treatment in children with SAR in the evening demonstrated a better restoration of the expression of the positive and negative regulatory link of the molecular circadian clock.

Игровые технологии на занятиях изобразительной деятельностью в начальной школе

The article raises the question of the use of didactic games in the classroom of fine arts in primary school. The role of the game as a means of development and socialization of the child is determined, ways of creating game situations in the course of teaching children of primary school age are revealed. The features of quests, which are a type of game with a storyline, which is aimed at solving various logical problems, are characterized. The technology of creating web quests is considered, examples of the development of web quests for classes with younger students in the subject “Fine Arts” and the organization of the process of their application are given.

Implicit Grammatical Gender Representation in Italian Children with Autism without Intellectual/Language Disorder.

Grammatical language development in individuals with autism (without intellectual/language impairment) is mostly qualitatively comparable to language development in typically developing children of the same age. The majority of tasks used to study grammatical development require explicit performance (use of verbal language). Here, we administered an implicit categorization task (by biological sex) to understand which markers children use to implicitly infer grammatical gender representation in Italian (a gendered language where grammatical gender can be inferred via a determiner and/or word ending). Participants were asked to categorize photos of animals, relying on the names that differed in regard to the grammatical markers involved (i.e., lexical semantic, phonological, syntactic or phonological + syntactic). Children with autism displayed the same patterns observed in typically developing children: the lexical-semantic marker was categorized more accurately, followed in decreasing order by the phonological-syntactic marker and the phonological marker. The syntactic marker was the most difficult to categorize for both groups. In addition, children with autism showed an advantage in grammatical gender representation when using formal/grammatical markers than when using lexical/semantic markers. Such an implicit assessment allows for the investigation of more nuanced linguistic representations other than those expressed by traditional assessments.