AgCl Nanoparticles Research Articles

Fabrication of nanostructured AgCl-coated Ag2SO4 photocatalysts for efficient antibiotic degradation

Binary AgCl-coated Ag2SO4 nanostructures were fabricated via a facile chemical deposition method and evaluated by the visible-light photodegradation of highly toxic antibiotic tetracycline. The experimental results revealed that AgCl was successfully deposited onto the surface of Ag2SO4 particles, and the as-prepared Ag2SO4@AgCl composites exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic activity under visible light in comparison with Ag2SO4 and AgCl nanoparticles. Notably, the obtained Ag2SO4@AgCl-31 composite emerged as the most effective photocatalyst, achieved a maximum rate constant of 0.08215 min−1 under visible light, which was 3.22 times of Ag2SO4 and 2.42 times that of AgCl, respectively. Furthermore, the as-prepared Ag2SO4@AgCl-31 sample also demonstrated a good photocatalytic stability. The enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance for the Ag2SO4@AgCl composites could be primarily attributed to the formation of the core–shell heterostructures for improved charge separation.

Multifunctional Nanocomposites Synthesized By Solid-Phase Method with High Photocatalytic, Antibacterial, and Fungicidal Activity

An easily scalable technology was developed for the solid-state synthesis of multifunctional hybrid Ag3PO4/AgCl nanocomposites. This innovative approach relies on solution-free (dry) mechanical activation, implemented through successive ion-exchange reactions in a planetary ball mill. The nanosized hybrid structure of the synthesized Ag3PO4/AgCl nanocomposites was substantiated through the utilization of XRD, SEM, TEM, DSC, and UV-visible spectroscopy methods. The investigation also unveiled a synergistic effect between Ag3PO4 and AgCl.The Ag3PO4/AgCl nanocomposites with a ratio of 75:25 mas. % exhibited the highest and most stable photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation (λ≥400 nm). The rate constant for the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (10 mg/L) was found to be two times greater than that observed with Ag3PO4 nanoparticles and four times faster than for AgCl nanoparticles, as illustrated in Figure 1. "In addition, the synthesized nanocomposites remained stable after five cycles of the photocatalytic process, with their activity remaining almost unchanged.Furthermore, the antimicrobial and fungicidal efficacy of these nanocomposites was assessed using Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Erwinia amylovora test strains. The results of the microbiological tests revealed, that almost all prepared materials were able to suppress pathogenic microorganisms. The conducted study identified these nanocomposites as promising candidates for further detailed and targeted studies concerning their interaction with specific microorganisms. Figure - 1. (a) Visible spectrum changes of MB during its photodegradation by the Ag3PO4/AgCl -75/25 composite. (b) Photocatalytic degradation profiles of MB over AgCl, Ag3PO4 and Ag3PO4/AgCl catalysts under visible light irradiation. (c) Graphs for determining the kinetics of decomposition of MS under the influence of different catalysts. (d) Photodegradation stability of MB using the Ag3PO4/AgCl – 75/25 catalyst.AcknowledgmentsThis research was funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, grant number АР13068426. Figure 1

Two birds with one stone: By-product HCl consumption and in-situ template formation for high-performance nanofiltration membranes fabrication

Nanofiltration (NF) membrane with good permselectivity is highly desired. However, it often suffers from permeability-selectivity trade-off in practical applications. To overcome this challenge, a novel in-situ template strategy was proposed for the preparation of high-performance thin film nanocomposite (TFN) NF membrane by adding AgNO3 in the aqueous solution. The AgCl nanoparticles can be in-situ incorporated into the polyamide film due to the by-product of HCl from the interfacial polymerization and AgNO3 at the oil/water interface. Besides, water transportation channels can be further constructed in the polyamide film via removal the AgCl template using ammonia as post-treatment solution. The optimized NF-3 membrane with low water transportation resistance shows a two-fold permeance as well as equal salt rejection compared with the controlled NF-1 membrane, indicating that the “trade-off” effect is effectively inhibited. Consequently, the in-situ template strategy provides a new sight for the preparation of high-performance NF membrane.

Konjac Glucomannan hydrogel loaded with UIO-66 and silver: Antibacterial efficacy and dye adsorption

A composite hydrogel, consisting of Konjac Glucomannan (KGM), UIO-66, and AgCl nanoparticles, was developed. This KGM/UIO-66/AgCl hydrogel combines the biocompatibility of KGM, the large specific surface area and dye adsorption capacity of UIO-66, as well as the antibacterial properties of AgCl nanoparticles. The KGM/UIO-66/AgCl hydrogel effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus, not only prevented the formation of biofilms but also eradicated already formed biofilms, showing outstanding biocompatibility to reduce the cell turbidity caused by bacterial growth. Additionally, the KGM/UIO-66/AgCl hydrogel demonstrated efficient absorption of various dyes, indicating its potential for the treatment of dye wastewater in an antibacterial setting.

Synthesis of Ag and AgCl Nanoparticles Using Klasea latifolia and Klassa leptoclada Extracts and Assessment of the Antimicrobial Properties of the Synthesized Nanoparticles and Antioxidant Properties of the Extracts

Background: In green synthesis, metal ions are transformed into nanoparticles through a simple reaction, without the need for surfactants, specific conditions, and other stabilizing agents. Methods: This study performed the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of Klasea latifolia and Klasea leptoclada. objective: In green synthesis, metal ions are transformed into nanoparticles through a simple reaction, without the need for surfactants, specific conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure), and other stabilizing agents. Herbs, including flavonoids and other water-soluble active metabolites, could also be used to reduce metal ions to nanoparticles at room temperature. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to investigate the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Klasea leptoclada and Klasea latifolia extracts. Results: Nanoparticles were characterized using the SEM, XRD, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, and EDS methods. The antibacterial properties of the extracts and synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli using the agar disk-diffusion and well-diffusion. The antioxidants of the herbs were investigated using the DPPH and FRAP methods, and the IC50 of the extracts was determined as well. The results showed that, although no chlorinated compounds were added to the reaction medium, in addition to silver nanoparticles, silver chloride nanoparticles were also synthesized. The synthesized nanoparticles were spherical (size: 27-38 nm) and had uniform size distribution. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles and extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Many plants have been used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, but the advantage of using the extract of K.latifolia and K. leptoclada was that in addition to synthesizing silver nanoparticles, silver chloride nanoparticles were also synthesized.

A chitosan film implanted with g-C3N4@Ag nanosheets and in-suit formed AgCl nanoparticles for efficient iodide removal

Radioactive iodine is one of the main environmental pollutions in nuclear waste, which can cause severe health issues. Highly flexible and crosslinked chitosan film embedded with g-C3N4@Ag (CN@Ag) nanosheets, and in-suit formed AgCl nanoparticles was prepared as an efficient adsorbent for removing iodide ions (I−) in nuclear wastewater through multiple interactions mechanisms. The adsorption performance of the composite film for 127I anions (to mimic the radioactive iodine) was investigated in detail, including adsorbent dosage, pH, co-existing anions, and adsorption kinetics/thermodynamics, etc.. The adsorbent maintains a high I− removal efficiency (∼90%) over a wide range of pH (3–11). The adsorption isotherm fits well with the Freundlich equation while the kinetics follow the pseudo-2nd order rate model. The I− adsorption capacity reached ∼ 1.12 mmol/g, more than doubled that of crosslinked pristine chitosan film. The adsorption mechanism was found to consist of physisorption, chemisorption, and chemical reaction. The composite film also showed reasonably good recyclability, thus presenting a promising adsorbent for iodide removal from nuclear wastewater.

Novel insights into the multistep chlorination of silver nanoparticles in aquatic environments

Due to the increasing applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are inevitably released into the environments and are subjected to various transformations. Chloride ion (Cl−) is a common and abundant anion with a wide range of concentration in aquatic environments and exhibits a strong affinity for silver. The results indicate that AgNPs experienced multistep chlorination, which was dependent on the concentration of Cl− in a non-linear manner. The dissolution of AgNPs was accelerated at Cl/Ag ratio of 1 and the intensive etching effect of Cl− contributed to the significant morphology changes of AgNPs. The dissolved Ag+ quickly precipitated with Cl− to form an amorphous and passivating AgCl(s) layer on the surface of AgNPs, thus the dissolution rate of AgNPs decreased at higher Cl/Ag ratios (100 and 1000). As the Cl/Ag ratio further increased to 10,000, the overall transformation rate increased remarkably due to the complexation of Cl− with AgCl(s) to form soluble AgClx(x-1)− species, which was verified by the reaction of AgCl nanoparticles with Cl−. Besides, several environmental factors (electrolytes, surfactants and natural organic matter) affected AgNPs dissolution and the following chlorination. These results will expand the understanding of the environmental fate and potential risks of AgNPs in natural chloride-rich waters.

Synthesis of hydrogel nanocomposites and their application in removing dyes and impurities

Polyacrylate hydrogels containing starch, ZeSe and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were obtained. The polymerization process was carried out in an ultrasonic field. The structure (SEM, FTIR), swelling properties and the ability of hydrogels to adsorb dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange, methyl red and Eriochrome black T) and heavy metals (Cu2+) from wastewater were investigated. Hydrogels containing AgCl nanoparticles were also obtained.

Electromagnetic Flowmeter for Rapid Metering of Microfluidics Based on an Ag/AgCl/Porous Graphite Electrode Sensor.

The imposed interference by the signal electrodes limits the expansion of the measurement range in electromagnetic flow sensors (EFS). This is because the interference makes it difficult to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in the state of the microfluid. In this paper, an Ag/AgCl/porous graphite electrode sensor is successfully prepared by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. This enables a high-reliability and wide measurement range surveillance system, which is also maintenance-free and cost-effective and has a long lifetime. AgCl is facilely synthesized by a mild method, and our analysis and experiments show that as-prepared AgCl nanoparticles demonstrate a high crystalline level and high quality. Further system testing and experiments are also conducted on EFS in cases where the Ag/AgCl/porous graphite electrode sensor is set as the core. It is seen that, within the flow range of 0.003-4 m3/h, the induced electromotive force is linearly related to the flow rate of the fluid. The measurement accuracy of the EFS using the transient measurement method is below 1%, and its sensitivity is not affected by the fluid temperature.

Particle Attachment Growth of Au@Ag Core–Shell Nanocuboids

In the templated synthesis of colloidal core-shell nanoparticles, the monomer attachment growth mechanism has been widely accepted to describe the growth process of shells. In this work, by using advanced transmission electron microscope techniques, we directly observe two alternative particle attachment growth pathways that dominate the growth of Au@Ag core-shell nanocuboids. One pathway involves the in situ reduction of AgCl nanoparticles attached to Au nanorods and the subsequent epitaxial growth of the Ag shell. The other pathway involves the adherence of Ag-AgCl Janus nanoparticles to Au nanorods with random orientations, followed by nanoparticle redispersion and the resulting formation of epitaxial Ag shells on the Au nanorods. The particle-mediated growth of Ag shells is accompanied by the redispersion of surface atoms, tending to form a uniform structure. The validation of the particle attachment growth processes at the atomic scale provides a new mechanistic understanding of core-shell nanostructure synthesis.

A Versatile Method for Synthesis of Light-Activated, Magnet-Steerable Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Active Colloids

The immense potential of active colloids in practical applications and fundamental research calls for an efficient method to synthesize active colloids of high uniformity. Herein, a facile method is reported to synthesize uniform organic-inorganic hybrid active colloids based on the wetting effect of polystyrene (PS) with photoresponsive inorganic nanoparticles in a tetrahydrofuran/water mixture. The results show that a range of dimer active colloids can be produced by using different inorganic components, such as AgCl, ZnO, TiO2, and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Moreover, the strategy provides a simple way to prepare dual-drive active colloids by a rational selection of the starting organic materials, such as magnetic PS particles that result in light and magnet dual-drive active colloids. The motions of these active colloids are quantified, and well-controlled movements are demonstrated.

Polypyrrole-Ag/AgCl Nanocomposite-Enabled Exhaled Breath-Acetone Monitoring Non-Invasive Biosensor for Diabetes Diagnostics

The state-of-the-art diabetes diagnosis is concerned with developing non-invasive nano-enabled exhaled breath-acetone detection strategies. This communication details the potential of polypyrrole(PPy)– Silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) ternary nanocomposites (NCs) for monitoring low-trace of acetone in human breath for diabetes diagnosis. The PPy–Ag/AgCl NCs were synthesized through in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline by silver nitrate in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The morphological analysis revealed the existence of spherical Ag/AgCl nanoparticles (diameter ∼50 nm) embedded in PPy matrix of nano fibrillar morphology (diameter ∼20 nm). The structural investigations confirm the co-existence of PPy, Ag and AgCl nanoparticles in the ternary nanocomposite. The NC exhibited manifold superior sensing performance towards low trace (as low as ∼1 ppm) of breath-acetone with excellent sensitivity (∼20%), prompt response (∼20 s), fast recovery (∼100s), linear detecting range, and high repeatability at room temperature compared to pristine PPy. It is attributed to synergistic effects in ternary NC due to physicochemical merits of all precursors. Moreover, it showed high stability and selectivity towards acetone in the presence of prominent interfering VOCs and varying humidity. It opens a new window for non-invasive, economic, energy-efficient and point-of-care sensors for diagnosing diabetes in humans and, revolutionizing clinical diagnostics and personal healthcare.

Alginate Ag/AgCl Nanoparticles Composite Films for Wound Dressings with Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Activities

Recently, silver-based nanoparticles have been proposed as components of wound dressings due to their antimicrobial activity. Unfortunately, they are cytotoxic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and this limits their use. Less consideration has been given to the use of AgCl nanoparticles in wound dressings. In this paper, a sustainable preparation of alginate AgCl nanoparticles composite films by simultaneous alginate gelation and AgCl nanoparticle formation in the presence of CaCl2 solution is proposed with the aim of obtaining films with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities and low cytotoxicity. First, AgNO3 alginate films were prepared, and then, gelation and nanoparticle formation were induced by film immersion in CaCl2 solution. Films characterization revealed the presence of both AgCl and metallic silver nanoparticles, which resulted as quite homogeneously distributed, and good hydration properties. Finally, films were tested for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15692), and the yeast Candida albicans. Composite films showed antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against the tested bacteria and resulted as less active towards Candida albicans. Film cytotoxicity was investigated towards human dermis fibroblasts (HuDe) and human skin keratinocytes (NCTC2544). Composite films showed low cytotoxicity, especially towards fibroblasts. Thus, the proposed sustainable approach allows to obtain composite films of Ag/AgCl alginate nanoparticles capable of preventing the onset of infections without showing high cytotoxicity for tissue cells.

Grafting a Porous Metal-Organic Framework [NH2-MIL-101(Fe)] with AgCl Nanoparticles for the Efficient Removal of Congo Red.

Organic dyes can produce harmful effects on the water environment, such as affecting the growth of aquatic organisms, reducing the transparency of water bodies, and causing eutrophication of water bodies, so it is necessary to mitigate the hazards of organic dyes. In this study, a metal-organic framework [NH2-MIL-101(Fe)] was synthesized by the solvothermal method as a carrier for the in situ uniform deposition of AgCl nanoparticles on its surface, which was successfully used for both adsorption and degradation of Congo red. Adsorption results showed that the adsorption kinetics conformed to the proposed secondary adsorption kinetics equation with a maximum adsorption capacity of 248.4 mg·g-1. Furthermore, the degradation results indicated that with the aid of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent, the degradation of Congo red followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a degradation rate of 0.077 min-1, and the complete degradation of Congo red was finished within 18 min. Therefore, AgCl/NH2-MIL-101(Fe) may find a potential application in the removal of dyes from wastewater.

Photochromic biodegradable film based on polyvinyl alcohol modified with silver chloride nanoparticles and spirulina; investigation of physicochemical, antimicrobial and optical properties

In this study, biodegradable film was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Silver chloride (AgCl) and spirulina (Sp). Surface morphology, mechanical properties, antioxidant, antimicrobial, optical properties, etc. were investigated. The FTIR results confirmed the effect of AgCl and Sp on PVA structure. Sp increased the moisture content and solubility in water. The XRD results showed the semi-crystalline structure of PVA. AgCl nanoparticles activated the antibacterial property of the film against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Sp caused a strong increase in the antioxidant property of the film. Examining the light transmittance of films containing AgCl nanoparticles showed that the transmittance of films containing nanoparticles decreased with exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light with increasing treatment time, which indicates the activation of the photochromic property of films containing AgCl in the presence of light. The results showed the suitable photochromic property of the PVA/AgCl films.

Cu(I) Metal-Organic Framework Composites with AgCl/Ag Nanoparticles for Irradiation-Enhanced Antibacterial Activity against E. coli.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as prospective antibacterial agents or synergistic agents for their versatile chemical building components and structures. In this work, copper(I) halide MOFs of Cu(I)bpyCl (bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine) composited with AgCl/Ag nanoparticles were synthesized, and their antibacterial activities were measured against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The attached chlorine in Cu(I)2Cl2 nodes of the MOFs served as loading sites for silver ions, in which AgCl and concomitant metallic Ag nanoparticles were in situ generated. Exceptional antibacterial activity against E. coli was realized with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ∼7.8 μg mL-1, while the MIC value was ∼16 μg mL-1 against S. aureus. Enhanced antibacterial activity against E. coli with light irradiation was measured by the disk diffusion method compared with that under dark conditions.

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles.

Green synthesis may be a useful approach to achieve selective cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on cancer cells and healthy cells. In this study, the concomitant biosynthesis of silver (Ag)/silver chloride (AgCl) nanoparticles from pineapple peel extracts and their behavior on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 is shown. Bioreactions were monitored at different temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were used to characterize nanoparticle development. The breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used as a test model to study the cytotoxic behavior of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles and, as a counterpart, the nanoparticles were also tested on mononuclear cells. Ag/AgCl nanoparticles with spherical and triangular morphology were obtained. The size of the nanoparticles (10-70 nm) and the size distribution depended on the reaction temperature. A dose close to 20 µg/mL of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles considerably decreased the cell viability of the MCF-7 line. The best cytotoxicity effects on cancer cells were obtained with nanoparticles at 60 and 80 °C where cell viability was reduced up to 80% at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. A significant preference was observed in the cytotoxic effect of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles against cancer cells in comparison to monocytes.

Construction of zirconium metal–organic polyhedron/silver chloride heterojunction with boosted photocatalytic activity for the degradation of broad-spectrum antibiotics and mechanism insight

Zr-based metal–organic polyhedra (Zr-MOPs) have focused the spotlight on photocatalytic applications, mainly owing to their excellent properties in tunable semiconducting characteristics and outstanding water stability. Herein, AgCl nanoparticles were incorporated into an amino-functionalized zirconium metal–organic tetrahedron (denoted as ZrT-1-NH2) by a facile in-situ growth method, leading to the formation of AgCl/ZrT-1-NH2 composites. Photocatalytic activity under visible light was assessed via degrading broad-spectrum antibiotics (including tetracyclines and quinolones). The effect of important parameters, including pH value, catalyst dosage, initial antibiotic concentration and the weight ratio of AgCl to ZrT-1-NH2, were investigated. As a consequence, the 30 wt% AgCl/ZrT-1-NH2 composites shows enhanced ability in photolysis of chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, norfloxacin and tetracycline (irradiated for 90 min at λ > 420 nm), and the degradation efficiencies were 79.45 %, 72.65 % and 73.27 % and 83.99 %, respectively. Based on the characterization results, Z-scheme heterojunction and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect (caused by a small quantity of Ag nanoparticles) significantly promote the separation of photoelectron and hole. This research will introduce new ideas for the synthesis of Zr-MOP based composites, and exhibit a promising strategy to establish MOP-based heterojunction for environmental remediation.

Green in situ synthesis of Ag- and Cu-based nanoparticles on viscose fabric using a Punica granatum peel extract

The demand for medical textiles in various forms with strong antimicrobial activity drastically increased during the COVID19 pandemic. In an attempt to tackle this issue and to develop antimicrobial textiles in more environmentally benign manner, a viscose fabric after coating with biopolymer chitosan has been impregnated with Ag- and Cu-based nanoparticles. Chitosan was applied in the presence and absence of cross-linker 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). In situ green synthesis of nanoparticles was performed using a Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Formation of nanoparticles on the fiber surface was confirmed by FESEM. Elemental analysis by XPS showed the synthesized nanoparticles exist as AgCl and a mixture of Cu/CuO/Cu2O in the modified samples. Moreover, these nanoparticles appeared to be present not only on the sample surface but also buried within the fibers, as indicated by XPS mapping and depth profiling measurements. All impregnated fabrics exhibited excellent antifungal activity providing the maximum reduction of yeast Candida albicans colonies. Antibacterial activity was stronger against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli than Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and it was highly influenced by metal content. The fabrics impregnated with AgCl nanoparticles showed lower cytotoxicity towards human keratinocyte cells.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Antimicrobial Synergistic AgCl/BAC Nanocolloids.

All over the world, one of the major challenges is the green synthesis of potential materials against antimicrobial resistance and viruses. This study demonstrates a simple method like chemistry lab titration to synthesize green, facile, scalable, reproducible, and stable synergistic silver chloride/benzyldimethylhexadecyl-ammonium chloride (AgCl/BAC) colloidal Nanoantimicrobials (NAMs). Nanocolloidal dispersions of AgCl in an aqueous medium are prepared by using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as precursor and BAC as both sources of chloride and stabilizer, holding an asymmetric molecular structure. The synthetic approach is scalable and green. Both the morphology and stability of AgCl/BAC nanocolloids (NCs) were investigated as a function of different molar fractions of the reagents. AgCl/BAC NCs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron and UV–vis spectroscopies. Zeta potential measurements revealed increasing positive potential values at every stage of the synthesis. Size distribution and hydrodynamic diameter of the particles were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS), which predicted the formation of BAC layered structures associated with the AgCl nanoparticles (NPs). Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments verify the thickness of the BAC bilayer around AgCl. The produced AgCl/BAC NCs probably have synergistic antimicrobial properties from the AgCl core and the biocide BAC shell. AgCl/BAC NCs stability over months was investigated. The experimental evidence supports the morphological stability of the AgCl/BAC NCs, while higher positive zeta potential values anticipate a long-term antimicrobial effect: a higher surface charge causes NPs to be potentially more lethal to bacteria. AgCl/BAC antimicrobial aqueous colloidal suspensions will be used as additives for the industrial production of antimicrobial coatings.