Affect Life Expectancy Research Articles

Cardiovascular Side Effects of Anthracyclines and HER2 Inhibitors among Patients with Breast Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Stepwise Approach for Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment.

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD) are a major cause of long-term morbidity and mortality affecting life expectancy amongst cancer survivors. In recent years, because of the possibility of early diagnosis and the increased efficacy of neo-adjuvant and adjuvant systemic treatments (targeting specific molecular pathways), the high percentage of survival from breast cancer led CVD to become the first cause of death among survivors. Therefore, it is mandatory to adopt cardioprotective strategies to minimize CV side effects and CVD in general in breast cancer patients. Cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) is a common group of side effects of chemotherapeutics widely employed in breast cancer (e.g., anthracycline and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 inhibitors). The aim of the present manuscript is to propose a pragmatic multidisciplinary stepwise approach for prevention, early detection, and treatment of cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer.

How can artificial intelligence and data science algorithms predict life expectancy - An empirical investigation spanning 193 countries

Improving life expectancy, which is falling and declining globally, is getting harder, especially given the limited economic resources in most parts of the world. This study seeks to identify the most significant factors that positively and negatively affect life expectancy, separating them from less significant factors. This way, specific areas can be identified to channel scarce economic resources towards increasing life expectancy. Using data science techniques on a dataset comprising economic, immunological, health, personal, and social attributes, we have been able to achieve this. Furthermore, four machine learning tree regression algorithms were employed using the identified attributes to develop and evaluate life expectancy prediction models. The extremely randomized tree model performed best using evaluation matrices: MAE, RMSE, R2, and CV score. This research can help governments, especially in low-income, developing countries, make better decisions and investments, as well as help digital health experts develop technologies that could improve life expectancy.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Life Expectancy: Southeastern European Countries

This paper analyses the socioeconomic determinants of life expectancy in Southeastern Europe countries highlighting the most important factors that can affect life expectancy in this part of Europe. 
 Two Panel Data Regression with fixed–effects model was applied for 20 years from 2000 to 2019. Eight socioeconomic and environmental explanatory variables were used to verify their influence on life expectancy.
 The analysis highlights the important influence of factors such as urbanization; GDP per capita; fertility rate; education; marital status; CO2 emission and the non-significant influence of other factors, such as health expenditure or health care out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure. This study points out that healthcare spending (public and/or household out-of-pocket spending) is not a significant factor in improving life expectancy in SEE countries. Results illustrate that GDP per capita; urbanization, CO2 emissions, and fertility rate are the most influential and significant explanatory factors. A surprising result concerns marital status, which in this study affects life expectancy inversely in one of the panel regressions.
 Life expectancy is a very important and expressive outcome indicator for public health. Each country is committed to spending public money to improve people's quality of life, which translates into a longer life (Life expectancy), or even better, a longer and healthier life (Health Adjusted Life Expectancy). The results of this study, considering the demographic development of the SEE countries (low fertility rate and aged people), show that policymakers need to consider public healthcare organization and reassess the effectiveness of public health expenditure. On the other hand, the balanced urbanization process with a clean ecosystem (less CO2 emissions) conducts a better life quality (consequently an improved life expectancy).
 Keywords: Panel data analysis; Life Expectancy; Public Health; SEE Countries
 Jel Classification: C33; H51; I15

Potential health benefits of integrated screening strategies for alcohol, tobacco, other substance use, depression, anxiety, and chronic pain among people living with HIV in the USA: a mathematical modelling study

Alcohol use, tobacco use, and other substance use often co-occur with depression, anxiety, and chronic pain, forming a constellation of alcohol, substance, and mood-related (CASM) conditions that disproportionately affects people with HIV in the USA. We used a microsimulation model to evaluate how alternative screening strategies accounting for CASM interdependence could affect life expectancy in people with HIV in the USA. We augmented a microsimulation model previously validated to predict US adult life expectancy, including in people with HIV. Using data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, we incorporated CASM co-occurrence, inferred causal relationships between CASM conditions, and assessed the effects of CASM on HIV treatment and preventive care. We simulated an in-care HIV cohort exposed to alternative CASM screening and diagnostic assessment strategies, ranging from currently recommended screenings (alcohol, tobacco, and depression, with diagnostic assessments for conditions screening positive) to a series of integrated strategies (screening for alcohol, tobacco, or depression with additional diagnostic assessments if any screened positive) to a maximal saturation strategy (diagnostic assessments for all CASM conditions). The saturation strategy increased life expectancy by 0·95 years (95% CI 0·93-0·98) compared with no screening. Recommended screenings provided much less benefit: 0·06 years (0·03-0·09) gained from alcohol screening, 0·08 years (0·06-0·11) from tobacco screening, 0·10 years (0·08-0·11) from depression screening, and 0·25 years (0·22-0·27) from all three screenings together. One integrated strategy (screening alcohol, tobacco, and depression with diagnostic assessment for all CASM conditions if any screened positive) produced near-maximal benefit (0·82 years [0·80-0·84]) without adding substantial screening burden, albeit requiring additional diagnostic assessments. Primary care providers for people with HIV should consider comprehensive diagnostic assessment of CASM conditions if one or more conditions screen positive. US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

The contributions of injury deaths to the gender gap in life expectancy and life disparity in Eastern Mediterranean Region

BackgroundInjury deaths constitute a major avoidable cause of death affecting life expectancy to a different degree in men and women. This study quantified the contributions of injury deaths to the gender gap in life expectancy (GGLE) and life disparity (GGLD) in nine Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries.MethodsWe retrieved annual data on age-sex specific causes of death from the World Health Organization mortality database for EMR countries with at least 2-year consecutive data during 2010–2019. The injury-related deaths were categorized into five groups: transport accidents, other accidental injuries, intentional self-harm, assault and events of undetermined intent. Considering women as the reference, the GGLE and GGLD were decomposed by age and causes of death, using a continuous-change model.ResultsThe largest and smallest GGLE were observed in Kuwait (5.2 years) and Qatar (− 1.2 years), respectively. Qatar (− 2.2 years) and Oman (0.2 years) had the highest and lowest GGLD. The highest contributions of injury deaths to the GGLE/GGLD were seen in Libya (1.8/− 1.2 years), followed by Iran (1.2/− 0.8 years). Among injury causes, transport accidents were the leading cause of GGLE in all countries but Libya and Morocco, with Iran having the greatest contributions (0.6 years). Injury deaths in men aged 15–29 years accounted for 33% [41%] (Kuwait) to 55% [65%] (Oman) of total GGLE [GGLD] attributable to injury deaths.ConclusionsHigh injury deaths, particularly transport accidents, among young men contributed substantially to the GGLE and GGLD across nine EMR countries in this study. This highlights the need for implementing preventing policies to reduce the burden of injury deaths specifically in young men.

DB-2-4: NO, WE SHOULD NOT STOP ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICATIONS FOR END-OF-LIFE PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION

End-of-life patients, the Debate theme, are sometimes described as patients with limited life expectancy. Even if one is under the impression that death shortly is inevitable for the patient in front of them due to a specific disease, the duration of life expectancy varies and is difficult to estimate. Factors affecting the period of life expectancy are complicated, including the causative disease, comorbidities, the environment of care, and the individual's physical and mental capacity. Although high blood pressure does not directly affect life expectancy, hypertension affects life expectancy, quality of life, and ADL through the development or exacerbation of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and renal failure. This situation is the same even for end-of-life individuals, who are at high risk of hypertensive complications if their hypertension is poorly controlled. Worsened blood pressure control increases the risk of stroke and heart failure, even within a few months. The VALUE trial found a significant difference in the incidence of events within the first six months after randomization to the two treatment groups. This difference in event rate was attributed to differences in blood pressure levels between the two groups during that period. The VALUE trial did not include end-of-life patients. Still, it can be assumed that even in end-of-life patients, an increase in blood pressure due to withdrawal of antihypertensive medication may increase the incidence of events within a few months. Of course, deprescribing may be acceptable if blood pressure is still controlled within a level less than 140/90. However, there are currently no randomized controlled trials on the effects of such reduction of antihypertensive drugs. There have been several studies and systematic reviews on whether overall withdrawal of therapeutic drugs should be undertaken for end-of-life patients, not specific to antihypertensive medications. None of these studies has reached a clear conclusion in favor of drug treatment withdrawal. In the most plausible conclusion, “We should not stop antihypertensive medications for end-of-life patients with hypertension.”

Socio-demographic development regulation in the central black earth economic region under current challenges and threats

The article analyses the prospects of sociodemographic development in the regions of the Central Black Earth economic region in the context of modern challenges and threats. It is noted that demographic processes today are significantly transformed under the influence of a complex of negative factors, including COVID-19 pandemic, special military operation, digitalization, etc. It is noted that these factors are ambivalent for demographic development (they can become a white swan or a black swan for demography). It is not yet clear how they will affect life expectancy, migration, employment, and employability, and the reproductive attitudes of citizens. Everything depends on how the situation develops and how effective the measures, in particular state and municipal policy in the sphere of demographic development, will be.

Пространственно-временные особенности ожидаемой продолжительности жизни населения в странах Юго-Западной Азии

Introduction. The study is devoted to a comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal features of life expectancy in Muslim countries of Southwest Asia in 1990–2020. Materials and research methods. Statistical data from the United Nations, the World Bank, the UNESCO Institute of Statistics and the World Health Organization were used as sources. Various research methods were used, including comparative geographical, graph-cartographic, and correlation analysis. The dependence of life expectancy on economic resources was revealed using the Preston curve. Research results and their discussion. The general and country trends of changes in life expectancy in the region are investigated. The peculiarities in the change in the difference between the life expectancy of men and women have been established. A typology of countries by life expectancy and the nature of its change is proposed. The main factors affecting life expectancy are identified, in the frequency of mortality, per capita spending on education and health care, the value of GDP (PPP $) per capit. Conclusions. Life expectancy in most Muslim countries of Southwest Asia is higher than the global average, significantly differing between them. There are three groups of countries – with high, above average, average and low life expectancy. Each group is characterized by different rates of change of the indicator. The average life expectancy of women is higher than that of men within the same limits as in most countries of the world. However, the instability of the geopolitical situation in the region leads in some cases to a significant increase in the gap due to the increase in male mortality. The value of life expectancy depends on a set of factors, but the most significant among them are mortality, per capita income, and the development of healthcare.

ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ВЫЖИВАЕМОСТЬ ЛИЦ, ЖИВУЩИХ С ВИЧ, В ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ С НИЗКОЙ ПЛОТНОСТЬЮ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

Significance Since areas with low population density have a number of specific parameters, in order to reduce mortality from the disease caused by HIV, it is advisable to assess the influence of factors affecting life expectancy of people living with HIV. The purpose of the study was to analyze predictors and risk factors of death that arise or are present during the follow-up and treatment of people living with HIV in low-populated areas. Material and Methods: A survival analysis was carried out for 133 people living with HIV registered at the AIDS-Center of the Kamchatka Territory in 2017 after a 6-year follow-up period. To analyze the influence of nominal characteristics on life expectancy of people living with HIV, Cox regression analysis was undertaken using the “Survival”, “Survminer”, “ggpubr” packages in the R environment. To study the effect of viral load and immune status on survival, a correlation analysis was used. Results: risk factors of early death from HIV in low-populated areas are as follows: parenteral transmission (p=0.0026), late detection (p<0.0001), failure to achieve the undetectable viral load (p<0.0001), lack of restoration of the immune status (p<0.0001), alcohol (p=0.00015), drug use (p=0.036), tuberculosis (p<0.0001). Participation in the patient school improved the prognosis (p=0.05). Living in rural areas (p=0.23), having a family (p=0.8), including couple discordance (p=0.7), viral load (r=-0.2; p=0.2), CD4+ cell count at detection (r=0.2; p=0.3), refusal of further treatment in case of its initiation (p=0.8), viral hepatitis C (p=0.4), and adverse events (p=0.32) did not affect a 6-year survival. Conclusion: in order to increase survival, the following target parameters of the quality of organization of treatment of patients living with HIV in low-populated areas can be set: achieving the undetectable viral load, abstaining from alcohol and drugs, and attending the patient school. Scope of application. The results obtained can be used to develop programs of care delivery to people living with HIV.

The Effect of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on Health Outcomes: Evidence from BRICS-T Countries

This study analyzes the effects information and communications technology (ICTs) have had on health outcomes on Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS countries), and Turkey both on a panel and country basis using data from the period 1990 to 2018. The study has created three models. According to the general findings obtained for the panel, the error correction coefficients of the models other than Model II are negative and statistically significant. Based on the variables of income level, number of physicians, education level, and CO2 emissions used in Model I, the number of physicians and education level are seen to negatively affect life expectancy both in the short and long terms, contrary to theoretical expectations, while income level positively and CO2 emissions negatively affect life expectancy. The number of mobile users represents ICTs and negatively affects life expectancy both in the long and short term. Model III includes number of Internet subscribers, and all variables in this model except number of physicians support theoretical expectations. Accordingly, education and income levels have positive effects, and CO2 emissions have a negative effect. The number of Internet subscribers has both long- and short-term negative effects. When evaluating the findings according to country groups, the variable of income level positively and CO2 emissions negatively affect life expectancy in all countries. The variable of number of physicians has a negative value in all models and countries except for China in Model II. Similarly, the variable of education level generally has a negative impact in all models except Model III. All the ICT variables have negative values and negatively affect life expectancy.

Relationship between health spending, life expectancy and renewable energy in China: A new evidence from the VECM approach.

There has been a growing trend in health spending and renewable energy consumption in China over the past few decades, which has positive implications for health outcomes, such as life expectancy. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to empirically analyze the impact of health expenditures and renewable energy on life expectancy in China. We used the time series data from 2000Q1 to 2020Q4 and applied the VECM approach for the data analysis. The results of this study suggest a long run association between health spending, life expectancy and renewable energy. The increase in health spending improves life expectancy, while renewable energy consumption also positively affects life expectancy in China. Therefore, the government should allocate sufficient funding to the health sector in order to attain higher life expectancy in the country. In addition, the government should also provide incentives for the consumption and production of renewable energy, which could help to achieve the sustainable development goal and life expectancy.

Survival and factors affecting the survival of older adult patients in palliative care.

Investigate the survival and risk factors that affect the survival of aged patients in a palliative care center (PCC). A total of 180 inpatients (aged ≥ 65years) who were admitted to a PCC from January 2018 to March 2020 were included. Information regarding patients' demographic characteristics, chronic diseases, length of hospital stay, nutrition provided at the first hospital stay, pressure wound, pain, and laboratory results were evaluated. The patients 50% were women (n = 90). The mean age, mean comorbidity, and mean follow-up duration was 77.6years, 3.4, and 115days (median: 29days), respectively. The mean NRS2002 score of patients was 4.0 ± 1.0 and the risk of malnutrition was 93%. The mortality rate of the patients was 91.7%. The life expectancy of patients without malignancy was higher than those with malignancy (p < 0.001). Enteral nutrition (EN) via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was associated with up to two-fold increase in the survival rates of patients with PCC (p = 0.049, HR: 2.029). High neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.002, HR: 1.017) and high ferritin (p = 0.001, HR: 1.000) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (p < 0.001, HR: 1.006) were adverse risk factors affecting life expectancy. Malignity reduced the survival rate of aged patients with PCC by 40% (p = 0.008). EN via PEG was found to be a positive factor affecting survival rates of older adult patients in palliative care, whereas malignity, high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, high CRP and ferritin levels, and prolonged hospital stays were negative risk factors.

FACTORS AFFECTING LIFE EXPECTANCY IN BANGLADESH: EVIDENCE FROM 2000–2020 DATA

Life expectancy is the key metric for assessing population health for any country. Life expectancy has increased rapidly since the age of enlightenment and there are various factors those affect the average life expectancy of people. This study aims to assess the factors affecting life expectancy of people in Bangladesh using panel data from 2000 to 2020. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to assess the factor those affect life expectancy. Result showed that population is positively and significantly related with life expectancy. In case of per capita income, negative and significant association was found. Inflation and unemployment rate were found negatively associated with life expectancy of people in Bangladesh. Positive association of number of physicians with life expectancy was found for female and for all, but negative relation was observed for male. Result suggests that to increase the life expectancy with increasing number of physician, we need to control unemployment and inflation rate.

FARKLI GELİR GRUBUNA SAHİP ÜLKELERDE YAŞAM SEVİYESİNİ ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI / Comparison Of Factors Affecting The Level Of Living In Countries With Different Income Groups

Bu çalışmanın amacı, beklenen yaşam süresini etkileyen faktörlerin farklı gelir grubu ülkeler arasında değişiklik gösterip göstermediğinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla üç farklı gelir grubundan seçilen toplam 15 ülkenin 2000-2017 yılları arasındaki veriler panel eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kamu harcamaları içerisinde kamu sağlık harcamalarının oranı, bebek ölüm oranı, işsizlik oranı, CO2 emisyonu ve Gini katsayısı değişkenlerinin beklenen yaşam süresine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen toplu panel sonuçlarına göre bebek ölüm oranı ve Gini katsayısındaki %1’lik artış beklenen yaşam süresini sırasıyla %0.142 ve %0.034 azaltırken, işsizlik oranı ve kamu sağlık harcamalarındaki %1’lik artış ise beklenen yaşam süresini sırasıyla %0.016 ve %0.030 arttırmaktadır. Önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak analiz kapsamında ele alınan ülkeler için özellikle işsizlik oranı ve Gini katsayısının incelenmesinin literatüre katkı sağlayacağı umulmaktadır.

Yüksek Hava Kirliliği Yaşanan Ülkelerde Doğumda Yaşam Beklentisi ve Çevresel Bozulma Bağlantısı

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of PM2.5 air pollution, public health expenditures, fertility and mortality rates on life expectancy at birth between 2000-2019 in a total of 32 countries, which are in the categories of countries with hazardous, very unhealthy and unhealthy air pollution in the World Air Quality Report (2021), using a panel quantile regression model. Correlation analysis, multicollinearity, normality tests and Hausman test methodologies are followed in line with the aim. Panel quantile regression analysis is performed for the consecutive 10th-90th quantile range, and the findings are interpreted by estimating with robust standard errors for the case where the heterogeneity assumption is confirmed. In the estimation results with robust standard errors, it is reached that all variables in the model are statistically significant at 1% significance level. According to the results, a 5% increase in PM2.5 air pollution, fertility and mortality rates decreases life expectancy at birth by ~0.02%, ~0.17% and ~0.09%, respectively, while a 1% increase in health expenditures increases life expectancy at birth by ~0.04%. In this context, it is seen that the variable that affects life expectancy at birth the most is the fertility rate, and the variable that affects the least is PM2.5 air pollution.

Examining the Intersection of Life Expectancy and Social Vulnerability by Locality.

Social vulnerabilities affect life expectancy across North Carolina. From 2018 to 2020, we observed that counties with low life expectancy had higher Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) scores. Counties with low SVI scores had higher life expectancy compared to sister counties with higher SVI scores.

The determinants of life expectancy and environmental degradation in Pakistan: evidence from ARDL bounds test approach.

The current study aims to investigate factors affecting life expectancy in Pakistan with a special focus on environmental degradation measured by carbon emissions (CO2 emissions) on life expectancy from 1975 to 2020. The unit root test results show mixed order integration in the series. The bound F-test and Johansen cointegration test confirm the long-run association between the variables. The long-run estimates of autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) reveal that CO2 emissions, inflation rate, food production index, and death rate have negative effects on the life expectancy, implying that life expectancy shorten when CO2 increases, while per capita income, urbanization, population growth, birth rate, health expenditure, and education have positive effects on life expectancy, indicating that these factors prolong life expectancy. Moreover, the short-run estimates of ARDL reveal that food production index, urbanization, birth rate, infant mortality rate, and education have positive effects on the life expectancy, while inflation, per capita income, population growth rate, death rate, health expenditure, and CO2 emissions have negative effects on the life expectancy. The findings of the study suggest that the management authorities need to regulate carbon emissions in order to prolong life expectancy which is a key determinant of the economic growth.

Estimation of smoking-related mortality and its contribution to educational inequalities in life expectancy in Spain: an observational study, 2016–2019

ObjectiveTo estimate smoking-related mortality and its contribution to educational inequalities in life expectancy in Spain.DesignNationwide, observational study from 2016 to 2019. Population-attributable fractions were used to estimate age, sex and...

Religious fasting and eating habits in older people

Of the order of 51% of the world's population consider religion an important part of their lives. It is obvious that most believers will follow various lifestyle recommendations, including dietary habits. These features may affect the course of a number of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, which in older people may affect life expectancy. Timely awareness of potential risks and providing optimal medical care options for people over 65 will reduce the risk of complications in the outcome of religious dietary restrictions.

Qualitative analysis of patient interviews on the burden of neuronopathic Gaucher disease in Japan

BackgroundGaucher disease (GD) is a rare, autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder that adversely affects life expectancy and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Although HRQOL questionnaires are available for type 1 GD, they are not suitable for patients with the neuronopathic types 2 and 3 GD who have neurological symptoms that develop during early childhood or adolescence. Here we report the development of a language-validated HRQOL questionnaire specifically for patients with neuronopathic types 2 and 3 GD in Japan, which is the first step toward HRQOL questionnaire provision for all types of GD in the future.MethodsIn February and March 2021, semi-structured interviews were conducted by the authors (supported by qualified interviewers) with patients and/or their caregivers (for patients < 16 years old) who were recruited from a Japanese patient association, the Association of Gaucher Disease Patients in Japan. Qualitative analysis of interview transcripts was used to identify major themes and key topics within those themes. Hierarchical cluster analysis and co-occurrence network analysis were performed to map relationships between commonly occurring words. The study is registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm [UMIN000042872]).ResultsThree main themes emerged from qualitative analysis: treatment status, patient burden, and social support systems. Key topics within each theme included hearing impairment, visual impairment, difficulty swallowing, difficulty speaking, involuntary movement of extremities, epileptic seizures, and body aches (treatment status); anxiety about symptoms, difficulty with exercise and work, anxiety about continuing treatment, anxiety about going out, and tiredness from hospital visit or treatment (patient burden); and dissatisfaction about government service, lack of social support, and information exchange in the patient association (social support systems). Commonly used words and the relationships between words identified through the hierarchical cluster and co-occurrence network analyses supported these themes and topics.ConclusionsThe themes and topics identified in this analysis were specific to patients with types 2 and 3 GD and will be used to inform the development of a HRQOL questionnaire specifically for patients with all GD types.