Affect Bond Strength Research Articles

Investigation on variables affecting bond strength between FRP reinforcing bar and concrete by modified hinged beam tests

The bond strength between FRP reinforcement and concrete significantly affects the load bearing capacity and deformation ability of an FRP reinforced concrete member subjected to bending. There are numerous parameters affecting this bond. In the past, however, studies of FRP rebar-concrete bond strength have considered only one or more of the basalt, glass and carbon FRP reinforcement types, and generally only one or a limited number of surface properties. Since all variables affecting this bond were not set forth, experiments were not conducted on the basis of keeping other test variables constant to examine the effect of a single parameter. In this study, in order to conduct a proper experimental study on concrete-FRP bond by isolating a single parameter in the related tests, 90 hinged beam tests were carried out under transverse loading. The effects of reinforcement fiber type (basalt, glass, carbon), reinforcement surface property (ribbed, wrapped, wounded, sand coated), distance between rebars, bottom and side concrete cover, reinforcement diameter, reinforcement embedment length, presence of stirrups, concrete compressive strength on FRP -concrete bond strength were investigated. Experiments conducted within the scope of this study showed that the effects of concrete compressive strength and concrete cover (bottom and side) on this bond are limited. Moreover, the bond strength values of rebars with mechanical interlocking load-bearing mechanism were found to be higher than the respective values of the ones with friction mechanism. Finally, an increase in the modulus of elasticity of FRP resulted in an increase in bond strength and the presence of stirrups in the beams reduced the bond strength.

Influence of Surface Treatment of Lithium Disilicate on Roughness and Bond Strength.

To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of hydrofluoric acid (HF) on the surface roughness of a ceramic reinforced by lithium disilicate and on the bond strength formed between the ceramic and self-adhesive resin cement. A total of 100 disks of IPS e.max Press ceramic (Ivoclar Vivadent) reinforced by lithium disilicate were prepared as follows: group 1 remained untreated (control group); in groups 5-20, 5-40, and 5-60, the surfaces were etched with 5% HF for 20, 40, and 60 seconds, respectively; in groups 10-20, 10-40, and 10-60, the surfaces were etched with 10% HF for 20, 40, and 60 seconds, respectively; and in groups 10-20P, 10-40P, and 10-60P, the surfaces were etched with 10% HF for 20, 40, and 60 seconds, respectively, followed by treatment with 37% phosphoric acid for 5 seconds. Surface roughness and bond strength were analyzed with confocal microscopy and microshear testing, respectively. The values obtained were statistically analyzed using paired t test and two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test at a 5% significance level. Surface roughness was influenced by the concentration and exposure time of acid applied (P < .05) and by the combination of these two factors (P < .05). Treatment with 10% HF for 40 seconds (group 10-40) achieved the highest roughness value. In contrast, bond strength was affected only by the acid exposure time (P < .05). Conditioning of lithium disilicate ceramics can change the surface morphology, thereby affecting bond strength with resin cement.

Effect of Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Temporary Restorations on Bond Strength of Composite Resin

Introduction: Effect of zinc oxide-eugenol (ZO-E) on bond strength of composite is equivocal. The aim of the present study was to determine if ZO-E affects shear bond strength. Methods: For the purposes of the study, extracted human molar teeth were ground so thatcomposite rods could be bonded to dentine. In group 1, dentine was not exposed to ZO-E. In group 2, ZO-E was applied to dentine for 10 days prior to acid etching and bonding the composite. A universal testing machine was used to determine the composite’s shear bond strength. Data were analyzed using t-test. Results: Mean score of shear bond strengths were 137.15 (± 46.82) and 140.08 (± 40.39) N for groups 1 and 2, respectively, with no statistically significant difference. Majority of samples in Group 1 (74% vs. 65%) had “clean breaks” where the composite fractured without any dentine attached, while the rest of the samples had some dentine attached. Conclusions: ZO-E can be used for temporary fillings without affecting bond strength of subsequent composite restorations.

A Direct Shear Approach to Assess the Interface Bonding Performance

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various factors affecting bond strength between hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlay and underlying pavement layers in the field. The effect of interface bonding on short-term pavement performance was also evaluated. A list of candidate HMA field rehabilitation projects was identified across the United States, representing different traffic and environmental conditions. These projects included the rehabilitation of new, existing, and milled HMA pavements, and PCC pavements. Each field project involved at least one slow setting and one rapid setting non-tracking tack coat material, thereby creating one or more pairs of tack coats for comparison. The HMA overlay construction used different types of tack coat materials at various residual application rates. Specimens were cored from the evaluated test sections at different service times to determine the interface shear strength (ISS) according to AASHTO TP 114, “Standard Method of Test for Determining the Interlayer Shear Strength of Asphalt Pavement Layers.” Results of this study showed that ISS was largely dependent on the type of pavement surface (i.e., HMA vs. PCC) receiving tack coat, and pavement surface texture (i.e., milled vs. non-milled). In general, milled HMA surface yielded the highest ISS, followed by new HMA, existing HMA, and PCC surface types. Non-tracking rapid setting tack coats with stiff base asphalt cement exhibited the highest ISS compared to slow setting tack coats. With respect to the effect of service time, ISS increased with service time due to tack coat curing effect and densification of overlays. Laboratory measured ISS values correlated well with short-term cracking performance of field pavements. Results presented herein were part of NCHRP Project 9-40A on the “Field Implementation of the Louisiana Interface Shear Strength Test.”

Bond behavior of epoxy resin–polydicyclopentadiene phase separated interpenetrating networks for adhering carbon fiber reinforced polymer to steel

The performance of bonded joints of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and steel relies on the mechanical properties of the adhesive used. Despite the high strength and modulus of epoxy adhesives, their brittleness limits their application to defect‐sensitive structures. The development of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), either homogeneous or phase separated, provides a route to toughen the epoxy while maintaining its high strength and modulus. Microphase separated IPNs consisting of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A‐based epoxy resin and a thermoset with high toughness, polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD), has been previously shown to demonstrate superior combinations of strength and toughness. This work investigates the most critical adhesive properties that affect bond strength by characterizing CFRP‐steel double‐lap shear joints containing the epoxy resin–PDCPD blend as the adhesive, using a wet lay‐up manufacturing technique. The epoxy resin–PDCPD blend adhesives realized much higher bond strengths compared to either neat epoxy or neat PDCPD. Correlations between the bond strength and the bulk material properties are presented. Theoretical calculation of the bond strength indicates that the higher bond strength that can be achieved by using the epoxy resin–PDCPD blend adhesive is due to the increased shear toughness of the new formulations. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:104–112, 2020. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effect of cavity-cleaning agents on shear bond strength between self-etching adhesives and dentin

Aim: The effect of cavity-cleaning agents on shear bonding strength between self-etching adhesives and dentin was evaluated. Methods: Twenty-five healthy human third molars were worn to obtain flat middle dentin. The samples were randomly divided into five groups according to the cleaning agent used: group CB not treated with any cavity disinfectants and served as control. Following groups, dentin surfaces were treated with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX group); 3% hydrogen peroxide (HP group); calcium hydroxide water (CH group); and 70% ethyl ethanol (E group). The dentin surfaces were cleaned by friction for 20 s and dentine bonding agent, Clearfil SE Bond, was applied. Cylinders (5.0 mm  1.2 mm, n = 19) of fluid composite resin were placed on the dentin surface, and the teeth were stored in deionized water at 37°C for 24 h. Subsequently, the samples were subjected to the shear bonding test, and the obtained values were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). The failure pattern was analyzed descriptively by examining the specimens with a stereoscope at a magnification of 4, and failure was classified into adhesive, cohesive or mixed type. Results: Shear bonding was significantly lower in group HP (6.17 ± 5.69 MPa). The groups CB, CHX, CH and E were statiscally similar, 22.15 ± 6.54MPa; 18.40 ± 7.26MPa; 18.07 ± 5.98MPa ; 16.43 ± 6.19MPa respectively. The failure modes observed were only adhesive and mixed. Conclusion: The use of 2% chlorhexidine, calcium hydroxide water, and 70% ethyl ethanol did not negatively affect bond strength. Only 3% hydrogen peroxide is contraindicated as a cavity cleaner in adhesive restorative procedures when self-etching system is used.

In Vitro Fracture Resistance and Bond Strength of Self-Adhesively Luted Cast Metal and Fiber-Reinforced Composite Posts and Cores: Influence of Ferrule and Storage Time.

To evaluate the fracture resistance and bond strength of cast posts and cores (CPCs) and customized glass fiber posts (CFPs) with self-adhesive luting. A total of 56 recently extracted premolars were divided into four groups for the fracture resistance test (CPC and CFP, with and without ferrule) and four groups for the bond strength test (CPC and CFP, immediate and 6 months of storage). Differences for fracture resistance were found between CPCs and CFPs with ferrule. For bond strength, the interaction between post and root region was significant. Self-adhesive luting increased fracture resistance of CPCs with ferrule. The ferrule decreased root fractures. Bond strength was similar for both retainers but not for the apical third. Water storage affected bond strength positively.

A new photogrammetry method to study the relationship between thixotropy and bond strength of multi-layers casting of self-consolidating concrete

In this study, the effective factors on bond strength of ten self-consolidating concrete (SCC) mixtures were investigated using different amounts of cement, water to cement ratio and cement replacing materials (silica fume and metakaolin). These factors include roughness of the base concrete, thixotropy and packing density, and how they affect bond strength. The roughness between the layers was determined by a new method called photogrammetry method. For this purpose, by the use of two different methods including shear strength test and a pull-off test (bond strength), in addition to analyzing the effect of each of these factors, some relations to predict these values were presented. The test results indicated that in the early times after fresh mixture casting (less than 60 min), there is a strong relationship between thixotropy and bond strength, the bond strength increases with decreasing thixotropy. In long delay times (more than 60 min), the thixotropy effect is lower and the effect of roughness of base increases, which increases the bond strength due to more mechanical interlocking. According to the presented results, the corresponding time with the relative strength value of 90% was defined as the critical time and the equivalent relations were presented.

Tooth whitening affects bond strength of adhesive systems in enamel

This study presents how the tooth whitening affects the bond strength and fracture type of three distinct adhesives — a conventional, a self-etching, and a universal adhesive — in enamel. Health bovine incisors were prepared by flattening the labial surface; part of these teeth was submitted to whitening treatment with a peroxide-based product (WhiteGold Office© 35%). The Single Bond©, AdheSE©, or Single Bond Universal© adhesive system were used to adhere a block of restorative resin to the flat surface of the teeth. Sticks measuring 10x1x1 mm were prepared and used in microtensile tests; they were also employed to examine the type of fracture. The results are analyzed with a two-way ANOVA. For both whitened and non-whitened specimens, the adhesive systems did not give statistically different bond strength values. However, the fracture shape (classified into four types) varied from a cohesive enamel type fracture for the whitened samples to a predominantly cohesive resin type fracture for the non-whitened teeth. Therefore, the whitening procedure has exerted a weakening effect on enamel even after 21 days post-treatment. Keywords: Tooth whitening; adhesive systems; bond strength; fracture; restorative system.

The influence of endodontic sealer dentine penetration on fibreglass post retention

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of endodontic sealer inside dentinal tubules on the retention of fibreglass posts. One hundred eighty extracted teeth were instrumented with rotary instruments and divided into two groups (n = 90) according to their filling technique: (LC) lateral condensation and (CT) controlled technique, and subdivided into three subgroups according to the endodontic sealer used: (A) epoxy resin sealer, (B) zinc-oxide and eugenol sealer, and (C) bioceramic endodontic sealer. After root preparation, each subgroup received a fibreglass posts cemented with (1) adhesive resin cement, (2) self-adhesive resin cement, and (3) glass ionomer cement. After stored for 15 days at 37 °C and 100% humidity, the teeth were sectioned transversely into 1-mm thick slices and subjected to laser confocal scanning microscopy and push-out test. The failure mode was analyzed by stereo microscope, and scanning electron microscopy images of representative fractures were made. Although there were no significant differences in the dislocation resistance among the filling techniques (p > 0.05), the type of sealer used affected bond strengths on the cervical and middle thirds. Fibreglass posts cemented with glass ionomer cement presented higher values for the push-out test than those cemented with resin cements (p < 0.05). Mix failure modes were predominant and occurred in all experimental groups. The use of bioceramic endodontic sealer was able to reduce the bond strength, mainly when the fibreglass posts was cemented by resin cement.

Quaternary ammonium silane-based antibacterial and anti-proteolytic cavity cleanser

ObjectiveSecondary caries and degradation of hybrid layers are two major challenges in achieving durable resin–dentin bonds. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of a 2% quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) cavity cleanser on bacteria impregnated into dentin blocks and the gelatinolytic activity of the hybrid layers. MethodsMicrotensile bond strength was first performed to evaluate if the 2% QAS cavity cleanser adversely affected bond strength. For antibacterial testing, Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii were impregnated into dentin blocks, respectively, prior to the application of the cavity cleanser. Live/dead bacterial staining and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were performed to evaluate their antibacterial effects. Gelatinolytic activity within the hybrid layers was directly examined using in-situ zymography. A double-fluorescence technique was used to examine interfacial permeability immediately after bonding. ResultsThe cavity cleanser did not adversely affect the bond strength of the adhesives tested (p>0.05). Antibacterial testing indicated that 2% QAS significantly killed impregnated bacteria within the dentin blocks compared with control group (p<0.05), which was comparable with the antibacterial activity of 2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Hybrid layers pretreated with 2% QAS showed significant decrease in enzyme activity compared with control group. With the use of 2% QAS, relatively lower interfacial permeability was observed, compared with control group and 2% chlorhexidine (p<0.05). SignificanceThe present study developed a 2% QAS cavity cleanser that possesses combined antimicrobial and anti-proteolytic activities to extend the longevity of resin–dentin bonds.

Assessment of Bonding Effectiveness of Adhesive Materials to Tooth Structure using Bond Strength Test Methods: A Review of Literature.

Background:The rapid developments in the field of adhesive dental materials have led to improvements in many aspects of clinical dentistry. Adhesive bond strength plays an important role in determining the clinical performance and longevity of dental restorations. Nevertheless, bond strength tests have never been well-standardized, although a number of important recommendations have been made.Objective:The aim of this paper is to critically review the validity of different bond strength testing methods for assessment of bonding effectiveness of adhesive materials to tooth structure and discuss factors that may affect bond strength measurement.Data Collection:Relevant literature published between 1983 and 2018 was collected and reviewed from the PubMed database and Google scholar resources.Review Results:Results of the current bond testing methods should be used to compare materials tested under the same laboratory settings, but they shouldn’t be used to make direct inferences on their clinical behaviour. Shear and micro-shear tests, result in non-uniform stress distribution, stress concentration at the substrate area, and predominantly tensile stresses rather than shear stresses. Micro-tensile bond tests provide many advantages over the shear tests, although these methods are technique sensitive and labour intensive.Conclusion:Bond strength testing methods should be well-standardized, but there are many factors that cannot be fully controlled which leads to variation and misinterpretation of the data about the bonding abilities of adhesives.Clinical Significance:New adhesive materials should be subjected to a combination of testing protocols to properly assess their bonding effectiveness.

Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester application on dentin MMP-2, stability of bond strength and failure mode of total-etch and self-etch adhesive systems

ObjectiveInvestigate the long-term effect of dentin pretreatment with 0.05 or 0.1% caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on (1) bond strength of resin composite to dentin by a three-step etch-and-rinse (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose/ ASB) or a two-step self-etch adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond/ CSE), (2) their fracture mode, (3) the micromorphological features of the hybrid layer formed; and (4) the level of MMP-2 in dentin (after application, using a correlative immunoexpression/quantification approach). DesignComposite resin blocks were fabricated on 48 third molars (n = 6), according to the type of adhesive and treatment (control, CAPE 0.05% and CAPE 0.1%). Slices were obtained for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation, and sticks were fabricated for microtensile tests (24 h and 1 year). Aliquots of dentin powder were distributed (n = 12) according to the treatment and the MMP-2 concentration was determined by ELISA. ResultsTukey test showed that ASB groups presented higher BS in 24 h than CSE groups. ASB presented a reduction in BS values after 1-year. ASB and CSE presented no significant differences in BS after 1-year. CAPE had no effect on BS for both adhesive systems. The predominant failure mode for the ASB groups were adhesive; when 0.1% CAPE was applied there was a predominance of mixed fractures. Regarding the CSE group, 0.05% CAPE led to more adhesive failures, and the 0.1% concentration resulted in a higher number of cohesive failures in dentin. Higher MMP-2 concentrations were detected for the groups that did not undergo demineralization treatment, and the lowest values for the ASB groups treated with CAPE. SEM analysis showed no influence of pretreatment with CAPE. ConclusionsCAPE did not influence the BS of the adhesives tested, or the micromorphology of the hybrid layer, irrespective of concentration or storage time. CAPE affected the fracture pattern at 24 h, depending on the concentration and the adhesive system used. Immunoassay analysis showed that CAPE 0.1% reduced the MMP-2 concentration in the ASB adhesive without affecting bond strength to dentin.

Does Shortened Application Time Affect Long-Term Bond Strength of Universal Adhesives to Dentin?

This study evaluated the effect of shortened application time on long-term bond strength with universal adhesives. Three universal adhesives were used: Clearfil Universal Bond (CU, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc, Tokyo, Japan), Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SB, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) or G-Premio Bond (GP, GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan). Sixty molars were cut to expose midcoronal dentin and prepared with a regular diamond bur. Each adhesive was applied either according to the manufacturer's instruction or with shortened time. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and then cut into resin-dentin sticks. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) was tested after either 24 hours or 1 year of water storage. Data were analyzed by the three-way ANOVA and Duncan tests ( α=0.05). Fracture modes were analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). One dentin stick per group was selected after fracture mode analysis and further observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Six additional dentin discs were prepared and conditioned with each adhesive under the different application time to observe the adhesive-smear layer interaction by SEM. Shortened application time affected the μTBS ( p<0.001) while storage time did not affect bond strength ( p=0.187). A significant effect of shortened application time on μTBS was observed in the CU at 1 year and in the GP at both storage times. One-year storage time had no effect on the μTBS of universal adhesives to bur-cut dentin. The performance of universal adhesives can be compromised when applied using a shortened application time.

Bond strength between a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network and a composite for repair: effect of several ceramic surface treatments

The effects of several ceramic surface treatments on bond strength of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network and resin composite as repair material were evaluated. CAD-CAM blocks of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (Vita Enamic) were sliced and subjected to aging process, followed by embedding in acrylic resin. The bonding/repair area was treated as follows (n = 30): C- without treatment; UA- universal adhesive application; FM- 10% hydrofluoric acid and silane application; OM-airborne-particle abrasion with aluminum oxide and silane application; RP- tribochemical silica coating; and CA- surface grinding and application of universal adhesive. Composite resin cylinders were made on the treated surface. Specimens from each group were assigned randomly to two subgroups (n = 15) considering storage condition: Baseline (shear tests after 48 hours) or Storage (tests after 6 months under distilled water). The treated surfaces were analyzed by goniometry, roughness, and SEM. Two-way ANOVA and 1-way ANOVA were applied to analyze the bond data and roughness / contact angle data, respectively, followed by Tukey's test (α = 5%). Surface treatments and storage conditions affected bond strengths (p < 0.01). Surface grinding (CA) followed by universal adhesive promoted the highest value of bond strength (14.5 ± 4.8 MPa for baseline, 8.5 ± 3.4 MPa for storage) and the roughest ceramic surface. Grinding with silicon carbide paper (simulating diamond bur) followed by the application of a universal adhesive system is the best option for repairing fractures of the polymer-infiltrated ceramic network.

Antibacterial and remineralizing orthodontic adhesive containing quaternary ammonium resin monomer and amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles

ObjectivesTo evaluate the bonding performance, antibacterial activity, and remineralization effect on enamel of the orthodontic adhesive containing MAE-DB and NACP. MethodsEighty non-carious human premolars were divided into 3 groups: Transbond XT (TB), PEHB + 5% MAE-DB (PD), and PEHB + 40% NACP + 5% MAE-DB (PND). Premolars were bonded with orthodontic brackets, the first subgroup (n = 10) and the second subgroup (n = 10) were subjected to shear bond strength testing after immersed in water for 1 day and in demineralization solution for 28 days respectively and then tested surface roughness, while the third subgroup (n = 6) was used for microhardness evaluation after aged in demineralization solution for 28 days. For each adhesive, fifty disk samples were prepared for antibacterial study. Specimens measuring 12 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm were fabricated for ion release test. ResultsBond strengths were in the order TB = PND > PND = PD for “1-day in water”, and in the order TB = PND > PD for “28-days in pH 4 solution”. No significant difference in the ARI scores for the three adhesive. Numerous bacteria adhered to TB surface, while PD and PND had minimal bacterial growth and activity. PND showed high levels of Ca and P ions release and enamel hardness. The surface roughness of enamel in PND was much lower than TB and PD and showed no significant difference with the sound, control enamel. ConclusionPND adhesive with 5% MAE-DB and 40% NACP exhibits antibacterial and remineralizing capabilities, and did not adversely affect bond strength compared to commercial adhesive. Clinical significanceNovel adhesive containing quaternary ammonium monomer and nano-amorphous calcium phosphate represents a promising candidate in combating enamel white spot lesions and even dental caries.

Effects of Cusp Inclination and Light-curing Time on Microshear Bond Strength of a Dual-cure, Self-adhesive Composite Cement to Zirconia.

To evaluate the effect of cusp inclination and light-curing time on the microshear bond strength (μSBS) between zirconia and a dual-cure self-adhesive composite cement and zirconia. Forty U-shaped specimens with angled surfaces, simulating different cusp inclinations (0 degrees, 20 degrees, and 30 degrees), were fabricated from zirconia blocks (Zenostar, Wieland). The specimens were randomly divided into two groups (n = 20) according to different light-curing times of the adhesive composite cements (20 s and 40 s). Three polyethylene tubes filled with a dual-curing self-adhesive composite cement (Multilink Speed, Ivoclar Vivadent) were bonded to the surfaces of each specimen with light-curing times of 20 s and 40 s. The μSBS was tested using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Failure analysis was performed. Two-way ANOVA (cusp inclination and light-curing time) followed by two independent samples t-test were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). The composite cement showed various bond strengths to angled zirconia surfaces (7.07 ± 1.69 to 13.91 ± 3.11 MPa). The μSBS between composite cement and 0-degree zirconia surfaces was statistically higher than that of 20- and 30-degree zirconia surfaces. The composite cement light cured for 40 s showed nonsignificantly higher μSBS than did the composite cement cured for 20 s. Adhesive failure was the most common failure mode. Cusp inclination affected bond strength between the dual-curing self-adhesive composite cement and zirconia.

Retention of BioAggregate and MTA as coronal plugs after intracanal medication for regenerative endodontic procedures: an ex vivo study.

ObjectivesThis study compared the retention of BioAggregate (BA; Innovative BioCeramix) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Angelus) as coronal plugs after applying different intracanal medications (ICMs) used in regenerative endodontics.Materials and MethodsOne-hundred human maxillary central incisors were used. The canals were enlarged to a diameter of 1.7 mm. Specimens were divided into 5 groups (n = 20) according to the ICM used: calcium hydroxide (CH), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), triple-antibiotic paste (TAP), double-antibiotic paste (DAP), and no ICM (control; CON). After 3 weeks of application, ICMs were removed and BA or MTA were placed as the plug material (n = 10). The push-out bond strength and the mode of failure were assessed. The data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance, the Tukey's test, and the χ2 test; p values < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.ResultsThe type of ICM and the type of plug material significantly affected bond strength (p < 0.01). Regardless of the type of ICM, BA showed a lower bond strength than MTA (p < 0.05). For MTA, CH showed a higher bond strength than CON, TAP and DAP; CHX showed a higher bond strength than DAP (p < 0.01). For BA, CH showed a higher bond strength than DAP (p < 0.05). The mode of failure was predominantly cohesive for BA (p < 0.05).ConclusionsMTA may show better retention than BA. The mode of bond failure with BA can be predominantly cohesive. BA retention may be less affected by ICM type than MTA retention.

The effect of sandblasting duration on the bond durability of dual-cure adhesive cement to CAD/CAM resin restoratives.

PURPOSETo evaluate the effect of prolonged sandblasting on the bond durability of dual-cure adhesive resin cement to computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) restoratives.MATERIALS AND METHODSNano-ceramic LAVA Ultimate and hybrid-ceramic VITA Enamic CAD/CAM blocks were used for this study. Each CAD/CAM block was sectioned into slabs of 4-mm thickness for the microtensile test (µTBS) test and 2-mm thickness for the surface roughness test. Three groups were created according to the sandblasting protocols; group 1: specimens were sandblasted for 15 seconds, group 2: specimens were sandblasted for 30 seconds, and group 3: specimens were sandblasted for 60 seconds. After sandblasting, all specimens were luted using RelyX Ultimate Clicker. Half the specimens were subjected to µTBS tests at 24 hours, and the other half were subjected to tests after 5000 thermocycles. Additionally, a total of 96 CAD/CAM block sections were prepared for surface roughness tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluations. The Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, and Dunn's post hoc test were used to compare continuous variables among the groups.RESULTSAt baseline, group 1, group 2, and group 3 exhibited statistically similar µTBS results for LAVA. However, group 3 had significantly lower µTBS values than groups 1 and 2 for VITA. After 5000 thermocycles, µTBS values significantly decreased for each block (P<.05).CONCLUSIONIt is important to perform controlled sandblasting because it may affect bond strength results. Sixty seconds of sandblasting disturbs the initial µTBS values and the stability of adhesion of CAD/CAM restoratives to dual-cure adhesive resin cement for VITA Enamic.

Effect of Blue Stain on Bond Shear Resistance of Polyurethane Resins Used for Cross-Laminated Timber

Abstract The effect of blue stain on shear strength of cold-set polyurethane resin (PUR) bonds was investigated using lodgepole pine lumber with varying degrees of stain and two different wood grain orientations. While blue stain was associated with definite differences in wood permeability, it had no negative effect on shear strength or wood failure percent. The results indicate that blue stain will not adversely affect bond strength of PUR bonds.