Adversarial System Research Articles

The role of iconography in shaping Chinese national identity: Analyzing its representation in visual media and political propaganda

<p>The creation of cultural iconography that may reflect national culture and encourage individuals to identify with Chinese culture has always been a difficult issue. In this study, we present a symbolic creation framework for Chinese national cultural identity constructed from visual pictures using generative adversarial networks (GAN). To enhance the structure collapse phenomena of generative adversarial systems, form search regular procedure and generator cross-loss factors on the basis of GAN should be combined. To enhance the real-time efficiency of the model by lowering the parameters in the model, the conventional convolutional component of the generator in the system’s architecture is substituted with a significant recoverable convolution. The notions of iconography and character as they relate to symbols are discussed in this essay. It also advises using iconography as a technique of symbolic imagery to give emergent symbols identity. The design in this study may create significant performance ethnic cultural symbols while preserving superior temporal performance, according to the findings of rigorous testing on real datasets, which may have practical application value. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 of the system in this study are 91.54%, 89.02%, 90.96%, and 87.48%.</p>

Exploring moral injury among parents with children in out‐of‐home care

AbstractThis article brings together the experiences of parents whose children are placed in out‐of‐home care (OHC) with the theoretical concept of moral injury. The findings are based on empirical data from a research and development project conducted in seven Swedish municipalities with the aim of developing support for such parents. This article draws on a data set of qualitative interviews with 40 parents, 30 mothers and 10 fathers, with children in OHC. The interview transcripts were analysed thematically, with an abductive approach to theories and the empirical data. The findings illustrate how parents of children in OHC experience moral injury in relation to seven aspects: professionals' morally problematic and distressing behaviour, problematic services, an adversarial system, systemic bias, parent's actions, children's withdrawal and feeling excluded. The injuries are related to events in several periods—prior to the child's removal, during the execution of removal and during OHC—and tend to last for many years. These findings stress that the social services must be aware of the injuries parents experience and must minimize the possible harm and moral injury. We also suggest that parents of children in OHC should have an appointed social worker as a means of support.

Типологии партийных систем в политической науке: классика и современность

The article characterizes the heuristic potential of modern typologies of party systems. Usually, when conducting comparative studies of political parties, quantitative typologies of party systems by Maurice Duverger, Jean Blondel and Giovanni Sartori are used. However, even their heuristic potential is only partially used. Therefore, the article draws attention to some features of these typologies. In particular, qualitative differences were noted between the two types of one-party systems described by Blondel – traditional and mobilization. Sartori’s analysis of party systems in shifting policies is also noteworthy. As a result of this analysis, four new types of (quasi-) party systems were formulated: dominant authoritarian, dominant non-authoritarian, non-dominant, and atomized. In addition, recently, political scientists have developed a number of new typologies and introduced new categories. Thus, Russell Dalton deepens the idea of the differences between authoritarian and adversarial party systems distinguishing exclusive and inclusive among authoritarian systems, and consensus, conflict, and consociative among adversarial ones. The evolution of Alan Siaroff’s typology is traced, which leads to a difference in party system and party model, as well as the emergence of new subtypes – one-party super-majority in a two-party system, dominance and dominance in a multi-party one. Grigorii Golosov, using a modified version of the Nagayama triangle, identifies polyvalent and bivalent systems with a dominant party, monovalent and polyvalent two-party systems, monovalent and bivalent multi-party systems. Finally, Immaculada Szmolka and Lucia G. del Moral conduct a comparative analysis of party systems based on four independent dimensions: competition, stability, the number of parties and the balance between them, polarization. Each measurement allows one to select from three to eight types of party systems, which creates a convenient set of characteristics. It is important to note that these typologies can be used to study party systems, both in stable and new volatile political systems.

Space-Based Missile Warning: An Opportunity to Deepen U.S.-Japan Security Cooperation

executive summary: This article explores Japan's pursuit of missile-warning satellites and the opportunity this presents for the U.S.-Japanese security partnership in space. main argumentIn recent years, Japan has taken steps toward developing its own missile-warning satellites. Developing a space-based missile-warning system is a challenging feat, one that is complex and expensive, evidenced by the fact that only a few countries operate such systems. Given that the U.S. already shares some missile-warning information with Japan, Tokyo's pursuit of its own satellites reflects, at least in part, the country's push toward achieving a more independent capability. However, this push should not be construed as sudden or a shift away from its longtime ally. Rather, it represents (1) a continuation of latent historical efforts to acquire missile-warning satellites, and (2) a response to technological developments that have made potential adversarial missile systems more threatening and developing missile-warning satellites more feasible. Japan's pursuit of missile-warning satellites fits within the country's broader acceleration as a defense power and contributor to the U.S.-Japan security relationship. It also presents a compelling opportunity for more extensive collaboration between the two allies. policy implications• Japan has had a long-standing interest in space-based missile-warning systems and more broadly in mitigating missile threats using space-based technologies. Even if Japan does not acquire these assets soon, the issue of whether to acquire them will continue to be central to its defense debate. • Japan's development of a space-based missile-warning system, alongside the U.S.'s development of its own next-generation missile-warning capabilities, could offer opportunities for heightened collaboration between the two countries. Partnering on these assets could lead to financial savings and the potential for the alliance to develop a better protected and more capable missile-warning architecture.

ROLE OF MEDIATION IN FACILITATING ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ITS TRUE ESSENCE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

The concept of justice is not novel, and so is Mediation. Since the inception of human interactions, disagreements and disputes have been a part of living. When Indian legal System was being formed, it was designed following the adversarial system that seem to favour the strong party and follow the already written law points with little or no room for creative solutions. Also, there are several provisions and arrangements made to extend the access of legal corridors to the underprivileged and left out segments of the society; but this does not ensure that justice has been realised in its true essence. Mere access to legal means, is not access to justice too. This is where Mediation as a means of alternative dispute resolution steps in and creates a comfortable, private, inexpensive and self- determined environment for both the parties at dispute. This paper examines what is true justice and what our constitution makers had in mind in relation to notion of justice when they attempted to give us the related rights. Justifying the stance with real life scenarios and cases, the paper also elucidates how Mediation can help parties achieve justice in its real sense and not just literal or technical.

COMPARISON OF PLEA BARGAINING IN THE UNITED STATES WITH “SPECIAL LINE” IN THE DRAFT BOOK OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE (KUHAP) IN INDONESIA

Plea Bargaining is a faster and more efficient way of resolving criminal cases, where if the Defendant has admitted guilt, the Defendant or his attorney can make an agreement with the public prosecutor regarding the form of indictment and a lighter sentence. Plea Bargaining is widely embraced by Common Law countries. However, in its development, the success of the United States in reducing the pile of cases by using Plea Bargaining has been followed by Civil Law countries such as Germany, France, Russia, Georgia, the Netherlands, Italy, Taiwan. Even in an effort to reform the criminal justice procedural law, Indonesia has also adopted the basic concept of Plea Bargaining into the Draft Criminal Procedure Code with a concept called "Special Line". However, the concept of the Special Line has many differences so that it cannot be fully equated with the Plea Bargaining adopted by the United States. This is because Indonesia adheres to an inquisitorial system, not an adversary system. For this reason, Indonesia needs to study the successes and failures of Plea Bargaining in the United States, so that the Special Line concept that is to be implemented in Indonesia is a concept that has been adapted to the conditions of the criminal justice system in Indonesia.
 Keywords: Plea Bargaining, Special Line, Guilty Confession

Warnings From the West: Identification and Expert Evidence as Causes of Wrongful Convictions and the Implications for South Africa (Part 1)

Being wrongfully convicted of a crime is arguably one of the most dreadful examples of injustice in any criminal justice system. This phenomenon has been recorded and studied in Western, predominantly adversarial, jurisdictions such as the United States of America, England-Wales, Canada, and Australia since the late twentieth century. Factors that have been found to contribute to wrongful convictions include eyewitness misidentification, faulty forensic evidence, prosecutorial misconduct, inadequate defence, and many more. While adversarial safeguards such as cross-examination and acquired expertise are thought to diminish the chances of wrongful convictions by revealing unreliable evidence, an increasing number of researchers are concerned that these safeguards have little effect on accurate fact-finding in criminal trials. In South Africa, where individual reports of wrongful convictions in the predominantly adversarial criminal justice system have been recorded in the media, no systems exist to track or investigate the injustice of false convictions. The objective of Part 1 of this article is to review the existing literature on eyewitness misidentification evidence as cause of wrongful convictions as well as those adversarial safeguards upon which criminal justice systems rely to identify errors in fact-finding. Parallels are drawn to the adversarial system as it functions in South Africa, and the possibility of misidentification as root and legal cause of wrongful convictions locally is considered.

“Stay in Your Own Lane” the Inherent Flaws Undermining Children’s Rights Within Australia’s Family Law System: A Perspective from the Field

The social scientists and legal professionals who work in family law in Australia should be recognised for working tirelessly in a complex, overworked, and archaic system. A system that underserves their capacity to maintain integrity, expertise, and ethical diligence in the professions they are assigned. In this perspective piece, we acknowledge the innovative work being done within this system to strive to meet the best interests of the children they serve, whilst highlighting the fundamental flaws of an adversarial system that breeds acculturation across disciplines and disables the practitioners who operate within these systems from legitimately performing their duties and championing the human rights of children.

A Utility-Preserving Obfuscation Approach for YouTube Recommendations

Online content platforms optimize engagement by providing personalized recommendations to their users. These recommendation systems track and profile users to predict relevant content a user is likely interested in. While the personalized recommendations provide utility to users, the tracking and profiling that enables them poses a privacy issue because the platform might infer potentially sensitive user interests. There is increasing interest in building privacy-enhancing obfuscation approaches that do not rely on cooperation from online content platforms. However, existing obfuscation approaches primarily focus on enhancing privacy but at the same time they degrade the utility because obfuscation introduces unrelated recommendations. We design and implement DeHarpo, an obfuscation approach for YouTube's recommendation system that not only obfuscates a user's video watch history to protect privacy but then also denoises the video recommendations by YouTube to preserve their utility. In contrast to prior obfuscation approaches, DeHarpo adds a denoiser that makes use of a ``secret'' input (i.e., a user's actual watch history) as well as information that is also available to the adversarial recommendation system (i.e., obfuscated watch history and corresponding ``nois`` recommendations). Our large-scale evaluation of DeHarpo shows that it outperforms the state-of-the-art by a factor of 2x in terms of preserving utility for the same level of privacy, while maintaining stealthiness and robustness to de-obfuscation.

Workplace democracy in action? Assessing employee board representation in Australian government agencies

AbstractVarious scholars and political actors advocate workplace democratisation to give employees greater influence over decision‐making. Many suggest employee board representation (EBR) as a mechanism to facilitate this, but some question how influential employee board representatives (EBRs) are and whether they represent their colleagues’ views. This study investigates the extent to which EBR contributes to workplace democratisation, via a comparison of three Australian public sector organisations. The study found EBRs exerted significantly more influence at the Australian National University than at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the Australian Film Television and Radio School. Most EBRs wanted to draw upon staff experiences but their communication with colleagues was often constrained. Variances of influence were explained by the number of EBRs, the actions of the Chair, chief executive officer, government, and other board members. Two findings stand out as unique contributions: the importance of appointment powers to EBR influence in the public sector, and EBRs’ limited influence on labour issues in the Anglosphere due to the adversarial system of labour bargaining being positioned largely outside the boardroom. The study concludes that EBR is a non‐tokenistic form of workplace democratisation, albeit with a specific scope, which has utility within a mix of democratising mechanisms.Points for practitioners Most EBRs exerted a limited or moderate influence on decision‐making, but others exerted more significant influence. They were most influential on matters related to their experience and expertise and were largely unable to influence workers’ pay, conditions, and other labour issues. Most EBRs did not represent their colleagues in a transactional or direct sense, but drew upon their experiences as staff members when making decisions. However, EBRs had fluctuating issues communicating with their fellow employees, largely due to managerial direction around confidentiality. The number of SEDs on the board and the actions of other board members, the Chair, chief executive officer, and the government explained the variances in SEDs’ influence between agencies. This study's findings regarding EBR influence were middling compared to European research, but appointment powers were found to be particularly important in the public sector context. EBRs’ influence was found to be limited on labour issues, suggesting a potential clash between the corporatist inclination of EBR and the adversarial system of labour bargaining prevalent in the Anglosphere. Elected EBRs offer employees a non‐tokenistic form of representation but within a limited scope of strategy and oversight. Given factors that constrain SEDs’ influence and representativeness can be at least partly countered by policy design and political leadership, these findings bolster the policy case for extending EBR throughout the public sector.

Training parenting plan evaluators: Looking towards the future

AbstractStandards of practice for parenting plan evaluations continue to evolve, informed by advances in research and the development of innovative, evidence‐based approaches to assessment and intervention. Parenting plan evaluators are asked to inform the court, parents, and other professionals on how to address the complex needs of increasingly diverse families amid reorganization, high conflict, and crisis. How can we attract and properly train new mental health professionals to do important work in an increasingly strained adversarial system? How can evaluators keep up with these advances over the course of their careers? How can they deepen and refine their skills to work with a diverse array of individuals, family constellations and an enormous range of family circumstances? And how can evaluators care for their own well‐being and their colleagues? In this article, the authors describe a multi‐dimensional approach to training both new and experienced custody evaluators that includes imparting baseline knowledge on how to conduct quality parenting plan evaluations as a starting point. We discuss a variety of modalities and approaches that can enable evaluators to deepen and expand their skills over the years, contribute to the diverse community of family law professionals, and manage the exceptional demands of working in this field.

THE ADVOCATES' IMMUNITY RIGHTS IN INDONESIA'S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors causing the lack of protection of advocates' immunity rights in the criminal justice process, and to analyze the future protection of advocates' immunity rights in the criminal justice system. The approach method used in this research is empirical juridical method. In the future advocate immunity rights can be used adversarial system. Where the in-adversarial system can be subject to immunity. That the judge here is only a jury between the advocate and the public prosecutor who is trying to prove the charges and charges filed at trial. if there is a violation of the code of ethics, for example an Advocate is attacked or criminalized by the opposing party, then with this advesari system the advocate can prove that what an Advocate does is in accordance with the procedures and rules of law that apply is a system that is a legal umbrella for an Advocate where the Advocate can prove what he does in carrying out his profession in accordance with the law.

The Key Problems Facing Civil Justice Today Are Cost, Delay & Complexity: A Critical Review

Our judicial structure owes to the colonial administration for its evolution & is still bearing the remnants of the system it inherited from its predecessor. Our judiciary is still following the adversarial trial system. Though the British legal system has developed to a standard for others we are still on the same footing where they left us. We could not overcome the obstacles associated with the civil justice system. The main problems facing our judiciary are the cost, delay & complexity. Several steps have been taken to solve the problems but deserved success cannot be achieved. The main problem lies probably in the identification of the real problems & providing pragmatic solutions. In this research I have tried to identify the real problems by interviewing different legal persons & litigants, by analyzing the opinions of different scholars & taking into account the attitude of the society towards the civil litigation social aspects & applying my own reason & experience. I have evaluated the reforms made in some foreign legal systems to compare with our system specially the Woolf’s reform in England. Lastly, I have provided some reform & amendment proposals based on the findings.

“Something has to change”

“Something has to change”

“I felt like I was going to cause conflict. So, I kept quiet …” (Female child rape victim, 15 years)

BackgroundThere is limited research in South Africa that has analysed the experiences of child and youth victims of crime and sexual victimisation who accessed formal response services through the victim empowerment programme. ObjectiveThe primary aim of this article is to explore children and youth's experiences of accessing the Victim Empowerment Programmatic services, through the criminal justice system in South Africa. The focus of the article is on childrens' disclosure, reporting and social support. Participants and settingThe participants in the study are male and female victim/survivor of crime between the ages of 12–17 years who has been through a Victim Empowerment Programme (VEP) for at least 12 months. The Victim Empowerment Programme is a governmental programme located within the National Department of Social Development in South Africa. MethodThe full study is a mixed method study but the children's(youth) participation in the study is limited to qualitative methods. The data analysis utilised a thematic approach and ATLAS.ti software. ResultsThe findings revealed four themes, namely, (1) children's (as youth) perceptions of the presence and frequency of rape in communities, (2) disclosure and reporting rape; (3) interlinkage of disclosure and reporting of child rape and child sexual victimisation; and (4) seeking social and professional support to deal with the trauma of child (youth) rape and child sexual victimisation. The findings showed that children (youth) perceive their community environments as unsafe spaces where they are exposed to crimes such as rape and burglary; that there are delays in disclosure of sexual victimisation and victims/survivors are still dealing with the trauma of rape as they report the crime and navigate the pathways of the criminal justice system. ConclusionIn conclusion, this study confirms the delay in disclosure of childhood (youth) sexual victimisation and identifies the complex tension for children (youth) who disclose, that they are often pressured to report the crime, and journey through an adversarial criminal justice system, and so ‘breaking the silence’ is often unpredictable and emotionally and psychologically costly for children and youth.

Adversarial-Aware Deep Learning System Based on a Secondary Classical Machine Learning Verification Approach.

Deep learning models have been used in creating various effective image classification applications. However, they are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that seek to misguide the models into predicting incorrect classes. Our study of major adversarial attack models shows that they all specifically target and exploit the neural networking structures in their designs. This understanding led us to develop a hypothesis that most classical machine learning models, such as random forest (RF), are immune to adversarial attack models because they do not rely on neural network design at all. Our experimental study of classical machine learning models against popular adversarial attacks supports this hypothesis. Based on this hypothesis, we propose a new adversarial-aware deep learning system by using a classical machine learning model as the secondary verification system to complement the primary deep learning model in image classification. Although the secondary classical machine learning model has less accurate output, it is only used for verification purposes, which does not impact the output accuracy of the primary deep learning model, and, at the same time, can effectively detect an adversarial attack when a clear mismatch occurs. Our experiments based on the CIFAR-100 dataset show that our proposed approach outperforms current state-of-the-art adversarial defense systems.

“When an Elephant Has Its Foot on the Tail of a Mouse…” Trauma-Focused Court Preparation Interventions for Sexually Abused Child Witnesses

Background: This paper addresses the issue of court preparation in a lower middle-income country with recently enacted child sexual abuse (CSA) legislation and almost no precedence of standard child witness training packages or protocols. Aims & methods: Taking into consideration the potential impact of the adversarial system on children and the legal system’s concerns regarding the risk of contamination of evidence and based on assessment and analysis of children’s mental health concerns and consequent capacities for testimony, it describes a set of court preparation interventions designed for a group of vulnerable, sexually abused children from a childcare institution. Results: In recognition of the heightened challenges to their competency to testify in court, the paper highlights the importance of developmental and trauma-focused considerations, particularly in the context of children with adverse childhood experiences, and consequently the role of child mental health service providers in the practice of child forensic psychiatry in the context of CSA. Conclusions: It concludes by challenging established assumptions that tend to underlie court preparation programs for child witnesses and by making recommendations for additional considerations to be incorporated into child witness training in order to enhance child witness competency and child mental health and well-being and to augment victim-oriented procedural justice aspects for vulnerable witnesses in the adversarial justice system.

민사전자소송에서 리걸테크의 활용에 관한 연구

Electronic litigation is a combination of civil litigation and electronic systems. Electronic litigation consists of e-filing, e-case management, and e-court room. In Korea, electronic litigation is operated in accordance with ｢Act on the Use, etc. of Electronic Documents in Civil Litigations, etc.｣, and the proportion of electronic litigation in civil case in 2021 is 97.3%. On October 2019, the Supreme Court established a next-generation electronic litigation promotion team and aims to complete the next-generation electronic litigation system construction project in the second half of 2024.
 Meanwhile, LegalTech is a term that refers to a new legal service industry that combines legal and technology, and has recently attracted a lot of attention.
 It is difficult to accurately measure the stage of development of science and technology, but the most advanced legal technology tools at the current stage are actively used in the fields of tax law, labor law, and patent law. These legal fields have independent, bureaucratic, and technical characteristics. However, it is not limited to this, but legal technology tools are also used in ordinary daily life such as traffic accidents.
 Nevertheless, due to the technical limitations of Legal Tech, it is expected that it will be able to function as a kind of very competent lawyer rather than complete automation. Most llegal technology tools are expected to operate within the paradigm of cognitive computing defined by human-machine collaboration. The development of legal technology tools in the United States is closely related to the adversarial system of civil litigation, and the system in which the parties take the lead in collecting evidence at the stage of pre-trial discovery can be seen as the background of the competitive development of the legal technology industry.
 In civil litigation in Korea, the formation of the contents of the trial is based on adversarial system, but in terms of the progress of the lawsuit, inquisitorial system is adopted so that the court takes the initiative to lead the hearing. In other words, the use of legal technology is likely to depend on the judgment of the court and the decision of the legislator, so there will be a limit to the size of the legal technology market to grow like the United States. If there is sufficient means of collecting evidence between parties, such as discovery system in US, the legal technology industry can take a leap forward.

Domain adversarial neural network-based nonlinear system identification for helicopter transmission system

Domain adversarial neural network-based nonlinear system identification for helicopter transmission system

“The Child Needs to Tell it to Me in Words”

Abstract Much research on child witnesses in child sexual abuse trials is focused on children’s performance in legal proceedings. Witness competency, that is predicated on the adversarial justice system’s principle of orality, is core to child witness testimony, and is determined at the pre-trial stage. However, this article highlights the need to consider child witness competency as a dynamic concept, that varies in response to the ecologies of the trial processes as they unfold. Set in a low-middle-income country, this qualitative study describes and analyzes trial processes through a child-inclusive lens, identifying barriers and facilitators to child witness competency. The results were mixed, yielding three major conclusions for consideration: (i) the importance attributed to physical infrastructure, and the creation of vulnerable deposition rooms; (ii) the role of judicial discretion in issues of child witness competency and (iii) role of intermediaries, with regard to enhancing child witness competencies.