Advantageous Position Research Articles

Do reconciliation events serve as a conciliatory signal?

AbstractA set of four vignette studies (total N = 1600) examined whether voluntariness, novelty, vulnerability and irrevocability of reconciliation events serve as conciliatory signals that communicate serious intentions for improved relations. Studies 1 and 2 manipulated the presence of the four factors in the reconciliation event initiated by the political leader of a country in a relatively disadvantageous (Study 1) or advantageous (Study 2) position. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that the presence of substantial concession (‘public announcement of abandonment of disputed region’ in Study 1 and ‘demolition of a military facility in the disputed region’ in Study 2) enhanced signal effectiveness (participants perceived these concessions reflecting the political leader's serious conciliatory intention). Follow‐up studies (Studies 3A and 3B), which manipulated the level of concession (high vs. intermediate vs. low), confirmed the main result: High and intermediate levels of concession enhanced signal effectiveness compared to low concession.

Difficulties in Semiconductor Materials Analysis and Research in China

The semiconductor industry is an important support for the rapid development of the modern electronic information society, so it is important to address the depth and breadth of semiconductor research. This paper classifies and analyzes semiconductors at the chemical level, emphasizes the difficulties faced by the Chinese semiconductor market, and analyzes the semiconductor market, core tools, basic units, software design, and raw materials. Finally compared to the U.S. semiconductor market and technology, for China's status quo from the chip design and material selection point of view puts forward specific aspects can be improved, can be from zinc oxide, new silicon compounds, gallium compounds, and superlattices and one-dimensional microstructures of these four kinds of materials to make specific improvements. It is conducive to mastering the characteristics of market and industry transformation and laying a solid foundation for the development of electronic science and technology, which will help China to gain an advantageous position in the international scientific and technological competition.

Pharmaceutical supply chain: The importance of outsourcing

A vast web of organizations, companies, and teams involved in creating, researching, and producing drugs and associated products makes up the pharmaceutical sector. In this context, the term “supply chain” refers to the network of individuals, processes, information, and resources that transform raw materials and parts into finished goods and services before being supplied to customers. The pharmaceutical supply chain system, then, offers customers medications in the right amount, at the right time, with acceptable quality, and for the lowest feasible cost. Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly contracting out their supply chain activities due to the severe push to keep R&D expenses under control. Instead of being a cost-cutting measure, global supply chain outsourcing can be seen as a strategic competitive weapon that can improve positional advantage, offer production flexibility, and meet the ever-increasing expectations of final consumers. Global supply chain outsourcing is crucial for pharmaceutical firms to enhance performance and profit margins by leveraging core skills and resources beyond other strategies which can lower risk, increase flexibility, improve returns on capital, and improve a company’s ability to respond to the needs of its shareholders and consumers. Even while there is widespread recognition of the alluring advantages of global outsourcing, many of the related concerns are frequently disregarded. In addition to briefly discussing risk assessment methods, the goal of this work is to offer manufacturer-focused insight into supply chain-related outsourcing concerns within the pharmaceutical industry.

Continuous tooth replacement: what can teleost fish teach us?

Most tooth-bearing non-mammalian vertebrates have the capacity to replace their teeth throughout life. This capacity was lost in mammals, which replace their teeth only once at most. Not surprisingly, continuous tooth replacement has attracted much attention. Classical morphological studies (e.g. to analyse patterns of replacement) are now being complemented by molecular studies that investigate the expression of genes involved in tooth formation. This review focuses on ray-finned fish (actinopterygians), which have teeth often distributed throughout the mouth and pharynx, and more specifically on teleost fish, the largest group of extant vertebrates. First we highlight the diversity in tooth distribution and in tooth replacement patterns. Replacement tooth formation can start from a distinct (usually discontinuous and transient) dental lamina, but also in the absence of a successional lamina, e.g. from the surface epithelium of the oropharynx or from the outer dental epithelium of a predecessor tooth. The relationship of a replacement tooth to its predecessor is closely related to whether replacement is the result of a prepattern or occurs on demand. As replacement teeth do not necessarily have the same molecular signature as first-generation teeth, the question of the actual trigger for tooth replacement is discussed. Much emphasis has been laid in the past on the potential role of epithelial stem cells in initiating tooth replacement. The outcome of such studies has been equivocal, possibly related to the taxa investigated, and the permanent or transient nature of the dental lamina. Alternatively, replacement may result from local proliferation of undifferentiated progenitors, stimulated by hitherto unknown, perhaps mesenchymal, factors. So far, the role of the neurovascular link in continuous tooth replacement has been poorly investigated, despite the presence of a rich vascularisation surrounding actinopterygian (as well as chondrichthyan) teeth and despite a complete arrest of tooth replacement after nerve resection. Lastly, tooth replacement is possibly co-opted as a process to expand the number of teeth in a dentition ontogenetically whilst conserving features of the primary dentition. That neither a dental lamina, nor stem cells appear to be required for tooth replacement places teleosts in an advantageous position as models for tooth regeneration in humans, where the dental lamina regresses and epithelial stem cells are considered lost.

Exploring the value chain of organic pineapple of Assam, India

PurposeThe global organic market is expanding, and India is in an advantageous position with the highest number of organic producers worldwide. Although many articles have been published on the value chain of organic products from India, no significant studies were found related to the value chain analysis of organic pineapple. This study aims to know the various aspects of the organic pineapple value chain, i.e. network structure, value addition at various stages of chain actors, value chain upgradation and governance structure.Design/methodology/approachThe study is explorative in nature, and primary data from various actors involved in the chain is collected and analyzed. Primary data through a structured schedule and interviews are collected from farmers and traders. A multistage sampling plan has been adopted. A sample of 75 farmers was randomly selected from the study area. For traders, snowball sampling is used due to the nonavailability of the sampling frame. A total of 10 commission agents, 10 wholesalers and 20 retailers were thus selected for the study. For objectives 1 and 4, descriptive statistics are used. For objective 2, a modified formula described by (Murthy et al., 2007) is used to calculate farmer’s net price and marketing margin. For objective 3, Garrett’s ranking technique is used to identify various constraints in upgrading the organic pineapple value chain in Assam.FindingsThis study shows that the value chain of organic pineapple is in the initial stage and proper value addition is required to have a complete regulated value chain. Six marketing channel is identified, and products are sold through farmer producer company only in case of export and trade with distant buyers. The marketing efficiency for channels II and III is 1.69 and 0.99, respectively. The degree of value addition for channel II in the hands of the commission agent, wholesaler and retailer is 11.65%, 4.56% and 12.60%, respectively. In the various constraints in upgrading the value chain, farmers rank “policy support” as a major constraint. In the governance structure, trade with distant traders and exports is done formally and through written contracts.Research limitations/implicationsThe study performs value chain analysis of organic pineapple in Cachar district of Assam, India for the year January 2022–January 2023. Future studies are encouraged related to various aspects of the supply chain and value chain of organic pineapple from various northeastern states of India and other states.Practical implicationsThe study will help policymakers and key actors to know the existing chain and frame a well-coordinated and regulated value chain.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first study to explore the value chain of organic pineapple of Cachar district of Assam, India. Implementation of these findings can help various actors to strengthen the existing value chain.

The equity of carbon emissions in international trade from the perspective of value added

AbstractInternational trade drives the transboundary transfer of carbon emissions. However, due to the differences in the economic development level and industrial structure of countries, the whole understanding of the inequality exchange between carbon emissions and the value added remains to be illuminated. Here, to uncover the global pattern of this inequality exchange, we construct a multi‐regional input–output model (MRIO) and inequality exchange index (IEI) from 1991 to 2016, to carry out macro path research with the goal of achieving global carbon neutrality. The results show that: (1) The carbon emissions per unit of value added through trade have declined in most countries, and the decline rate of developing countries was faster than that of developed ones. (2) In general, the developed countries were in an advantageous position in the value added and carbon emission exchange, while the developing countries were in a disadvantageous position. (3) Six sectors – agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry; electrical and machinery; electricity, gas, and water; petroleum, chemical, and N‐metallic mineral products; transport; and financial intermediation and business activities – accounted for more than half of the carbon emissions of global trade, but with the advancement of energy conservation and emission‐reduction measures, carbon emissions have decreased to varying degrees. (4) From a global perspective, promoting cooperation on carbon reduction technologies from developed countries to developing ones might be a key and effective way to achieve global carbon reduction. The study aims to provide new insights into the formulation of global carbon neutrality and carbon emission responsibility‐sharing policies.

Alternative Dispute Resolution in Criminal Cases: Challenges and Possibilities in Pakistani Legal framework

The present study had two objectives; to analyze the challenges in introducing Alternative Dispute Resolution (hereinafter ADR) in criminal matters and to explore the possibilities of disposing of the criminal cases through ADR. After deploying doctrinal research methodology, the present study found that the poor quality of decision-making, non-protection of the public rights, hinderance in development of law, disregarding the victim, advantageous position of the prosecution, compromising the constitutional rights of accused, lack of well defied rule for ADR and the difference in procedure are the major challenges for alternative dispute resolution in criminal matters. The study also found that criminal cases may be disposed of through ADR in case of private complaint, first-time offender, simple imprisonment, petty offences, or by introducing special law and courts, or where compounding or compromising of offences is legally allowed. The study further found that the ADR in criminal cases has been and is practiced by way of mediation and plea bargaining. The study recommends that the legislature should introduce appropriate and apposite amendments to accommodate the ADR in criminal justice system of Pakistan.

Tyumen District in 1920s: Settlement Numbers and Development Features

The subject of this study is the rural settlements of the Tyumen district in the first quarter of the 20th century. It is noted that during this period, the Tyumen district was situated at the heart of the Tyumen region, ranking first in terms of population size (44,545 people) and the area of territory covered (5.4 thousand square kilometers). The paper examines changes in the number and typology of settlements within the Tyumen district through the lens of its rural localities. It has been established that the district’s settlement network consisted of 177 localities, falling into 11 types, with villages making up a significant proportion — over 50%. This fact indicates that in long-settled regions, settlement networks have existed in virtually unchanged forms despite various external and internal factors. Fifteen villages were identified as creating the framework of the Tyumen district’s settlement network, demonstrating resilience and successfully adapting to new conditions. For instance, data from 1912 and 1926 show that population numbers in these localities were growing, especially in those settlements occupying advantageous (central) positions within the existing network. Many villages in the Tyumen district attained this status during the Soviet period, even though at the beginning of the 20th century they were mere villages. Successful new connections between settlements were facilitated by transportation factors (the presence of railways, tract roads, and a navigable water artery — the Tura River).

Thermal Earring

Body temperature is an important vital sign which can indicate fever and is known to be correlated with activities such as eating, exercise and stress. However, continuous temperature monitoring poses a significant challenge. We present Thermal Earring, a first-of-its-kind smart earring that enables a reliable wearable solution for continuous temperature monitoring. The Thermal Earring takes advantage of the unique position of earrings in proximity to the head, a region with tight coupling to the body unlike watches and other wearables which are more loosely worn on extremities. We develop a hardware prototype in the form factor of real earrings measuring a maximum width of 11.3 mm and a length of 31 mm, weighing 335 mg, and consuming only 14.4 uW which enables a battery life of 28 days in real-world tests. We demonstrate this form factor is small and light enough to integrate into real jewelry with fashionable designs. Additionally, we develop a dual sensor design to differentiate human body temperature change from environmental changes. We explore the use of this novel sensing platform and find its measured earlobe temperatures are stable within ±0.32 °C during periods of rest. Using these promising results, we investigate its capability of detecting fever by gathering data from 5 febrile patients and 20 healthy participants. Further, we perform the first-ever investigation of the relationship between earlobe temperature and a variety of daily activities, demonstrating earlobe temperature changes related to eating and exercise. We also find the surprising result that acute stressors such as public speaking and exams cause measurable changes in earlobe temperature. We perform multi-day in-the-wild experiments and confirm the temperature changes caused by these daily activities in natural daily scenarios. This initial exploration seeks to provide a foundation for future automatic activity detection and earring-based wearables.

Socio-Economic and Health Assessment of Fisherwomen in Bhimavaram, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh: India

The study aims to comprehensively assess the socioeconomic and health status of fisherwomen residing in Bhimavaram, a locale with a profound connection to the fishing industry. Historically, fisherwomen have played a pivotal role in this sector, yet they confront multifarious challenges and are often marginalized within India's social fabric (Gadagkar, 1992). Bhimavaram, situated in Andhra Pradesh, boasts an advantageous position within the fishing sector, courtesy of abundant water resources and favorable climatic conditions, fostering diverse cultural practices. The fisheries industry holds immense significance in the state's economy, particularly in enhancing the socioeconomic well-being of small-scale fisherfolk. This research entails interviews with 150 individuals to gain insights into the current circumstances and future prospects of fisherwomen in Bhimavaram. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate their present and anticipated economic conditions. The findings from this study will not only shed light on the challenges faced by fisherwomen but also provide valuable data for policymakers and stakeholders, facilitating targeted interventions and support to uplift this community and enhance their overall wellbeing.

Domestic colonisation: The centrality of the home in experiences of home‐takeovers and hate relationships

AbstractIn this paper we introduce the concept of ‘domestic colonisation’ as a contribution to the literature on critical geographies of home. This provides a lens to focus on the ways in which domestic spaces might be exploited and/or dominated though familiar relationships. With reference to two research projects in North East England, we explore everyday occupations and sieges of home‐spaces by neighbours as a means of reinforcing positions of relative social advantage. We show how these experiences become overwhelming through the intrusion of home‐spaces and (with it) the life worlds of already structurally vulnerable(ised) communities. Domestic colonisation allows us to think through both the damage done through/to the home and connections beyond those spaces. To do this we focus on ‘home takeovers’ (or ‘cuckooing’) and ‘hate relationships’. Our work on cuckooing shows how the occupation and control of the home by those who re‐produce and seize upon structurally vulnerable(ised) people, is a process which re‐configures the home as an exploitable resource. Understandings of home and intimate social relationships as ‘private’, combined with complexities regarding culpability, conceal the damage done in contexts of diminished social infrastructure. With reference to our work on hate relationships, we outline how homes are a means of identifying and targeting those who become subjected to a range of hateful acts. This produces everyday spaces of siege and entrapment that control, immobilise and are difficult to escape. Formal interventions are unable to adequately support those victimised through lack of recognition, misrecognition as atomised disputes and a tendency to (re)move those victimised. We end by questioning how we might better address the needs of those subjected to such harms, with an emphasis on the relational production of the home.

A Study of the Impact of Digital Competence and Organizational Agility on Green Innovation Performance of Manufacturing Firms—The Moderating Effect Based on Knowledge Inertia

Hierarchical regression is used to empirically investigate the impact of digital capabilities on green innovation performance, as well as the mediating role of organizational agility and the moderating effect of knowledge inertia. Based on the data from a large sample of 383 middle and senior managers from manufacturing companies, the dynamic capability theory is applied to SPSS 27.0. The results show that digital capability contributes to green innovation performance; knowledge inertia moderates the inverted U-shape between digital capability and green innovation performance; and two dimensions of organizational agility, market agility and operational adjustment agility, partially mediate the relationship between digital capability and green innovation performance. This paper contributes new ideas for companies to develop organizational agility, control knowledge inertia, enhance green innovation performance, and finally, sustainably gain a competitive advantage position.

Aquaculture Development in Nigeria: The Second Biggest Aquaculture Producer in Africa

Today, fish farming has become one of the fastest-growing farming businesses, turning Nigeria into the second biggest aquaculture producer in Africa. Also, Nigeria is the leading country in the production of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and African bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus). The great quantity of land, inland water surface, and coastland, which are suitable for fish farming, have placed Nigeria at a very advantaged position to develop aquaculture further. Here, the development of brackish and marine aquaculture represents a promising field for future expansion. An adaptation of aquaculture development has to reduce the impact of climate change as outlined. Furthermore, disease management has to be urgently improved. Among others, the availability of commercial feed pellets is a bottleneck that has to be overcome. Unfortunately, Nigeria is far from self-sufficiency in its fish supply, with a deficit of about 2.5 million tons being imported, but national initiatives envision an expansion in the future to increase the supply of the population with high-quality protein and the prevention of malnutrition. This study identifies challenges and opportunities of the aquaculture subsector and tries to give some recommendations for future development, highlighting potential governmental interventions and support.

Competitiveness Analysis of Pakistan’s Cotton Yarn Exports Relative to India and USA: A Demand System Application with Focuses on China’s Market

This study employed the revealed comparative advantage (RCA), revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA) and Vollrath’s indices to measure Pakistan’s export competitiveness of cotton yarn in the world. Meanwhile, the country’s export competitiveness is evaluated using the comparative advantage by countries index in China, the world’s largest consumer of cotton yarn and Pakistan’s main export destination. Additionally, linear approximated almost ideal demand systems (LA/AIDS) is employed to anticipate the demand relations for exports of cotton yarn (Pakistan, India and the USA) in the Chinese market over the period 1991–2019. The value of RCA indices greater than one indicates that the country has comparative advantage in exports of cotton yarn in both the global and Chinese market. The findings also revealed that the nation’s comparative advantage position has decreased in global market while improved in the regional market of China. Furthermore, based on the approximation of restricted LA/AIDS model, the results affirmed that the exports of cotton yarn had high own-price sensitivity with negative signs, whereas cross-price sensitivity with positive signs. With regards to Pakistan’s exports, estimates of cross-prices indicate that China’s imports of yarn from Pakistan are substitutable for imports of yarn from India and the USA. In addition, the expenditure elasticity for India and US cotton yarn is greater than one, indicating that China viewed their exports of cotton yarn as quality good. On the other hand, the expenditure elasticity for Pakistan’s is less than one, but close enough to one, which reflects the cut-off point for exports of quality goods. Pakistan, therefore, needs to produce cotton yarn more efficiently by reducing costs and enhancing the reputation of quality to increase exports and market share.

Improvement of 2D cine image quality using 3D priors and cycle generative adversarial network for low field MRI-guided radiation therapy.

Cine magnetic resonance (MR) images have been used for real-time MR guided radiation therapy (MRgRT). However, the onboard MR systems with low-field strength face the problem of limited image quality. To improve the quality of cine MR images in MRgRT using prior image information provided by the patient planning and positioning MR images. This study employed MR images from 18 pancreatic cancer patients who received MR-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy. Planning 3D MR images were acquired during the patient simulation, and positioning 3D MR images and 2D sagittal cine MR images were acquired before and during the beam delivery, respectively. A deep learning-based framework consisting of two cycle generative adversarial networks (CycleGAN), Denoising CycleGAN and Enhancement CycleGAN, was developed to establish the mapping between the 3D and 2D MR images. The Denoising CycleGAN was trained to first denoise the cine images using the time domain cine image series, and the Enhancement CycleGAN was trained to enhance the spatial resolution and contrast by taking advantage of the prior image information from the planning and positioning images. The denoising performance was assessed by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), structural similarity index measure, peak SNR, blind/reference-less image spatial quality evaluator (BRISQUE), natural image quality evaluator, and perception-based image quality evaluator scores. The quality enhancement performance was assessed by the BRISQUE and physician visual scores. In addition, the target contouring was evaluated on the original and processed images. Significant differences were found for all evaluation metrics after Denoising CycleGAN processing. The BRISQUE and visual scores were also significantly improved after sequential Denoising and Enhancement CycleGAN processing. In target contouring evaluation, Dice similarity coefficient, centroid distance, Hausdorff distance, and average surface distance values were significantly improved on the enhanced images. The whole processing time was within 20ms for a typical input image size of 512 × 512. Taking advantage of the prior high-quality positioning and planning MR images, the deep learning-based framework enhanced the cine MR image quality significantly, leading to improved accuracy in automatic target contouring. With the merits of both high computational efficiency and considerable image quality enhancement, the proposed method may hold important clinical implication for real-time MRgRT.

The Benefits of Private Domain Sales --A Case Study of Kuaituantuan

In this study, the benefits of private domain sales are examined using the case study of Kuaituantuan Company. The research specifically investigates the advantages of target customer positioning, customer loyalty, product customization, and sales conversion rates. Empirical research methods, such as case studies and data collection, were employed to gather insights. The findings reveal that private sales offer precise targeting, foster loyal customer relationships, enable personalized service, and yield high conversion rates. This study contributes practical experience and guidance for enterprises seeking to attain a competitive edge in the market. By leveraging private domain sales, companies can develop effective sales strategies and business models to effectively navigate challenges. The research underscores the significance of private domain sales as a powerful tool for companies to enhance their market position and drive growth. The findings provide valuable insights for businesses aiming to optimize their sales approach and capitalize on the potential of private domain sales in today's competitive landscape.

FORMALIZATION OF DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN AVIATION MANAGEMENT

Currently, fighter aircraft is one of the most important components in the war with the russian federation. It is used to gain superiority in the air during combat, destroy means of air attack, air support of the Ground Forces, the Naval Forces, provision of aerial intelligence data to control bodies, aerial damage to enemy aviation, land and sea formations, objects of the state and military administration, rear facilities and military-economic potential, transport communications, performance of other special tasks. To ensure high efficiency of combat use, tactical (fighter) aviation brigades are equipped with automation equipment. The experience of the combat use of fighter aircraft during wars and local military conflicts of the last decade shows that ensuring high efficiency of aircraft control is achieved by automating control processes through the use of modern software and mathematical support of the automated control system, based on fundamentally new approaches, in including the use of a single formal system for presenting the knowledge of combat control officers. However, the capabilities of aviation and air defense control systems to solve logical and analytical problems are limited. In the existing complex of automation tools, the final result of the task of determining the impact on the target is evaluated qualitatively – if it is possible for the fighter to enter a given tactically advantageous position relative to the target. The existing SPMZ ASU uses mathematical models, the systems of restrictions of which do not allow to fully use the existing potential of the available composition of information sources, to form recommendations based on incomplete, inaccurate input information, which negatively affects the quality of aviation management. Thus, the need to automate decision- making processes in aviation management using the latest information technologies is urgent. One of the promising directions of formalization of decision-making processes in aviation management is the creation of models that provide for the formalization of the mental activity of decision-makers. The purpose of the article. Automation of decision-making processes in aviation management using the latest information technologies. One of the promising directions of formalization of decision-making processes in aviation management is the creation of models that provide for the formalization of the mental activity of decision-makers.

‘The same contract that is suitable for your Excellency’: Immigration and emulation in the adoption of sharecropping‐cum‐debt arrangements in Brazil (1835‒80)

AbstractThis paper studies the history of contractual choice in coffee plantations of São Paulo, Brazil. It focuses on the consolidation of non‐captive labour markets in the early phases of the transition from slavery in the country, particularly in the 1840s–50s. Vis‐à‐vis the alternatives of fixed rents and fixed payments per time worked or piece rates, the paper examines the rationale for the adoption of sharecropping arrangements with European bonded labourers. New archival evidence suggests that sharecropping had no obvious productivity advantage over alternative labour–rental arrangements in this period, and that the adoption of sharecropping arrangements resulted from the positional advantage of its first proposers, who influenced later choices of contractual design. A credit‐labour tie‐up long outlived the original sharecropping arrangements, in turn allowing for the immigration of poor and credit‐constrained Europeans, paving the way to insert Brazil into the circuits of mass migration without promoting institutional reforms to attract non‐bonded immigrants.

Research on the influence of chain shareholder network on enterprise green innovation

Green innovation plays a pivotal role in the high-quality development of social economy, but its high risk and investment can daunt enterprises. As a result, business stakeholders often use interpersonal relationships to start to overcome boundaries to obtain and disseminate green innovation information and resources. Based on the number of green innovation patent applications from 2011 to 2020, this paper constructs an undirected weighted network of enterprise chain shareholders and empirically examines the influence of centrality and structural hole characteristics of social networks on green innovation. Additionally, a heterogeneity analysis is conducted from the perspectives of core-periphery structure and CEO overseas experience. The findings are beneficial for enterprises to have achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the role of their positional advantages in the network on green innovation and provide new ideas and directions for firms to improve their green innovation level.

Professional Experiences, Leadership Growth, and Progression Approaches Adopted by Women Working Within Professional Sports Organisations in Ghana

The study explored experiences, leadership growth, and progression approaches adopted by women working within higher professional sports leadership organisations in Ghana. An interpretive research paradigm was adopted. The data was collected using interview guides and analysed with the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The study revealed interest in a particular sport propelled women in sports leadership positions to select sports-related careers and accumulate the best knowledge and experience that placed them in such advantageous positions to make meaningful contributions to sports in Ghana. The study established that women with clear-cut career advancement pathways have it easy when it comes to assuming leadership positions. It was recommended that qualitative and quantitative examinations be made to understand the differences in the experiences of males in similar sporting positions. Keywords: leadership, progression, approach, professional sports, leadership.