Advantage Of Processing Speed Research Articles

Comparative assessment of established and deep learning-based segmentation methods for hippocampal volume estimation in brain magnetic resonance imaging analysis.

In this study, our objective was to assess the performance of two deep learning-based hippocampal segmentation methods, SynthSeg and TigerBx, which are readily available to the public. We contrasted their performance with that of two established techniques, FreeSurfer-Aseg and FSL-FIRST, using three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI scans (n = 1447) procured from public databases. Our evaluation focused on the accuracy and reproducibility of these tools in estimating hippocampal volume. The findings suggest that both SynthSeg and TigerBx are on a par with Aseg and FIRST in terms of segmentation accuracy and reproducibility, but offer a significant advantage in processing speed, generating results in less than 1 min compared with several minutes to hours for the latter tools. In terms of Alzheimer's disease classification based on the hippocampal atrophy rate, SynthSeg and TigerBx exhibited superior performance. In conclusion, we evaluated the capabilities of two deep learning-based segmentation techniques. The results underscore their potential value in clinical and research environments, particularly when investigating neurological conditions associated with hippocampal structures.

Media Multitasking Scores and Media Use Hours: A Comparison Across the Standard Stroop Task and an Emotional Stroop Task

ABSTRACT Heavier media multitasking and media use have been linked to poorer inhibitory control. This study examined the association between media multitasking and media use on performance in the standard and Emotional Stroop tasks. Participants completed the Media Multitasking Index and the two Stroop tasks. Depression, anxiety, and stress were measured to control for the effect of mood on Stroop performance. Within the standard Stroop task, after controlling for affect, higher media multitasking scores and media use hours showed a trend toward shorter overall RTs. For the emotional Stroop task, after controlling for affect, more media use hours were associated with shorter overall RTs and higher media multitasking scores were associated with more overall errors. While this may suggest an association between greater media engagement and more efficient task performance (or a processing speed advantage), the effect sizes were small. These results emphasize the importance of controlling for participant affect to minimize a potential confound when examining the association between media multitasking and inhibitory control. The results also indicate that measuring both media multitasking and media use hours will assist in further clarifying the relationship between media multitasking and cognition.

Thermoplastic-based microfluidic chip bonding with PES hot melt adhesive film

ABSTRACT In this study, a low-cost and rapid bonding method for thermoplastic-based microfluidic devices is introduced. The thermoplastic substrate and cover plate were directly bonded with PES copolyester hot melt adhesive film. Compared with conventional bonding methods for thermoplastic chips, e.g. thermal fusion and chemical-assisted bonding, the proposed bonding process can be finished within minutes without sophisticated instruments or volatile chemical solvents. Several microfluidic devices were also fabricated and tested, the measured bonding strength is comparable to the conventional thermal fusion bonding method. The biocompatibility of the proposed bonding method was also evaluated by culturing bacteria in the PES adhesive covered culture dish. The proposed bonding method for thermoplastic-based microfluidic is especially suitable for the massive fabrication of POCT devices with advantages in processing speed, instrument requirement, cost, and bonding strength.

Tone Image Classification and Weighted Learning for Visible and NIR Image Fusion

In this paper, to improve the slow processing speed of the rule-based visible and NIR (near-infrared) image synthesis method, we present a fast image fusion method using DenseFuse, one of the CNN (convolutional neural network)-based image synthesis methods. The proposed method applies a raster scan algorithm to secure visible and NIR datasets for effective learning and presents a dataset classification method using luminance and variance. Additionally, in this paper, a method for synthesizing a feature map in a fusion layer is presented and compared with the method for synthesizing a feature map in other fusion layers. The proposed method learns the superior image quality of the rule-based image synthesis method and shows a clear synthesized image with better visibility than other existing learning-based image synthesis methods. Compared with the rule-based image synthesis method used as the target image, the proposed method has an advantage in processing speed by reducing the processing time to three times or more.

Robust Processing Advantage for Binomial Phrases with Variant Conjunctions.

Prior research has shown that various types of conventional multiword chunks are processed faster than matched novel strings, but it is unclear whether this processing advantage extends to variant multiword chunks that are less formulaic. To determine whether the processing advantage of multiword chunks accommodates variations in the canonical phrasal template, we examined the robustness of the processing advantage (i.e., Predictability) of binomial phrases with non-canonical conjunctions (e.g., salt and also pepper; salt as well as pepper). Results from the cloze study (Experiment 1) showed that there was a high tendency of producing the canonical conjunct (pepper), even in the binomials that contained non-formulaic conjunctions. Consistent with these findings, results from two eye tracking studies (Experiments 2a and 2b) showed that canonical conjuncts were read faster than novel conjuncts that were matched on word length (e.g., paprika), even in the binomials with variant conjunctions. This robust online processing advantage was replicated in a self-paced reading study that compared all three Conjunction Types (Experiment 3). Taken together, these findings show that binomials with variant function words also receive facilitated processing relative to matched novel strings, even though both types of strings are neither conventional nor relatively frequent. Exploratory analyses revealed that this processing speed advantage was driven by the lexical-semantic association between the canonical conjuncts (salt-pepper), rather than lexical and phrasal frequency. Overall, these results highlight flexibility in the processing of multiword chunks that current models of multiword storage and processing must take into account.

Tools for Fast Metric Data Search in Structural Methods for Image Classification

The article proposes a new classification method based on implementing the high-speed search tools for the indexed data structure created on the etalon set of features, which has significant advantages in processing speed compared to the traditional approaches. The classifier is represented as two-stage processing, where at the first stage the class for the separate object descriptor is determined, and at the second stage, the resulting class of the object is determined based on the obtained set of local solutions. The developed method is based on the preliminary construction of the indexed hash structures for the set of descriptors of the base of the etalon images. Implementing the hash representation allows for increasing the speed of identification or classification of visual objects. A comparative experiment with the traditional method of voting has been conducted, where the linear search for the nearest descriptor has been implemented for the identification without the use of prior creation of the indexed hash representation of the etalons. In the experiment, we have gained in processing speed for the developed method compared to the traditional over 10 times. The gain in processing speed increases proportionally with the number of the etalons and the number of the descriptors in the descriptions. The experiment has shown that the efficiency of the method can be enhanced by varying the values of its parameters and adapting to the properties of the data.

Comparison of Performance Rot13 and Caesar Cipher Method for Registration Database of Vessels Berthed at P.T. Samudera Indonesia

Database security is a very important aspect of an information system. A general information is onlyintended for certain groups. Therefore, it is very important for a company to prevent database leakage sothat the information contained in it does not fall to unauthorized people. Cryptographic technique is an alternative solution that can be used in database security. One way to maintain the security of the database is to use encryption techniques. The method used to secure the database is encryption using the ROTI3 and Caesar Cipher methods. Both of these methods have advantages in processing speed. For thisreason, the author will compare the use of the two algorithms above in terms of the encryption and decryption process time

Computerized or manual? Long term effects of cognitive remediation on schizophrenia

BackgroundCognitive remediation therapy (CRT) and Computerized CRT (CCRT) improve cognition and functioning, but there is no direct evidence of whether there is an advantage of using a computer. This study fills this gap and extends research evidence to the long-term effect of these two treatments in a large sample of Chinese inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. MethodWe conducted a randomized single-blind, follow-up study with participants randomized to receive CCRT (n = 144), CRT (n = 72) or Active control (n = 54) for 12 weeks with 4–5 sessions per week. The main outcome was cognition (MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery total score, MCCB), and secondary outcomes were cognitive domains, symptoms and functioning assessed at baseline (0 month), post-treatment (3 months) and follow-up (6, 12 and 18 months). ResultsThe primary outcome (MCCB total score) improved in both treatment groups which was maintained at 18 months but did not differ between treatment groups. Post hoc analysis demonstrated that the CRT group had an advantage over CCRT for the Trail Making and Symbol Coding Tests (all p < 0.05), which lasted for almost 18 months. ConclusionsBoth CCRT and CRT contribute to general cognitive improvements in schizophrenia and the overall efficacy was similar. The effects were maintained for 18th months. Exploratory analyses revealed few differences except that CRT had a processing speed advantage.

Assessing the speed and ease of extracting group and person information from faces

The human face is a key source of social information. In particular, it communicates a target's personal identity and some of their group memberships. Different models of social perception posit distinct stages at which this group-level and person-level information is extracted from the face, with divergent downstream consequences for cognition and behavior. This paper presents four experiments that explore the time-course of extracting group and person information from faces. In Experiments 1 and 2, we explore the effect of chunked versus unchunked processing on the speed of extracting group versus person information, as well as the impact of familiarity in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, we examine the effect of the availability of a diagnostic cue on these same judgments. In Experiment 4, we explore the effect of both group-level and person-level prototypicality of face exemplars. Across all four experiments, we find no evidence for the perceptual primacy of either group or person information. Instead, we find that chunked processing, featural processing based on a single diagnostic cue, familiarity, and the prototypicality of face exemplars all result in a processing speed advantage for both group-level and person-level judgments equivalently. These results have important implications for influential models of impression formation and can inform, and be integrated with, an understanding of the process of social categorization more broadly.

Effects of category learning strategies on recognition memory

Extant research has shown that previously acquired categorical knowledge affects recognition memory, and that differences in category learning strategies impact classification accuracy. However, it is unknown whether different learning strategies also have downstream effects on subsequent recognition memory. The present study investigates the effect of two unidimensional rule-based category learning strategies - learning (a) with or without explicit instruction, and (b) with or without supervision - on subsequent recognition memory. Our findings suggest that acquiring categorical knowledge increased both hits (Experiments 1 and 2) and false-alarms (Experiment 1) for category-congruent items regardless of the particular strategy employed in initially learning these categories. There were, however, small processing speed advantages during recognition memory for both explicit instruction and supervised practice relative to neither (Experiment 2). We discuss these findings in the context of how prior knowledge influences recognition memory, and in relation to similar findings showing schematic effects on episodic memory.

Sex Differences in Intelligence in Children Aged 2:6–7:7: Analysis of the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the German Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence–Fourth Edition

The present study investigated gender differences in cognitive abilities for children aged 2–7 years on the German Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence–Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV). WPPSI-IV data of 1,042 children (517 girls and 525 boys) were selected from the extended dataset of the German WPPSI-IV standardization sample. First of all, confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used to verify the factor structure of the WPPSI-IV, which was proposed by the test developers. Then, multiple-group confirmatory factor models were implemented to explore measurement invariance across gender. Finally, mean differences in the subtests, index scores, as well as full scale IQ (FSIQ) were analyzed. The second-order three-factor model for age group 2:6–3:11 as well as the second-order five-factor model for age group 4:0–7:7 could be verified. For age group 2:6–3:11, full scalar invariance could be accepted, whereas partial scalar invariance could be established by freeing five nonequivalent subtest intercepts for age group 4:0–7:7. These findings support interpretable comparisons of the WPPSI-IV scores between girls and boys. For age group 4:0–7:7, partial invariance should be taken into account in these comparisons. Furthermore, girls aged 4:0–7:7 showed an advantage in processing speed (PS). Mean scores in any of the other cognitive abilities did not differ between girls and boys in both age groups. These results indicated measurement invariance across gender on the WPPSI-IV, so that the tests measure cognitive abilities in the same way for girls and boys. The current findings showed that gender differences in PS may emerge in early childhood, which might lead to gender differences in later educational skills.

Attentional networks functioning and vigilance in expert musicians and non-musicians.

Previous literature has shown cognitive improvements related to musical training. Attention is one cognitive aspect in which musicians exhibit improvements compared to non-musicians. However, previous studies show inconsistent results regarding certain attentional processes, suggesting that benefits associated with musical training appear only in some processes. The present study aimedto investigate theattentional and vigilance abilities in expert musicians with a fine-grained measure: the ANTI-Vea (ANT for Interactions and Vigilance-executive and arousal components; Luna et al. in J Neurosci Methods 306:77-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.011 , 2018). This task allows measuring the functioning of the three Posner and Petersen's networks (alerting, orienting, and executive control) along with two different components of vigilance (executive and arousal vigilance). Using propensity-score matching, 49 adult musicians (18-35years old) were matched in an extensive set of confounding variables with a control group of 49 non-musicians. Musicians showed advantages in processing speed and in the two components of vigilance, with some specific aspects of musicianship such as years of practice or years of lessons correlating with these measures. Although these results should be taken with caution, given its correlational nature, one possible explanation is that musical training can specifically enhance some aspects of attention. Nevertheless, our correlational design does not allow usto rule out other possibilities such as the presence of cognitive differences prior to the onset of training. Moreover, the advantages were observed in an extra-musical context, which suggests that musical training could transfer its benefits to cognitive processes loosely related to musical skills. The absence of effects in executive control, frequently reported in previous literature, is discussed based on our extensive control of confounds.

Automation enhancement and accuracy investigation of a portable single‐camera gait analysis system

While optical motion analysis systems can provide high-fidelity gait parameters, they are usually impractical for local clinics and home use, due to high cost, requirement for large space, and lack of portability. In this study, the authors focus on a cost-effective and portable, single-camera gait analysis solution, based on video acquisition with calibration, autonomous detection of frames-of-interest, Kalman-filter + structural-similarity-based marker tracking, and autonomous knee angle calculation. The proposed system is tested using 15 participants, including 10 stroke patients and 5 healthy volunteers. The evaluation of autonomous frames-of-interest detection shows only 0.2% difference between the frame number of the detected frame compared to the frame number of the manually labelled ground truth frame, and thus can replace manual labelling. The system is validated against a gold standard optical motion analysis system, using knee angle accuracy as metric of assessment. The accuracy investigation between the RGB- and the greyscale-video marker tracking schemes shows that the greyscale system suffers from negligible accuracy loss with a significant processing speed advantage. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can automatically estimate the knee angle, with R-squared value larger than 0.95 and Bland-Altman plot results smaller than 3.0127° mean error.

INFRARED ROTATION PLANE RADAR CHANGE DETECTION

Abstract. The existing change detection method mainly stays on the pixel-level, which is very susceptible to light, shadow, etc. And the complex calculation and analysis for each pixel reduce the detection efficiency. Moreover, there is no modeling determination method to initialize standard deviation of each element for existing mixed Gaussian background modeling methods. In this paper, an improved mixed Gaussian background modeling method is proposed, with the use of infrared rotation plane radar. The relationship between the corrected standard deviation of distance and the detection intensity is used to establish the curve of standard deviation of distance with detected intensity. For each data point, the standard deviation is initialized by the value estimated by the change curve, and the detected distance is used to establish the Gaussian mixture background model. The detection effect of the method is discussed and compared with the traditional Gauss background modeling in the experiment, the result shows that it has certain advantages in processing speed, adaptability to change background and accuracy of change detection.

A Rapid Spatial Carrier-Frequency Phase-Shifting Method Based on the Orthogonality of Diamond Diagonal Vectors

From a one-frame off-axis interferogram with unknown carrier-frequency, a rapid spatial carrier-frequency phase-shifting (SCFPS) method is proposed to achieve the phase measurement of the dynamic process. First, based on the SCFPS technique, four-frame phase-shifting subinterferograms are constructed from one-frame off-axis interferogram. Second, by using the orthogonality of diamond diagonal vectors, respectively, achieved through the subtraction and addition operations between two equal length vectors, which are generated from above four-frame phase-shifting subinterferograms, the accurate phase can be retrieved rapidly. Compared with current SCFPS methods, in addition to maintaining high accuracy of phase-shifting method, as well as no requirement for carrier-frequency calibration, the proposed method reveals an obvious advantage in processing speed of phase retrieval, and this will greatly facilitate its application prospect for dynamic phase measurement.

Spectral methods for processing biotelemetrical data

The methods of biotelemetrical information processing using spectral transform of discrete functions in oriented basis (OB) is proposed in the article. As an example the analysis of pulse waves is considered. The method of pulse waves classifying by their OB spectrums is offered. The pulse wave refers to one of the known patterns by the value of similarity coefficient. For express analysis of the pulse wave shape (normal or not) use of matched filter is considered where finite impulse characteristics coincides with the function of inverse OB transform. The advantages in processing speed and in pulse waves classification and comparison with known methods are shown.Referense 3, Tables 2, Figures 2

Processing Chinese relative clauses: An investigation of second-language learners from different learning contexts

AbstractThe goal of this study is to examine the processing of Chinese relative clauses (RCs) through a self-paced reading task and to determine whether the learning environment plays a role in the second-language (L2) acquisition of RCs. We investigated two types of RCs (subject vs. object RCs) along with two positions in which a RC can occur (modifying a matrix subject noun phrase [NP] vs. a matrix object NP). Eighteen native speakers of Chinese and twenty-one L2 learners at an intermediate proficiency level participated in the study. Ten learners were students learning Chinese in the US (i. e., in a foreign-language context), whereas the other eleven learners were students studying Chinese in China (i. e., in a study-abroad context). The comprehension of sentences containing a RC and reading times (RTs) on the RC and the head noun (the segment immediately following the RC) were analyzed. The results show distinct patterns for the learners and the native speakers. The accuracy data reveals that the L2 learners in China performed better than the L2 learners in the US. Additionally, the L2 learners in China exhibited a processing speed advantage to the L2 learners in the US. The RT data highlighted important asymmetries in the L2 learners in the US and the native speakers, while the results were flat for the L2 learners in China. Specifically, L2 learners in the US took longer to read object RCs than subject RCs while the opposite pattern was obtained for the L1 speakers. Moreover, matrix-object-modifying RCs revealed shorter RTs than matrix-subject-modifying RCs for L2 learners in the US, whereas the opposite pattern was found for the L1 speakers. These findings are discussed in light of the Linear Distance Theory and the Structural Distance Theory (e. g., O’Grady 1997.Syntactic development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press). Overall, these results seem to provide support to the assumption that changes in syntactic processing happen as a result of exposure to the language environment (Cuetos et al. 1996. Parsing in different languages. In Manuel Carreias, Jose E. Garcia-Albea &amp; Nuria Sebastien-Galles (eds.),Language processing in Spanish, 145–187. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; Frenck–Mestre 2002. An on-line look at sentence processing in the second language. In Roberto Heredia &amp; Jeanette Altarriba (eds.),Bilingual sentence processing, 217–236. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.).

Increased processing speed in young adult bilinguals: evidence from source memory judgments

Although many studies have investigated the consequences of bilingualism on cognitive control, few have examined the impact of bilingualism on other cognitive domains, such as memory. Of these studies, most have focused on item memory and none have examined the role of bilingualism in source memory (i.e., the memory for contextual details from a previous encounter with a stimulus). In our study, young adult bilinguals and monolinguals completed a source memory test, whose different conditions were designed to stress working memory and inhibitory control. Bilinguals performed significantly faster than monolinguals across all conditions without compromising accuracy, and also showed an overall speed advantage on the Flanker task. We interpret these processing speed advantages within the context of current models of bilingual production.

Neural Mechanisms of Selective Attention in Children with Amblyopia.

Previous studies have indicated that amblyopia might affect children's attention. We recruited amblyopic children and normal children aged 9–11 years as study subjects and compared selective attention between the two groups of children. Chinese characters denoting colors were used in the Stroop task, and the event-related potential (ERP) was analyzed. The results show that the accuracy of both groups in the congruent condition was higher than the incongruent condition, and the reaction time (RT) of amblyopic children was longer. The latency of the occipital P1 in the incongruent condition was shorter than the neutral condition for both groups; the peak of the occipital P1 elicited by the incongruent stimuli in amblyopic children was higher. In both groups, the N1 peak was higher in the occipital region than frontal and central regions. The N1 latency of normal children was shorter in the congruent and neutral conditions and longer in the incongruent condition; the N1 peak of normal children was higher. The N270 latencies of normal children in the congruent and neutral conditions were shorter; the N270 peak was higher in parietal and occipital regions than frontal and central regions for both groups. The N450 latency of normal children was shorter; in both groups, the N450 average amplitude was significantly higher in the parietal region than central and frontal regions. The accuracy was the same for both groups, but the response of amblyopic children was significantly slower. The two groups showed differences in both stages of the Stroop task. Normal children showed advantages in processing speed on both stimulus and response conflict stages.Brain regions activated during the Stroop task were consistent between groups, in line with their age characteristics.

Gender differences in latent cognitive abilities in children aged 2 to 7

Gender differences in the latent cognitive abilities underlying the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence—Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) were investigated in children aged 2 to 7. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify the measurement invariance of the WPPSI-IV factor model in boys and girls. Then the magnitude of gender differences in the means and variances of the abilities was estimated. Multiple-indicator multiple-cause models were implemented to explore whether the magnitude of these differences varied across age. Girls aged 2 to 7 demonstrated higher general intelligence. Girls aged 4 to 7 demonstrated an advantage in processing speed. A gender difference favoring boys in visual processing was absent in ages 2 to 3 but emerged in ages 4 to 7. Gender differences in fluid reasoning, short-term memory, and comprehension-knowledge were not found. The variability of any of the abilities did not differ among girls and boys. These results indicate that gender differences in cognitive abilities emerge in early childhood, which may contribute to gender differences in later educational outcomes.