Advances In Electronic Technology Research Articles

High capacitive energy storage in K0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based quaternary solid solution around morphotropic relaxor boundary

Energy storage capacitors are valued for their high power density and ultrafast discharging rates, positioning them as promising candidates for advanced electronic systems and pulse power technologies. This study developed a KBT-based solid solution composed of K0.5Bi0.5TiO3, Na0.5Bi0.5ZrO3, K0.5Bi0.5ZrO3, and Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3, located near a morphotropic relaxor boundary. This configuration results in a perovskite host with both high structural entropy and enhanced polarization capability. The incorporation of Bi(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 not only modifies the dynamic behavior of polar nanoregions but also increases the resistance contribution from the grain boundary, thereby improving the electrical breakdown strength Eb. Optimal polarization behavior and energy storage performance were achieved with 1.0 mol.% Bi(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 addition, resulting in a large field-induced polarization ΔP of 55.3 µC/cm2, a high recoverable energy density Wr of 6.52 J/cm3, and a high efficiency η of 80%. Overall, this work proposed a design strategy for developing KBT-based ceramics for energy storage capacitors.

Study of Optoelectronic, Magnetic, and Thermoelectric Properties of Sr2XOsO6 (X = Y, Lu, Sc) Double Perovskites for Spintronic and Data Storage Devices

Advancement in electronic device miniaturization coupled with the precise control over their electromagnetic and transport properties, holds great promise for realizing practical quantum computing devices. Double perovskites, known for their stability, non-toxicity, and spin-polarized characteristics, are particularly appealing for spintronics applications. In this communication, we investigate the role of 6d-electrons of Os in regulating the magnetic properties in Sr2XOsO6 (X = Y, Lu, Sc) using theoretical methods with the WIEN2k code. The computed formation energies (-3.04, -2.91, and -2.82 eV) confirm the thermodynamic stability of these compositions. Analysis of the band structures and DOS exhibit ferromagnetic semiconducting character, elucidated through exchange constants and energies. This computation highlights the essential role of basic hybridization processes, crystal field effects, and exchange energy in generating ferromagnetic character driven by electronic spin. The analysis of optical behavior against photon energy (eV) reveals the maximum absorption in the UV region. Furthermore, the calculated values of σ/τ, ke/τ, S, χ, PF, and ZT in the temperature range of 200-800 K highlight the potential of these compounds for thermoelectric applications. This comprehensive analysis underscores the suitability of Sr2XOsO6 (X = Y, Lu, Sc) for advanced electronic and spintronic technologies.

INFORMATION SECURITY AND ITS COMPONENTS

The modern development of the world economy is increasingly defined by its reliance on vast and complex information flows. In today's interconnected global marketplace, the seamless exchange of data underpins almost every aspect of economic activity, from financial transactions and supply chain management to customer interactions and business intelligence. As a result, the importance of addressing issues related to safeguarding data flows and ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information during its processing and transmission is growing at an unprecedented pace. Information security has emerged as a multifaceted and intricate challenge, encompassing technical, organizational, legal, and ethical dimensions. The rapid advancement of electronic technologies has led to the proliferation of tools designed for processing, storing, and securing information. Innovations in artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, and quantum cryptography are revolutionizing the way organizations manage and protect their data assets. Despite these advancements, the sophistication of threats to information security continues to evolve, creating an ongoing arms race between defenders and attackers.

A Spatial-Temporal Multi-Feature Network (STMF-Net) for Skeleton-Based Construction Worker Action Recognition.

Globally, monitoring productivity, occupational health, and safety of construction workers has long been a significant concern. To address this issue, there is an urgent need for efficient methods to continuously monitor construction sites and recognize workers' actions in a timely manner. Recently, advances in electronic technology and pose estimation algorithms have made it easier to obtain skeleton and joint trajectories of human bodies. Deep learning algorithms have emerged as robust and automated tools for extracting and processing 3D skeleton information on construction sites, proving effective for workforce action assessment. However, most previous studies on action recognition have primarily focused on single-stream data, which limited the network's ability to capture more comprehensive worker action features. Therefore, this research proposes a Spatial-Temporal Multi-Feature Network (STMF-Net) designed to utilize six 3D skeleton-based features to monitor and capture the movements of construction workers, thereby recognizing their actions. The experimental results demonstrate an accuracy of 79.36%. The significance of this work lies in its potential to enhance management models within the construction industry, ultimately improving workers' health and work efficiency.

Broad temperature span and large electrocaloric effect in lead-free ceramics via multi-strategy synergistic optimization

The rapid advancement of electronic technology has increased power consumption in integrated circuits, presenting significant challenges for efficient cooling. BaTiO3 (BT)-based ceramics offer promising electrocaloric (EC) cooling, providing a compact, efficient alternative to bulky, environmentally harmful vapor compression refrigeration, though temperature span (Tspan) and phase transitions limit their current practicality. This study explores a novel (0.5-x)Ba0.72Sr0.28TiO3-0.5BaTi0.8Sn0.2O3-xBa0.72Ca0.28TiO3 [(0.5-x)BST-BTS-xBCT] ceramic system, leveraging phase boundary engineering to achieve continuous and broad phase transitions. By optimizing grain size and enhancing the breakdown electric field (Eb) through a density adjustment strategy, the 0.2BCT ceramics demonstrated excellent EC performance at 38 °C, with a ΔT of 2.71 K and a Tspan of 49.1 °C. These findings establish (0.5-x)BST-BTS-xBCT ceramics as a promising lead-free material for EC applications with significant potential for improving microelectronic cooling solutions.

Investigation and estimation of structural and dielectric properties of chromium-doped cobalt ferrites nano particles

Abstract Nano ferrite materials are of critical importance in meeting the global demand for microwave and electronic devices, as spinel ferrites possess remarkable morphological, structural, and dielectric characteristics. This study investigates chromium-doped ferrite nanoparticles with the chemical composition CoCrxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.30, 0.60, and 0.90), synthesize using the sol–gel technique and subjected to annealing at 900 °C. Energy Dispersive x-ray Analysis EDAX patterns confirmed compositional stoichiometry. X- Ray Diffraction analysis reveals that all samples exhibit a cubic crystal structure. Replacing some of the ions with chromium (Cr3+) led to a decrease in the x-ray density form (5.329–5.324). The average crystallite size in the fabricated samples ranged from 46.07 to 31.84 nm, and the lattice parameters decrease from 8.382 to 8.364 Å as the chromium content increase. Infrared spectra show that lower frequency band (ν2) at around 479.69-392 .60 cm–1 and a higher frequency band (ν1) within a range from 611.05–57661 cm–1 a clear indication of spinel structure characteristics. The examination using FE-SEM indicates that the produced materials exhibit porosity and amorphous characteristics. The significant tangent loss observe at lower frequencies suggests that these materials may have potential applications in medium-frequency devices. Consequently, spinel nanoferrites can offer advantages for advanced electronic and microwave technologies.

The effects of Ppy-silicene composite on the performance of n-/p-type silicon semiconductor-based photodiodes

The advancement of electronic technology is accelerated by the discovery of two-dimensional materials, and it also becomes a prompting area for researchers to focus on exploring their alternatives. In these research activities, silicene attracts significant attention due to its potential in various electronic applications. In addition, polypyrrole (PPy), belonging to the class of intrinsic conducting polymers, is another important material preferentially used in this technology. In this study, a composite material prepared in the form of Ppy:silicene is applied between metal and semiconductor. The resulting Ppy:silicene/p-Si and Ppy:silicene/n-Si photodiodes are discussed according to their diode responses. Structural characteristics of fabricated silicene based layer material are determined by X-ray diffraction technique. Device behaviors of the fabricated devices are mainly analyzed in response to incident light. At this characterization step, electrical measurements are conducted in a dark environment and under different light intensities ranging from 20 to 100 mW/cm2. For instance, the Ppy-Silicene/p-Si device exhibited a barrier height of 0.57 eV and an ideality factor of 3.1, compared to the Ppy-Silicene/n-Si device, which showed a barrier height of 0.55 eV and an ideality factor of 4.9. Characteristic photodiode parameters, such as light sensitivity, responsivity, and detectivity are obtained through current-voltage/time measurements depending on power of light. In addition to these parameters, performance-determining parameters for the diodes as barrier height, series resistance, and ideality factor are investigated according to thermionic emission and Cheung's approaches. The results indicate that the performance of the Ppy-Silicene/p-Si photodiode is significantly more effective than that of the photodiode produced with n-Si substrate. As a result of these experimental works, the fabricated Ppy-Silicene composite material and its diodes, especially on p-Si, can be evaluated as a promising candidate for optoelectronic technology.

A Sub-1 ppm/°C Reference Voltage Source with a Wide Input Range

With the continuous advancement of electronic technology, the application of high-voltage integrated circuits is becoming increasingly prevalent in fields such as power systems, medical devices, and industrial automation. The reference circuit within high-voltage integrated circuits must not only exhibit insensitivity to temperature variations but also maintain stability across a broad voltage supply. This paper presents a bandgap reference (BGR) source capable of operating over a wide input range. This BGR employs a high-order curvature compensation method to eliminate nonlinear voltage terms, resulting in minimal temperature drift. The circuit achieves an impressive temperature coefficient (TC) of 0.88 ppm/°C over a temperature range from −40 °C to 130 °C. To ensure stable operation within a 4–40 V range, the design incorporates a pre-regulation circuit that stabilizes the supply voltage of the BGR core at a fixed value, thereby enhancing the ability to withstand variations in power supply voltage.

Integrated Mechanical and Electronic Design and Comfort Optimization in Smart Furniture

Smart furniture, as an important component of modern home environments, integrates advanced mechanical design and electronic control technologies, enhancing the quality of life for users through automatic sensing and adjustment. With the development of technology, the functionality of smart furniture has continuously expanded, and comfort has become a central focus in its design. This paper explores the integrated mechanical and electronic design in smart furniture, examining its structural design, electronic system integration, and the application of human-machine interaction technology in comfort optimization. The study indicates that the high integration of mechanical and electronic systems not only improves the functionality of the furniture but also optimizes the user experience through technologies such as smart adjustments and personalized control. By using comfort evaluation standards and optimization models, combined with innovative applications of material selection and environmental sensing technologies, smart furniture can adaptively adjust according to different user needs and environmental conditions, thereby achieving optimal comfort. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of smart furniture and points out the direction for future development.

Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymers: A Recent Approach to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding

ABSTRACTElectromagnetic wave (EMW) radiation pollution is getting more severe as result of the advancement of electronic technology. Researching shielding materials with superior EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding characteristics is therefore crucial. Basalt fibers (BFs) have been an emerging candidate in the fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) category due to their favorable mechanical and chemical properties, along with being favorites in sustainability and having low production costs. Therefore, due to the rising need for cheaper and efficient alternatives in the EMI shielding industry, the EMI shielding is covered in terms of BF composite materials and their properties in this review, starting with the EMI shielding mechanism and followed by how BF composites affect the EMI properties. This review then covers the post‐treatments of BF composites and, finally, the factors of the composites that affect the EMI properties. Moreover, the EMI shielding applications in which BFRPs are used are comprehensively discussed as well. This review aspires to bridge an understanding between EMI shielding as a material property and the BF composites that are developed to aid in the EMI shielding application.

Repair Engineering of Crystal Structure in van der Waals Materials by Probe Electron Beam.

The advancement of electronic technology has led to increasing research on performance and stability. Continuous electrical pulse stimulation can cause crystal structure changes, affecting performance and accelerating aging. Controlled repair of these defects is crucial. In this study, we investigated crystal structure changes in van der Waals (vdW) InSe crystals under continuous electric pulses by using electron beam lithography (EBL) and spherical aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy (Cs-TEM). Results show that electrical pulses induce amorphous regions in the InSe lattice, increasing the device resistance. We used Cs-STEM probe scanning for precise repair, abbreviated SPRT, to optimize device performance. SPRT is related to electric fields induced by the electron beam and can be applied to other 2D materials like α-In2Se3 and CrSe2, offering a potential approach to extend device lifespan.

Optimization Analysis of MOSFET Structure and Application

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a crucial power semiconductor device used in electronic equipment, playing a key role in various electronic systems and power electronics. As electronic technology advances, the demand for MOSFETs is increasing, requiring higher switching speeds, lower power consumption, enhanced reliability, and improved integration. Therefore, optimizing MOSFETs and exploring their applications is of significant research importance. This article presents an analysis conducted by both domestic and international scholars, focusing on topics such as the use of asymmetric inner surface oxide, layout optimization of bipolar MOSFETs, design enhancements of fully-encircled gate (GAA) MOSFETs, and studies on double-layer epitaxial structures. Additionally, it discusses the potential applications of MOSFETs in automotive electronic systems. Furthermore, the article delves into the future prospects of MOSFETs, highlighting the exploration of new materials, technological advancements, and heterogeneous integration to achieve higher performance, smaller size, and lower power consumption in devices. Furthermore, these findings from the research assist in guiding ongoing advancements in MOSFET technology and provide an outline of potential future developments.

(Invited) Diverse Strategies for Pseudocapacitance in 2D Materials and Beyond

As electronic technology advances, the need in safe and long-lasting energy storage devices that occupy minimum volume arises. Short charging times of several seconds to minutes, with energy densities comparable to those of batteries, can be achieved in pseudocapacitors. These are sub-class of supercapacitors, where capacitance is mediated by fast redox reactions and can enable at least an order of magnitude more energy to be stored than in typical electrical double layer capacitors. Transition metal oxides (e.g. RuO2, MnO2) and conducting polymers (e.g. polyaniline) serve as typical examples. However, these materials are often high in cost and/or suffer from low cycling stability. As a result, the search for new pseudocapacitive materials constitutes an important direction today.In my talk, I will discuss various strategies to improve the performance metrics of pseudocapacitors, specifically focusing on enhancing capacitance and charging rates. I will primarily discuss the electrochemical behavior of layered materials, such as 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) and 2D pi-conjugated conductive metal-organic frameworks, with a strong emphasis on understanding the mechanisms of charge storage and the various factors influencing electrochemical performance. Additionally, I will explore the role of cation intercalation in layered MXenes as a means to finely tune their electrochemical responses.

Multifunctional Wearable Electronic Based on Fabric Modified by PPy/NiCoAl-LDH for Energy Storage, Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, and Photothermal Conversion.

With the rapid advancement of electronic technology, traditional textiles are challenged to keep up with the demands of wearable electronics. It is anticipated that multifunctional textile-based electronics incorporating energy storage, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and photothermal conversion are expected to alleviate this problem. Herein, a multifunctional cotton fabric with hierarchical array structure (PPy/NiCoAl-LDH/Cotton) is fabricated by the introduction of NiCoAl-layered double hydroxide (NiCoAl-LDH) nanosheet arrays on cotton fibers, followed by polymerization and growth of continuous dense polypyrrole (PPy) conductive layers. The multifunctional cotton fabric shows a high specific areal capacitance of 754.72 mF cm-2 at 5mA cm-2 and maintains a long cycling life (80.95% retention after 1000 cycles). The symmetrical supercapacitor assembled with this fabric achieves an energy density of 20.83µWh cm-2 and a power density of 0.23 mWcm-2. Moreover, the excellent electromagnetic interference shielding (38.83dB), photothermal conversion (70.2 °C at 1000mWcm-2), flexibility and durability are also possess by the multifunctional cotton fabric. Such a multifunctional cotton fabric has great potential for using in new energy, smart electronics, and thermal management applications.

Multilevel Conductance States of Vapor-Transport-Deposited Sb2S3 Memristors Achieved via Electrical and Optical Modulation.

The pursuit of advanced brain-inspired electronic devices and memory technologies has led to explore novel materials by processing multimodal and multilevel tailored conductive properties as the next generation of semiconductor platforms, due to von Neumann architecture limits. Among such materials, antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) thin films exhibit outstanding optical and electronic properties, and therefore, they are ideal for applications such as thin-film solar cells and nonvolatile memory systems. This study investigates the conduction modulation and memory functionalities of Sb2S3 thin films deposited via the vapor transport deposition technique. Experimental results indicate that the Ag/Sb2S3/Pt device possesses properties suitable for memory applications, including low operational voltages, robust endurance, and reliable switching behavior. Further, the reproducibility and stability of these properties across different device batches validate the reliability of these devices for practical implementation. Moreover, Sb2S3-based memristors exhibit artificial neuroplasticity with prolonged stability, promising considerable advancements in neuromorphic computing. Leveraging the photosensitivity of Sb2S3 enables the Ag/Sb2S3/Pt device to exhibit significant low operating potential and conductivity modulation under optical stimulation for memory applications. This research highlights the potential applications of Sb2S3 in future memory devices and optoelectronics and in shaping electronics with versatility.

Synthesis of Spherical Hexagonal Boron Nitride via Precursor Morphology Control

The growing demand for high‐performance semiconductors, driven by the advancement of emerging industries such as artificial intelligence (AI), necessitates the development of novel materials for thermal management. In this respect, hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its unique properties. However, challenges arise from its two‐dimensional layered structure, resulting in thermal transfer anisotropy and poor fluidity when mixed with polymers for thermal management. To address these challenges, researchers have attempted to fabricate h‐BN into spherical shapes. In this study, a two‐step synthesis method of spherical h‐BN (s‐BN) particles via control of the precursor morphology and a subsequent thermal reaction is proposed. Therefore, as‐fabricated s‐BN exhibits solid spherical shapes with a uniform size distribution, with a median particle size of 0.955 μm. These s‐BN particles, when integrated into epoxy resin, disperse homogeneously, forming efficient heat transfer networks that achieve a 138% improvement in thermal conductivity compared to h‐BN particles with similar diameters, even at lower viscosities. This can overcome the limitations found in the conventional particle shapes while preserving the advantages of h‐BN. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the s‐BN will be applied in thermal management systems, thereby accelerating advancements in electronic technology.

Enhancement of Cu-to-Cu bonding property by residual stress in Cu substrate

This study investigated the use of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) as a novel material for interconnecting joints in advanced electronic packaging technology. Cu NPs offered a promising alternative due to their excellent electrical and thermal properties. Cu NPs were characterized as single crystals by a transmission electron microscope, and electron backscatter diffraction confirmed that the grain size of the Cu substrate was about 11 μm and only became slightly larger after thermal annealing. Surface diffusion was determined to be the dominant kinetic path for Cu NP sintering on the substrate. An additional driving force for sintering was validated by measuring the stress state using X-ray diffraction. The characterization results provided evidence for proposing a mechanism to explain how residual stress influenced atomic behavior during the sintering process. High residual stress enhanced the strength of the Cu NP joints and improved the reliability of electronic devices.

Exploring the Reconfigurable Memory Effect in Electroforming-Free YMnO3-Based Resistive Switches: Towards a Tunable Frequency Response.

Memristors, since their inception, have demonstrated remarkable characteristics, notably the exceptional reconfigurability of their memory. This study delves into electroforming-free YMnO3 (YMO)-based resistive switches, emphasizing the reconfigurable memory effect in multiferroic YMO thin films with metallically conducting electrodes and their pivotal role in achieving adaptable frequency responses in impedance circuits consisting of reconfigurable YMO-based resistive switches and no reconfigurable passive elements, e.g., inductors and capacitors. The multiferroic YMO possesses a network of charged domain walls which can be reconfigured by a time-dependent voltage applied between the metallically conducting electrodes. Through experimental demonstrations, this study scrutinizes the impedance response not only for individual switch devices but also for impedance circuitry based on YMO resistive switches in both low- and high-resistance states, interfacing with capacitors and inductors in parallel and series configurations. Scrutinized Nyquist plots visually capture the intricate dynamics of impedance circuitry, revealing the potential of electroforming-free YMO resistive switches in finely tuning frequency responses within impedance circuits. This adaptability, rooted in the unique properties of YMO, signifies a paradigm shift heralding the advent of advanced and flexible electronic technologies.

Semi-liquid metal-based highly permeable and adhesive electronic skin inspired by spider web

Soft and stretchable electronics have garnered significant attention in various fields, such as wearable electronics, electronic skins, and soft robotics. However, current wearable electronics made from materials like conductive elastomers, hydrogels, and liquid metals face limitations, including low permeability, poor adhesion, inadequate conductivity, and limited stretchability. These issues hinder their effectiveness in long-term healthcare monitoring and exercise monitoring. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel design of web-droplet-like electronics featuring a semi-liquid metal coating for wearable applications. This innovative design offers high permeability, excellent stretchability, strong adhesion, and good conductivity for the electronic skin. The unique structure, inspired by the architecture of a spider web, significantly enhances air permeability compared to commercial breathable patches. Furthermore, the distribution of polyborosiloxane mimics the adhesive properties of spider web mucus, while the use of semi-liquid metals in this design results in remarkable conductivity (9 × 106 S/m) and tensile performance (up to 850% strain). This advanced electronic skin technology enables long-term monitoring of various physiological parameters and supports machine learning recognition functions with unparalleled advantages. This web-droplet structure design strategy holds great promise for commercial applications in medical health monitoring and disease diagnosis.

Comparative Analysis of Thermal Properties in Molybdenum Substrate to Silicon and Glass for a System-on-Foil Integration

Advanced electronics technology is moving towards smaller footprints and higher computational power. In order to achieve this, advanced packaging techniques are currently being considered, including organic, glass, and semiconductor-based substrates that allow for 2.5D or 3D integration of chips and devices. Metal-core substrates are a new alternative with similar properties to those of semiconductor-based substrates but with the added benefits of higher flexibility and metal ductility. This work comprehensively compares the thermal properties of a novel metal-based substrate, molybdenum, and silicon and fused silica glass substrates in the context of system-on-foil (SoF) integration. A simple electronic technique is used to simulate the heat generated by a typical CPU and to measure the heat dissipation properties of the substrates. The results indicate that molybdenum and silicon are able to effectively dissipate a continuous power density of 2.3 W/mm2 as the surface temperature only increases by ~15 °C. In contrast, the surface temperature of fused silica glass substrates increases by >140 °C for the same applied power. These simple techniques and measurements were validated with infrared camera measurements as well as through finite element analysis via COMSOL simulation. The results validate the use of molybdenum as an advanced packaging substrate and can be used to characterize new substrates and approaches for advanced packaging.