Advanced Delivery Systems Research Articles

지역사회 통합돌봄 수행 구청조직과 사회복지조직 간 네트워크 패턴에 대한 탐색적 연구

This study attempted to provide data and implications for establishing a competent care network system through implementing community-based integrated care policies by examining the network between the district office, the SOS care center, and social welfare institutions within the local community. The target area was S District in Seoul, and in all twenty-six general social welfare centers, institutions and organizations for the elderly and the disabled were analyzed for social networking among private institutions. The structure and characteristics of the network between the district office and social welfare organization were examined through sociogram and centrality. The network between organizations carrying out integrated care in S District of the Seoul, was led by the local government, and the district office had a great influence. In addition, by confirming the role of the SOS care center as a central institution in the network in discovery and request of subjects, the basis for promoting an integrated care policy centered on local governments was presented. This study confirmed the importance of a public-private network in establishing a community-based advanced care service delivery system by revealing the characteristics of private central institutions participating in the network. Finally, this study proposed practical implications for the expansion and development of community-based integrated care.

A Narrative Review of the Potential Roles of Lipid-Based Vesicles (Vesiculosomes) in Burn Management

Burn injuries can have a lasting effect on people’s quality of life, as they negatively impact their physical and mental health. Then, they are likely to suffer psychological problems as a result. A serious problem is that deep burns are more challenging to treat due to their slow healing rate and susceptibility to microbial infection. Conventional topical medications used for burn treatment are sometimes ineffective because they cannot optimize their ability of transcutaneous absorption at the targeted site and accelerate healing. However, nanotechnology offers excellent prospects for developing current medical wound therapies and is capable of addressing issues such as low drug stability, water solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. The current review focuses on lipid-based vesicles (vesiculosomes) as an example of advanced delivery systems, showing their potential clinical applications in burn wound management. Vesiculosomes may help overcome impediments including the low bioavailability of active agents, offering the controlled release of drugs, increased drug stability, fewer side effects, and reduced dosing frequency, which will ultimately improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. We discuss the application of various types of vesiculosomes such as liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, cubosomes, transfersomes, and phytosomes in burn healing therapy, as these demonstrate superior skin penetration compared to conventional burn topical treatment. We also highlight their noteworthy uses in the formulation of natural products and discuss the current status as well as future perspectives of these carriers in burn management. Furthermore, the burn treatment options currently available in the market are also summarized.

Advances on Delivery of Cytotoxic Enzymes as Anticancer Agents.

Cancer is one of the most serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths worldwide annually, and, therefore, it is one of the most investigated research disciplines. Developing efficient anticancer tools includes studying the effects of different natural enzymes of plant and microbial origin on tumor cells. The development of various smart delivery systems based on enzyme drugs has been conducted for more than two decades. Some of these delivery systems have been developed to the point that they have reached clinical stages, and a few have even found application in selected cancer treatments. Various biological, chemical, and physical approaches have been utilized to enhance their efficiencies by improving their delivery and targeting. In this paper, we review advanced delivery systems for enzyme drugs for use in cancer therapy. Their structure-based functions, mechanisms of action, fused forms with other peptides in terms of targeting and penetration, and other main results from in vivo and clinical studies of these advanced delivery systems are highlighted.

113-OR: The Best Insulin Delivery System Remains a Human Pancreas

Purpose: Patients referred for pancreas transplantation represent a subset of difficult to treat diabetics, who may have clinical factors preventing them from achieving a goal Hgb A1C of ≤7%. Advanced insulin delivery systems with continuous glucose monitor (CGM) have been developed to offer less invasive treatment options in this population. We wanted to see how pancreas transplant performed compared to alternative modalities. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of pancreas transplantation at our institution from January 1, 20 through August 1, 2021. All patients were ≥18 years who underwent either simultaneous kidney pancreas (SPK) , pancreas after kidney (PAK) , or pancreas transplant alone (PTA) . Outcomes were assessed by HgbA1C level at evaluation (eval) , at transplant (pre) , between 3-5 months posttransplant (post) and the most recent (MR) (avg 62 months SD 75.4 months) . Results: 133 patients underwent pancreas transplant during the study period, 85 SPK (62%) 39 PAK (30%) and PTA (8%) . (14%) patients suffered graft loss in the first year and were excluded from analysis. Overall, 1, and 5-year pancreas graft survival was 86% and 82%. 96 (84%) had type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 18 (16%) had type 2 diabetes (T2D) . Of the 114 patients, 33 (29%) utilized CGM with or without pump (CGM) prior to transplant and had a lower Hgb A1C (%) than those without (nonCGM) (8.18 SD 1.5 vs. 8.75 SD 1.9 p=0.04) . Hgb A1C then improved for the nonCGM group during their time on the waitlist (8.75 to 8.36 SD 1.8 p=0.004) but not the CGM group (8.18 to 8.SD 1.3 p=0.24) . Post-transplant saw significant improvement in CGM pre 8.to post 5.0 (SD.6 p=2.7E-17) and MR 5.3 (SD 0.7 p=9.9E-14) and in nonCGM pre 8.4 to post 5.2 (SD 0.62 p= 2.9E-29) and MR 5.4 (SD 0.7 p= 7.3E-29) . Conclusion: Considering the clinical challenges of staying in range for difficult to treat diabetes, leading to HgbA1C goal of ≥7%, solid organ pancreas transplantation offers superior glycemic control compared to advanced insulin delivery systems with CGM. Disclosure K.R.Mccune: None. G.Dube: None. L.E.Ratner: Advisory Panel; CareDx, Immunocore, Ltd., Natera, Stock/Shareholder; Gilead Sciences, Inc., Hansa BioPharma.

Novel Gels: An Emerging Approach for Delivering of Therapeutic Molecules and Recent Trends.

Gels are semisolid, homogeneous systems with continuous or discrete therapeutic molecules in a suitable lipophilic or hydrophilic three-dimensional network base. Innovative gel systems possess multipurpose applications in cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and so forth. Formulating a gel-based delivery system is simple and the delivery system enables the release of loaded therapeutic molecules. Furthermore, it facilitates the delivery of molecules via various routes as these gel-based systems offer proximal surface contact between a loaded therapeutic molecule and an absorption site. In the past decade, researchers have potentially explored and established a significant understanding of gel-based delivery systems for drug delivery. Subsequently, they have enabled the prospects of developing novel gel-based systems that illicit drug release by specific biological or external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, enzymes, ultrasound, antigens, etc. These systems are considered smart gels for their broad applications. This review reflects the significant role of advanced gel-based delivery systems for various therapeutic benefits. This detailed discussion is focused on strategies for the formulation of different novel gel-based systems, as well as it highlights the current research trends of these systems and patented technologies.

Characterization of β-cyclodextrin/phillipsite (β-CD/Ph) composite as a potential carrier for oxaliplatin as therapy for colorectal cancer; loading, release, and cytotoxicity

β-cyclodextrin/phillipsite (β-CD/Ph) composite was synthesized and studied for the first time as an advanced, low cost, effective, and multifunctional delivery system for oxaliplatin drug of enhanced loading, release, and anticancer properties. The functionalization of phillipsite resulted in a significant enhancement in the OXP loading capacity (79.6 mg/g (phillipsite)) and 291.5 mg/g (β-CD/Ph). The OXP loading behavior of β-CD/Ph follows the kinetic and isotherm of Pseudo-First order (R2 =0.98) and Freundlich (R2 =0.99) models, respectively. The steric properties of the advanced equilibrium modeling demonstrate high active sites densities for β-CD/Ph (98.3 mg/g) than phillipsite (27.9 mg/g) which illustrates its high loading capacity. The loading energy (−8.17 KJ/mol) and the number of loaded OXP per site (n = 2.96) suggest loading of two or three molecules per site by multi-molecular and physical mechanisms (< 40 KJ/mol). The OXP release profile from β-CD/Ph show controlled behavior as compared to phillipsite either within the acetate buffer (140 h) or phosphate buffer (180 h). The OXP release kinetics considers the diffusion exponent (0.48–0.67) reflecting complex diffusion and erosion release mechanisms. The cytotoxicity studies on colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116) declared significant activity for the composite itself and significant enhancement for the effect of the loaded drug. Additionally, the composite is of safe and biocompatible properties considering its cytotoxic effect on normal colorectal cells (CCD-18Co).

HF02-07 HISTORY OF PERIPHERAL TIBIAL NERVE STIMULATION IN UROLOGY

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022HF02-07 HISTORY OF PERIPHERAL TIBIAL NERVE STIMULATION IN UROLOGY Adam Visca, Raymond Lay, Annette E. Sessions, Ronald Rabinowitz, and Divya Ajay Adam ViscaAdam Visca More articles by this author , Raymond LayRaymond Lay More articles by this author , Annette E. SessionsAnnette E. Sessions More articles by this author , Ronald RabinowitzRonald Rabinowitz More articles by this author , and Divya AjayDivya Ajay More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002540.07AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: As of 2011, an estimated 29.8 million adults in the United States are living with overactive bladder (OAB). Peripheral Tibial Nerve Stimulation (PTNS) is a tertiary treatment for patients refractory to behavioral and pharmacological interventions. This article reviews the history of the use of PTNS in Urology from its roots in acupuncture to the third-line therapy we routinely offer patients. METHODS: We reviewed medical literature, text, magazines, and multimedia surrounding the history and development of PTNS. RESULTS: The first undisputed record of an organized system of diagnosis and treatment using acupuncture is The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, which contains techniques dating to 2600 BCE. This writing first described the existence of “meridians'' through which energy (Qi) flows. In 1683, Dr. Willem ten Rhyne introduced this technique to Western Europe when he published Dissertation of Arthritis, Logarithmic Text, Acupuncture and Three Subjects after witnessing it in Japan. In 1983, Edward J. McGuire and colleagues published the first paper to describe PTNS treatment for OAB in human patients. They directly cited acupuncture as their inspiration for the technique. In 1999, Marshall L. Stoller refined the technique and expanded treatment regimens to the 10-12 week protocol that is still in use today. In 2010 Kenneth M. Peters and colleagues as well as Enrico Finazzi-Agro and colleagues published sham-controlled studies with similar results after weekly treatments for 12 weeks. The success of these studies directly led to the FDA clearing PTNS for treatment of overactive bladder even though its specific mechanism remained poorly understood. Several exciting new developments like implantable versions are now making PTNS more convenient and potentially more efficacious. Notably, there is a physiological basis for why PTNS may treat chronic pelvic pain, but efficacy for this condition remains contentious. CONCLUSIONS: Since Edward J. McGuire and colleagues established the method in 1983, PTNS has proven to be an effective, minimally invasive treatment for OAB. Current advances in delivery systems are making this procedure more accessible and appealing than ever. All the while it is nearly as puzzling as the ancient technique from which it is derived. Source of Funding: None © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e208 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Adam Visca More articles by this author Raymond Lay More articles by this author Annette E. Sessions More articles by this author Ronald Rabinowitz More articles by this author Divya Ajay More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

MRNA based vaccines as an alternative to conventional vaccine approaches

In recent years, vaccines based on mRNA are providing protection against infectious diseases and treatment for cancer. These vaccines offer many advantages as compared to traditional vaccines. They can be rapidly and easily manufactured at a low cost and are reliable for administration. These vaccines can generate both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Their administration is still limited because of the risk of quick degradation and ineffectiveness after delivery. Technological advancements are recently being made to overcome these issues. This review summarizes current mRNA vaccine development, safety concerns, advances in delivery systems, clinical trials, and various therapeutic applications of mRNA vaccines.

Emerging Nanotherapeutic Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancers with Update on Clinical Trials.

A key issue with modern cancer treatments is the emergence of resistance to conventional chemotherapy and molecularly targeted medicines. Cancer nanotherapeutics were created in order to overcome the inherent limitations of traditional chemotherapeutics. Over the last few decades, cancer nanotherapeutics provided unparalleled opportunities to understand and overcome drug resistance through clinical assessment of rationally designed nanoparticulate delivery systems. In this context, various design strategies such as passive targeting, active targeting, nano-drug, and multimodal nano-drug combination therapy provided effective cancer treatment. Even though cancer nanotherapy has made great technological progress, tumor biology complexity and heterogeneity and a lack of comprehensive knowledge of nano-bio interactions remain important roadblocks to future clinical translation and commercialization. The current developments and advancements in cancer nanotherapeutics employing a wide variety of nanomaterial-based platforms to overcome cancer treatment resistance are discussed in this article. There is also a review of various nanotherapeutics-based approaches to cancer therapy, including targeting strategies for the tumor microenvironment and its components, advanced delivery systems for specific targeting of cancer stem cells (CSC), as well as exosomes for delivery strategies, and an update on clinical trials. Finally, challenges and the future perspective of the cancer nanotherapeutics to reverse cancer drug resistance are discussed.

Microfluidic Separation, Detection, and Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Diagnostics and Drug Delivery

ConspectusExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived submicron bioparticles composed of lipid bilayer membrane and molecular cargos, acting as important mediators of physiopathological cellular processes. The analysis and engineering of EVs hold significant therapeutic potential in noninvasive cancer diagnostics and innovative drug delivery systems. Despite significant improvements in technologies for EV investigation, the clinical use of EVs has been hampered by several challenges including the requirement of expensive equipment such as ultracentrifuge for EV isolation from clinical samples, laborious and time-consuming procedures for EV analysis, and large batch-to-batch variation for EV engineering. In this respect, microfluidic technologies have attracted increasing attention as promising avenues to accelerate the study of EVs by offering advantages of small-volume capacity, cost effectiveness, precise manipulation of bioparticles, streamlined workflows, high levels of sensitivity and specificity, and good reproducibility and stability.In this Account, we review the state-of-the-art advances in the development of microfluidic platforms for EV separation, detection, and engineering with key applications in cancer diagnostics and drug delivery. We first elaborate a variety of passive and active microfluidic approaches for label-free, high-resolution separation of EVs from biological matrix based on their physical properties. As an example of passive method, viscoelastic microfluidics exploits the size-dependent elastic lift force imposed on EVs in a viscoelastic medium, allowing for the high-resolution isolation of EVs from biofluids. The active methods leverage the use of externally applied physical fields (e.g., electric and acoustic fields) to achieve rapid separation of submicron-sized EVs. We then summarize different signal amplification and detection strategies implemented with microfluidic platforms for sensitive and specific characterization of EVs in clinical samples. The combination of microfluidics with thermophoresis-assisted fluorescence detection, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and magnetic detection have been employed to profile EV surface proteins, miRNAs, mRNAs, etc. These EV-associated biomarkers reveal great potential for the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of cancer. We also survey the progress in microfluidic engineering of EVs that utilizes the intensive physical (acoustic and electric fields) or mechanical force fields to load active cargo into EVs in a reproducible, continuous manner. The engineered EVs have been developed as advanced delivery systems with improved immune evasion, targeting capability, and therapeutic effectiveness. Finally, we conclude this Account by outlining the challenges, opportunities, and future directions in the microfluidic investigation of EVs in the clinic and in vivo.

In Vitro Evaluation of a Foamable Microemulsion Towards an Improved Topical Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium.

Topical microemulsion (ME) might provide a novel and advanced transdermal delivery system due to the enhances of drug solubility and permeability across the stratum corneum. Foams are topical delivery systems that have excellent patient compliance, acceptability, and preference. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate a foamable microemulsion as an alternative topical and transdermal dosage form for diclofenac sodium (DS). The physicochemical properties (optical clarity, percentage transmittance, homogeneity, consistency of formulation, particle size, zeta potential, conductivity, viscosity, and morphology, etc.) of the DS-loaded ME were investigated. The foam stability of both drug-free ME and DS-loaded ME was measured. The foam quality was evaluated, and the chemical stability over 90days was determined. Franz diffusion cells were employed to assess the in vitro drug release of a foamed DS-loaded ME and compared with a commercial topical product. A foamable and stable DS-loaded ME that maintained small particle sizes and constant zeta potential and was transparent and translucent in appearance after 90days was successfully produced. The foam of the DS-loaded ME was physically more stable compared to the drug-free foam. The foam had an increased drug release rate compared to the commercial product. The foamable DS-loaded ME has a great potential to enhance the transdermal delivery of DS after topical administration. Foamed DS-loaded ME is a promising alternative to the current topical formulation of DS.

Recent Advances in Delivery Systems for Genetic and Other Novel Vaccines.

Vaccination is one of the most successful and cost-effective prophylactic measures against diseases, especially infectious diseases including smallpox and polio. However, the development of effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines for other diseases such as cancer remains challenging. This is often due to the imprecise control of vaccine activity in vivo which leads to insufficient/inappropriate immune responses or short immune memory. The development of new vaccine types in recent decades has created the potential for improving the protective potency against these diseases. Genetic and subunit vaccines are two major categories of these emerging vaccines. Owing to their nature, they rely heavily on delivery systems with various functions, such as effective cargo protection, immunogenicity enhancement, targeted delivery, sustained release of antigens, selective activation of humoral and/or cellular immune responses against specific antigens, and reduced adverse effects. Therefore, vaccine delivery systems may significantly affect the final outcome of genetic and other novel vaccines and are vital for their development. This review introduces these studies based on their research emphasis on functional design or administration route optimization, presents recent progress, and discusses features of new vaccine delivery systems, providing an overview of this field.

Neem oil and its nanoemulsion in sustainable food preservation and packaging: Current status and future prospects

Neem oil is a natural, bioactive plant extract obtained primarily from neem seeds. It has excellent antimicrobial, antioxidant, pesticidal and insecticidal properties rendering it an attractive alternative to synthetic chemicals in application of food preservation, packaging and storage. Neem oil and its components (e.g., azadirachtin) have been used in storage of food grains for many years. Photosensitivity, rapid degradation, and impact(s) on sensory qualities of food pose major challenges against applications in food preservation and packaging. Nanoemulsions of neem oil are gaining extensive research attention in various fields including food and agriculture sectors, as they are more stable, efficient, and possess improved functionalities. Neem oil or its nanoemulsion has also been used in chitosan, starch, or pectin based active packaging of foods including fruits and vegetables. Numerous studies have reported that careful use of neem oil and its components in food preservation, packaging, and coatings are for human health and also environment-friendly. The current review briefly insight the chemistry, functional properties of neem oil, advanced delivery system, nanoemulsion preparation techniques, various applications of neem oil and nanoemulsion for food preservation and packaging and also risk assessment on human health and environments along with current and future prospects. • Neem oil is a natural bioactive compound primarily obtained from neem seeds. • Neem oil is an effective antimicrobial, antioxidant, biopesticide and insecticide. • It is an effective deterrent against insect attacks in stored food grains. • Neem oil can be used as active functional agent in sustainable food packaging. • It is a promising alternative to synthetic chemicals especially in food sector.

A high-dosage microneedle for programmable lidocaine delivery and enhanced local long-lasting analgesia

Considering the staggering global prevalence of local pain affecting hundreds of million individuals, it is of great significance to develop advanced dosage forms or delivery systems for analgesic therapy to fulfill clinical applicability. In this study, a hydrogel microneedles (MNs) system made out of gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) was designed to deliver lidocaine hydrochloride (LiH) in a sustained manner, and the drug loading capacity of the GelMA MNs was increased considerably by using the backing layer reservoir. The in vitro and in vivo tests showed that the fabricated GelMA MNs are strong enough for reliable skin application, and achieve high drug delivery efficiency as compared with the commercial lidocaine patches. The Spared-nerve injury (SNI) model of rats was also prepared to test behavioral pain sensitivity in response to mechanical stimuli, which proved that the LiH/GelMA MNs can enhance and prolong the anesthetic effect of LiH. In addition, with biosafety evaluation in rats, the MNs treated site restored to normal appearance within several hours of application and no dermatosis-related side effects or behavior disorders were observed during the experiment. Together these results indicated that the use of GelMA MNs for transdermal delivery of LiH is an effective, safe and simple treatment method to provide a better choice for local long-lasting analgesia.

Practical Guidelines for the Safe Use of Fluorine Gas Employing Continuous Flow Technology

Despite a strong demand for fluorinated molecules in the pharma and agrochemical industry, the production of fluorinated compounds is often outsourced to specialized laboratories. This is likely the result of safety concerns in handling hazardous fluorinating reagents, alongside the lack of expertise and equipment. Continuous flow chemistry has become an established method to perform hazardous reactions in a safe and controlled manner. To address safety issues and technical challenges, we herein provide a detailed description of the design of an advanced fluorine gas delivery system using 10% fluorine in nitrogen. Furthermore, an overview of suitable flow reactor components and the reactor design on laboratory scale is furnished. The safety precautions to mitigate risks associated with handling 10% fluorine in nitrogen are also covered and include safety equipment integrated in the fluorine facility, risk assessment, personal protective equipment, and first aid measures.

Role of miRNAs in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy: A Recent Update.

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been one of the revolutionary developments and has led to the advent of new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for the management of cancer. In this regard, miRNA dysregulation has been shown to play a critical role in various stages of tumorigenesis, including tumor invasion, metastasis as well as angiogenesis. Therefore, miRNA profiling can provide accurate fingerprints for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic platforms. This review discusses the recent discoveries of miRNA- based tools for early detection of cancer as well as disease monitoring in cancers that are common, like breast, lung, hepatic, colorectal, oral and brain cancer. Based on the involvement of miRNA in different cancers as oncogenic miRNA or tumor suppressor miRNA, the treatment with miRNA inhibitors or mimics is recommended. However, the stability and targeted delivery of miRNA remain the major limitations of miRNA delivery. In relation to this, several nanoparticle-based delivery systems have been reported which have effectively delivered the miRNA mimics or inhibitors and showed the potential for transforming these advanced delivery systems from bench to bedside in the treatment of cancer metastasis and chemoresistance. Based on this, we attempted to uncover recently reported advanced nanotherapeutic approaches to deliver the miRNAs in the management of different cancers.

Concepts of advanced therapeutic delivery systems for the management of remodeling and inflammation in airway diseases.

Chronic respiratory disorders affect millions of people worldwide. Pathophysiological changes to the normal airway wall structure, including changes in the composition and organization of its cellular and molecular constituents, are referred to as airway remodeling. The inadequacy of effective treatment strategies and scarcity of novel therapies available for the treatment and management of chronic respiratory diseases have given rise to a serious impediment in the clinical management of such diseases. The progress made in advanced drug delivery, has offered additional advantages to fight against the emerging complications of airway remodeling. This review aims to address the gaps in current knowledge about airway remodeling, the relationships between remodeling, inflammation, clinical phenotypes and the significance of using novel drug delivery methods.

Lipid nanoparticles: An advanced delivery system for quercetin

Quercetin is a flavonoid with strong antioxidant activity considered as a potential drug candidate for number of chronic diseases; crude quercetin suffers from poor water solubility and consequently topical inactivity. Therefore, quercetin formulation within a suitable system that overcomes its solubility limitation is a matter of investigation. Many approaches were tested to improve quercetin delivery to skin. One effective approach is lipid nanocapsules. These nanoformulations are ideal in terms of average particle size and homogeneity (PDI). Hence, lipid nanoparticles are an attractive candidate for the encapsulation of quercetin for potent and effective drug delivery.

Chitosan Nanoparticles: An Approbative System for the Delivery of Herbal Bioactives

: Chitosan, a natural biodegradable polymer obtained from deacetylation of chitin, has been used as an approbative macromolecule for the development of various novel drug delivery systems. It is one of the most favorable biodegradable carriers for nanoparticulate drug delivery due to its intrinsic properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, availability of free reactive amino groups, and ease of chemical modification into different active derivatives. Furthermore, interesting physical properties (film-forming, gelling and thickening) make it a suitable candidate for formulations, such as films, microcapsules, beads, nanoparticles, nanofibres, nanogel and so on. Researchers have reported that chitosan nanoparticles act as a promising vehicle for herbal actives as they provide a superior alternative to traditional carriers and improve pharmaceutical efficiency. As no review of chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating herbal extracts and bioactives has been published till date, a maiden effort has been made to collate and review the use of chitosan nanoparticles for the entrapment of phytoconstituents to yield stable, efficient and safe drug delivery systems. Additionally, the paper presents a comprehensive account of the state-of the-art in fabricating herbal chitosan nanoparticles and their current pharmacological status. A list of patents on chitosan nanoparticles of herbal actives has also been included. This review is intended to serve as a didactic discourse for the formulation scientists endeavoring to develop advanced delivery systems for herbal actives.

Nanovaccine Delivery Approaches and Advanced Delivery Systems for the Prevention of Viral Infections: From Development to Clinical Application.

Viral infections causing pandemics and chronic diseases are the main culprits implicated in devastating global clinical and socioeconomic impacts, as clearly manifested during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Immunoprophylaxis via mass immunisation with vaccines has been shown to be an efficient strategy to control such viral infections, with the successful and recently accelerated development of different types of vaccines, thanks to the advanced biotechnological techniques involved in the upstream and downstream processing of these products. However, there is still much work to be done for the improvement of efficacy and safety when it comes to the choice of delivery systems, formulations, dosage form and route of administration, which are not only crucial for immunisation effectiveness, but also for vaccine stability, dose frequency, patient convenience and logistics for mass immunisation. In this review, we discuss the main vaccine delivery systems and associated challenges, as well as the recent success in developing nanomaterials-based and advanced delivery systems to tackle these challenges. Manufacturing and regulatory requirements for the development of these systems for successful clinical and marketing authorisation were also considered. Here, we comprehensively review nanovaccines from development to clinical application, which will be relevant to vaccine developers, regulators, and clinicians.