Advanced Clones Research Articles

Bioethanol from poplar clone Imola: an environmentally viable alternative to fossil fuel?

BackgroundEnvironmental issues, e.g. climate change, fossil resource depletion have triggered ambitious national/regional policies to develop biofuel and bioenergy roles within the overall energy portfolio to achieve decarbonising the global economy and increase energy security. With the 10 % binding target for the transport sector, the Renewable Energy Directive confirms the EU’s commitment to renewable transport fuels especially advanced biofuels. Imola is an elite poplar clone crossed from Populus deltoides Bartr. and Populus nigra L. by Research Units for Intensive Wood Production, Agriculture Research Council in Italy. This study examines its suitability for plantation cultivation under short or very short rotation coppice regimes as a potential lignocellulosic feedstock for the production of ethanol as a transport biofuel. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to model the cradle-to-gate environmental profile of Imola-derived biofuel benchmarked against conventional fossil gasoline. Specific attention was given to analysing the agroecosystem fluxes of carbon and nitrogen occurring in the cultivation of the Imola biomass in the biofuel life cycle using a process-oriented biogeochemistry model (DeNitrification-DeComposition) specifically modified for application to 2G perennial bioenergy crops and carbon and nitrogen cycling.ResultsOur results demonstrate that carbon and nitrogen cycling in perennial crop–soil ecosystems such as this example can be expected to have significant effects on the overall environmental profiles of 2G biofuels. In particular, soil carbon accumulation in perennial biomass plantations is likely to be a significant component in the overall greenhouse gas balance of future biofuel and other biorefinery products and warrants ongoing research and data collection for LCA models. We conclude that bioethanol produced from Imola represents a promising alternative transport fuel offering some savings ranging from 35 to 100 % over petrol in global warming potential, ozone depletion and photochemical oxidation impact categories.ConclusionsVia comparative analyses for Imola-derived bioethanol across potential supply chains, we highlight priority issues for potential improvement in 2G biofuel profiling. Advanced clones of poplar such as Imola for 2G biofuel production in Italy as modelled here show potential to deliver an environmentally sustainable lignocellulosic biorefinery industry and accelerate advanced biofuel penetration in the transport sector.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-015-0318-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Registration of ‘YZ05-51’ Sugarcane

‘YZ05-51’ (Reg. No. CV-161, PI 673444) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) was developed through cooperative research conducted by the Yunnan Sugarcane Research Institute (YSRI) of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Yunnan Yunzhe Technology Development Co. Ltd. It was released to growers in mainland China on 1 Aug. 2013. YZ05-51 was selected from the cross Yacheng 90-56 × ‘ROC 23’ planned by YSRI and crossed at Yacheng Sugarcane Breeding Station (YSBS) of the Guangzhou Sugar Industry Research Institute, Yacheng, Hainan Province of mainland China in January 2005. The female parent (Yacheng 90-56) is an advanced clone developed by YSBS. The male parent (ROC23) is a cultivar developed by the Taiwan Sugar Research Institute. YZ05-51 was selected from a five-stage selection program in YSRI and tested in the eighth China Regional Trial for Sugarcane Varieties at 14 locations in mainland China for 2 yr. YZ05-51 was released by the China Committee of Sugarcane Variety Release because of its higher cane yield compared with ROC16 and ROC22 (two reference cultivars) (7.1 and 1.1%, respectively), its higher sugar yield compared with ROC16 and ROC22 (10.6 and 2.7%, respectively), and its resistance to drought, high resistance to smut (caused by Ustilago scitaminea H. & P. Sydow), and moderate resistance to mosaic (Sorghum mosaic virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus).

Nutritional contents of advanced breeding clones of Solanum tuberosum group Phureja

Nutritional contents of seven advanced breeding clones (AC) of potato (Solanum tuberosum group Phureja) and two commercial cultivars, Criolla Colombia and Criolla Galeras, of S. tuberosum group Phureja as control were evaluated. Fat, protein, ash, dietary fibre, and mineral contents were determined in whole boiled tubers. The AC-04 had the highest levels of protein (9.7 g/100 g dried weight, DW) and magnesium (107.0 mg/100 g DW) as compared to Criolla Colombia (4.0 g of protein/100 g DW and 99.5 mg of magnesium/100 g DW) and Criolla Galeras (3.1 g of protein/100 g DW and 95.0 mg of magnesium/100 g DW). The highest contents of fat (0.7 g/100 g DW), soluble dietary fibre (4.9 g/100 g DW), and manganese (0.8 mg/100 g DW) were found in AC-09, values that represented 3.9, 1.7, and 1.2 fold increase as compared to Criolla Colombia, respectively, and 3.9, 1.8, and 1.1 fold increase as compared to Criolla Galeras. The AC-51 had the highest content of insoluble dietary fibre (13.8 g/100 g DW). Among all genotypes the AC-52 had the highest contents of iron (1.3 fold increase), zinc (1.2 fold increase), and calcium (1.3 fold increase) as compared to Criolla Colombia.

Modeling Spatial Correlation Structure in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Multi-Environment Trials

Comparative multi-environment trials (METs) of sugarcane genotypes are frequently conducted using a randomized complete-block design (RCBD) within environments. However, blocking does not always ensure spatial variation control because of differential competition for resources among neighboring genotypes. Heterogeneity within trials may also cause between-trial heterocedasticity. This work aims to evaluate different linear mixed models (LMMs) that enable the analysis of spatial correlation and residual heterogeneity among trials for both tons of cane per hectare (TCH) and sucrose content (SC%) in three series of multi-environmental trials conducted to evaluate advanced sugarcane clones. A total of 16 sugarcane trials conducted at different sites and in different crop cycles (age) were analyzed. Individual (age×site combination) and multi-environment analyses were performed. For SC%, the classic RCBD analysis within trial was adequate. For TCH, the anisotropic autoregressive model of order 1 (AR1×AR1) was the best to compare genotype means in most trials, allowing gain in information equivalent, on average, to the addition of 1.6 replicates to the original design. In the case of multi-environment analysis, the AR1×AR1 within-trial with among-trial heteroscedasticity was the best model to compare variety means, both for TCH and SC%. The results showed how a more appropriate mixed model would help avoid commission of judgment errors in sugarcane variety recommendations.

Rooting Potential of Mini-Cuttings for the Production of Potato Plantlets

The production of mini-tubers under soilless cultivation system increased the availability of pathogen-free seed potatoes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rooting capability of mini-cuttings of potato clones as a function of the irrigation solution and the physiological age of the mother plant, under soilless cultivation system. Potato mini-cuttings were collected from young and mature plants of the cultivars Asterix and Macaca and the advanced clone SMINIA 793101-3. The young plants were newly acclimatized individuals and the mature plants were at the stage of producing mini-tubers. In the first experiment, mini-cuttings originating from summer pruning of mature plants were grown under closed soilless cultivation system irrigated with a nu- trient solution developed for the production of potato mini-tubers and a solution comprised of tap water only. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (clones and irrigation solutions) in the complete random design with four replicates of 15 mini-cuttings. In the second experiment, the young and mature mini-cuttings were established under a closed soilless cultivation system irrigated with nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (clones and physiological age of the mother plant) in the complete random design with four replicates of 15 mini-cuttings. In both experiments, the percentage of rooting and survival of mini-cuttings, number of roots and length of the longest root were assessed at 21 days of cultivation. Potato mini-cuttings can be rooted under closed soilless cultivation system irrigated with nutrient solution or tap water. Mini-cuttings of young plants have higher rooting capability compared to the ones taken from mature plants. The loss of rooting capability depends upon the potato cultivar.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation can improve outcome of AML patients without complete cytogenetic response after induction and consolidation treatment

Our retrospective analysis was performed on 376 consecutive patients diagnosed with AML. Atotal of 256 (68%) were treated with standard "7+3" induction and high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone containing "4+3" consolidation/intensification regimens. Our study focused on patients with presumably very poor prognosis - patients, who did not achieve complete cytogenetic remission (CRc). Twenty-five AML patients without CRc were further analysed for clinical and laboratory parameters. Firstly, the subgroups with or without morphologic CR were compared. Similar cytogenetic abnormalities were observed in both with myelodysplasia related changes being the most common. Complex karyotype with deletion of 5q constituted approximately athird of all karyotypes in both subgroups. There were 1 patient with intermediate risk cytogenetics in the subgroup without morphologic CR and 5 patients in the subgroup with morphologic CR. Interestingly, in 4/25 patients subclones were diminished by the chemotherapy treatment, however cytogenetically less advanced clones proliferated. Secondly, transplanted or nontransplanted patients were analysed. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) was found to be the only curative treatment for patients without CRc after 7+3 and 4+3 regimens. In our cohort, 40% of the patients, who underwent allo-SCT, are alive. Importantly, 67% of the patients, who died after allo-SCT, died of causes unrelated to progression of AML. Nonrelapse mortality is therefore one of the fields where survival could be further improved. acute myeloid leukaemia, complete cytogenetic remission, cytogenetic abnormalities, stem cell transplantation, nonrelapse mortality.

Characterization of potato genotypes for resistance to Diabrotica speciosa

The potato a crop is attacked by many pests, among which the Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is considered the main one. Because of chemical control failures associated with the requirements of integrated potato production (IPP) requiring sustainable measures, aimed to characterize advanced clones breeding program of Embrapa for resistance to insect infestation in artificial conditions. Tests were performed in a greenhouse without choice of plants and tubers of four clones of Embrapa (C2337-06-02, C2337-18-02, C2342-1-02, C2362-02-02), a standard-resistant clone (NYL 235-4) and a susceptible standard cultivar (Asterix). Results of susceptibility of 'Asterix' and resistance of 'NYL 235-4' and 'C2342-1-02', both in shoots and in tubers, predominated. Thus indicating a typical behavior of tolerance of 'NYL 235-4' and 'C2337-06-02' to insect attack, both in the shoots and in the tubers. Clones C2337-06-02 and C2362-02-02 which expressed resistance to the attack of the young stage of the insect in the tubers. Three potato genotypes derived from the wild species Solanum berthaultii (NYL 235-4, C2337-06-02, C2362-02-02) even under infestation of D. speciosa, showed agronomic traits determinants of greater commercial acceptance of tubers such as maintaining productivity, elongated, skin smoothness and shallower depth of the eye (vegetative bud).

Genotype by Environment Effects on Potato Mini-Tuber Seed Production in an Aeroponics System

In order to evaluate the environmental effect on plant development and mini-tuber production of a diverse group of potato genotypes grown under an aeroponic system, a G × E interaction experiment was carried out in greenhouses located at CIP’s experimental stations in La Molina (Lima) and Huancayo (Junín). Five contrasting environments were set-up and evaluated. A combined Analysis of Variance was performed for the variables “days to tuber set”, “days to senescence” and “plant height”. An Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) Analysis was performed for yield variables: mini-tuber “weight” and “number of mini-tubers” per plant. There was a high variation in all the responses to the treatments. “Days to tuber set” was influenced by genetic responses, temperature and greenhouse Photosynthetically Active Radiation intensity. Considerable increases in the length of the vegetative cycle and plant height were recorded for all genotypes, and these were particularly notable in the warmer coastal environments. AMMI analysis showed that yield variables were primarily influenced by the genotypic effect followed by the genotype by environment interaction effect. The Venturana variety (T2) was the best performing genotype with a total average mini-tuber “weight” of 644 g per plant while the Chucmarina variety (T1) performed best for the variable “number of mini-tubers” with an overall average of 60.2 mini-tubers per plant. Both showed stability across different environments for these variables. The advanced clones T3 (395434.1), T5 (397077.16) and T6 (397073.16) showed stability for yield variables, but their performance was below the overall average of the trial. It is recommended that the environment and management should ideally be tailored to the genotype as this will result in significant yield gains.

Resistance of potato clones to necrotic recombinant strains of potato virus y (pvy)

The Ry adg allele is widely used by breeders to confer extreme resistance to all strains of PVY. However, the necrotic strain has increased recombination resulting in recent considerable losses in productivity. Thus far, not all necrotic recombinant strains of PVY have been tested for their reaction to the Ry gene. The objective of this study was to identify potato clones carrying the resistant allele and to assess their reaction to the following recombinant strains: NTN (PVY NTN), Wilga (PVY N-Wi), and "curly top" (PVY E). Advanced clones from the potato breeding program at Universidade Federal de Lavras were evaluated through a specific molecular marker for the Ry adg allele. The clones carrying the resistance allele were grafted on tobacco plants infected with necrotic recombinant strains of PVY. The clones carrying the allele for resistance to PVY were not infected with any of the recombinants during the grafting test. These results confirm that resistance to necrotic recombinant strains has not yet been overcome and that the Ry adg allele also confers resistance to the three recombinant strains tested.

Rendimento de tubérculos de clones elite de batata

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o desempenho de sete clones elite de batata quanto a caracteres de rendimento de tubérculos, em comparação com cultivares utilizadas em grande escala no Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da Embrapa Produtos e Mercado, Canoinhas-SC. Foram avaliados sete clones elite desenvolvidos pelo Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Batata da Embrapa e duas cultivares comerciais (Agata e Asterix), no cultivo de primavera de 2012. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e parcelas compostas de uma linha com 10 plantas. Aos 110 dias após o plantio foram realizadas a colheita e avaliações de caracteres componentes do rendimento de tubérculos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, agrupamento de médias por Scott & Knott e correlações fenotípicas. Com exceção de F22-08-01, todos os clones superaram as testemunhas quanto a caracteres de rendimento, com destaque para os clones F74-08-09 e F17-08-01. O rendimento total de tubérculos foi determinado principalmente pela massa média de tubérculos e pouco influenciado pelo número total de tubérculos por planta, enquanto a massa de tubérculos comerciais foi determinada pelo número de tubérculos comerciais e massa média de tubérculos.

Transpiration and leaf growth of potato clones in response to soil water deficit

Potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. Tuberosum) crop is particularly susceptible to water deficit because of its small and shallow root system. The fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) approach has been widely used in the evaluation of plant responses to water deficit in different crops. The FTSW 34 threshold (when stomatal closure starts) is a trait of particular interest because it is an indicator of tolerance to water deficit. The FTSW threshold for decline in transpiration and leaf growth was evaluated in a drying soil to identify potato clones tolerant to water deficit. Two greenhouse experiments were carried out in pots, with three advanced clones and the cultivar Asterix. The FTSW, transpiration and leaf growth were measured on a daily basis, during the period of soil drying. FTSW was an efficient method to separate potato clones with regard to their response to water deficit. The advancedclones SMINIA 02106-11 and SMINIA 00017-6 are more tolerant to soil water deficit than the cultivar Asterix, and the clone SMINIA 793101-3 is more tolerant only under high solar radiation.

Histomorphological Assessment of Spermatogenesis in African Catfish Clarias gariepinus with reference to Spermatogonial Proliferation

The fresh water catfish is the most predominant species of the teleost bred in captivity in Nigeria and has provided a model for the study of reproduction in aquatic vertebrates, but information on the number of mitotic divisions and spermatogonial generations remains inconclusive. This investigation aimed at assessing the number of generations of spermatogonia produced prior to meiotic division during spermatogenesis. Results indicate that spermatogenesis occurred in cysts and germ cells at the same stage of maturation formed clones round the Sertoli cell. Spermatogonia went through 5 rounds of mitotic divisions to produce 6 generations of B clones (B1-B6) before producing primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes and haploid spermatids . The process of spermiation was not synchronized in all clones of the cysts. Cellular maturation and spermiation occurred in the most advanced clones. Each cyst appeared to simulate the spermatogenic process that occurs in the seminiferous epithelium of mammalian testis. It is concluded that spermatogenesis in captive bred African catfish Clarias gariepinus is cystic, and that spermatogonia arrangement in the cysts is unrestricted and progresses through 5 mitotic divisions to produce 64 spermatogonia type B , 100 mono-flagellated spermatozoa. Approximately, 68% germ cells complete spermatogenesis, following 32 % germ cell loss.

Performance of advanced potato genotypes under varied soil moisture availability in west central plains

The current global climate change scenario requires development and evaluation of suitable abiotic and biotic stress tolerant potato genotypes for sustenance of its productivity. Among all stresses, drought is more pertinent for India and major potato growing regions are likely to face this challenge in future. Potato like other crops also possesses variations in drought tolerance capability in its genotypes. Sixteen advanced potato clones of International Potato Centre (CIP) were screened against Kufri Bahar under field conditions for varied water stress regime during 2009–10. From these, promising five genotypes (397036.7, 381381.13, 381381.26, 392797.22 and 393708.31) were further evaluated for confirming their performance during 2010–11. Genotype 397036.7 was found superior based on mean total (25.0–38.3 t/ha) and marketable (23.5–37.2 t/ha) tuber yield and also maintained highest drought tolerant index (1.170–0.775) under severe water deficit regime.

Evaluation of indigenous potato varieties, advanced clones and exotic genotypes against water deficit stress under sub-tropical environment

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of water deficit stress on yield performance of forty potato genotypes, comprising 34 indigenous varieties, 2 advanced stage clones and 4 exotic accessions. Control plots received four irrigations and water stress plots received three irrigations. Kufri Arun (33.0 and 35.6 t ha−1) produced highest marketable and total tuber yield followed by Kufri Pukhraj (30.7 and 34.9 t ha−1) under stress. Kufri Sutlej (30.1 and 32.9 t ha−1) and Kufri Anand (29.4 and 33.8 t ha−1) produced statistically similar marketable and total tuber yield and appeared at 3rd rank. Better yield performance, least fluctuation in average tuber weight was also indirectly reflected in modified stress tolerance index, which was highest in Kufri Arun (2.747) followed by Kufri Pukhraj (2.675), Kufri Anand (2.401) and Kufri Sutlej (2.119) as compared to average value of 1.042 in all other genotypes. The promising (high yielding) varieties namely Kufri Arun, Kufri Pukhraj and Kufri Anand were also among the low proline accumulators (181–191 μg g−1 fr. wt.) and lowest in Kufri Sutlej (120 μg g−1 fr. wt.) under water deficit. Foliar damage due to frost enhanced under water deficit marginally by 5 %, but remained lowest in Kufri Arun (20 %), moderate in Kufri Pukhraj and Kufri Sutlej (by 10 % each) followed by Kufri Anand (15 %) and highest in Kufri Khasigaro (95 %). A possibility of cross tolerance to both water deficit as well as frost particularly in Kufri Arun has been suggested.

Vitamin C content of potato clones from Korean breeding lines and compositional changes during growth and after storage

Vitamin C is the main vitamin source in potato tubers, and its antioxidant activity is known to benefit human health. To improve the vitamin C content and understand its accumulation patterns, we selected 10 advanced clones with high vitamin C content from 268 clones. The levels of the selected clones ranged from 32.3 to 38.9 mg·100 g−1 fresh weight. Among them, four double-cropping clones with short dormancy were selected for further analysis. The vitamin C content of the potato tubers from six potato clones, including two control cultivars, ‘Dejima’ and ‘Chubaek’, was determined on specific days after planting (DAP) and during development. Developmental stages were categorized by weight: I (5–10 g), II (30–40 g), III (70–80 g), and IV (> 120 g). Vitamin C content was highest 90 DAP and dropped slowly by 100 and 110 DAP. Until 90 DAP, we found that developmental stages I and II showed higher contents of vitamin C; however, there were small differences by developmental stage (I to IV) by 100 and 110 DAP. In conclusion, vitamin C content was higher in younger tubers than in mature tubers, and its content was highest 90 DAP in the selected clones. During storage, vitamin C content significantly declined in all clones. The decrease was highest in H06035-4 and H06085-2 compared to ‘Chubaek’ and ‘Dejima’, and the differences between selected clones and control varieties narrowed after 4 months of storage. When we consider the agronomic characteristics and consistency of high vitamin C content, H06035-4 was selected as a high vitamin C content promising line.

Validation of candidate gene markers for marker-assisted selection of potato cultivars with improved tuber quality

Tuber yield, starch content, starch yield and chip color are complex traits that are important for industrial uses and food processing of potato. Chip color depends on the quantity of reducing sugars glucose and fructose in the tubers, which are generated by starch degradation. Reducing sugars accumulate when tubers are stored at low temperatures. Early and efficient selection of cultivars with superior yield, starch yield and chip color is hampered by the fact that reliable phenotypic selection requires multiple year and location trials. Application of DNA-based markers early in the breeding cycle, which are diagnostic for superior alleles of genes that control natural variation of tuber quality, will reduce the number of clones to be evaluated in field trials. Association mapping using genes functional in carbohydrate metabolism as markers has discovered alleles of invertases and starch phosphorylases that are associated with tuber quality traits. Here, we report on new DNA variants at loci encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and the invertase Pain-1, which are associated with positive or negative effect with chip color, tuber starch content and starch yield. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) and marker validation were performed in tetraploid breeding populations, using various combinations of 11 allele-specific markers associated with tuber quality traits. To facilitate MAS, user-friendly PCR assays were developed for specific candidate gene alleles. In a multi-parental population of advanced breeding clones, genotypes were selected for having different combinations of five positive and the corresponding negative marker alleles. Genotypes combining five positive marker alleles performed on average better than genotypes with four negative alleles and one positive allele. When tested individually, seven of eight markers showed an effect on at least one quality trait. The direction of effect was as expected. Combinations of two to three marker alleles were identified that significantly improved average chip quality after cold storage and tuber starch content. In F1 progeny of a single-cross combination, MAS with six markers did not give the expected result. Reasons and implications for MAS in potato are discussed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00122-012-2035-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Identification of short cycle, heat-tolerant potato (Solanum tuberosum) clones for the semi-arid agro-ecology

Advanced potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) clones developed by the International Potato Center (CIP), Lima and locally grown varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance in winter season under short-day conditions at the Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Ladol, Gujarat during the 2009–11. Ladol, selected for screening of the clones has higher mean night and day temperatures during potato crop seasons compared to other potato growing areas in India. Out of nine advanced clones CIP 301029.18, CIP 388972.22 and CIP 393708.31 had significantly higher yield of marketable tuber at the tune of 52.6, 49.3 and 52.6 tonnes/ ha, respectively, along with desirable tuber shape, size, colour and more than 20% dry matter. Whereas, CIP 388972.22 was found suitable for processing as fried chips based on its hunter colour quality.

Desempenho agronômico de clones elite de batata

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o desempenho de oito clones elite de batata quanto ao ciclo vegetativo, caracteres de produção e peso específico em comparação com as cultivares mais utilizadas no país. O experimento foi realizado no campo experimental da Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas (RS). Foram avaliados oito clones elite desenvolvidos pelo Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Batata da Embrapa juntamente com duas cultivares comerciais, no cultivo de outono de 2011. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e parcelas compostas de uma linha com 20 plantas. Aos 95 dias após o plantio determinou-se o ciclo vegetativo dos genótipos e aos 110 dias foram realizadas a colheita e avaliações dos componentes de produção e peso específico. Após a verificação da normalidade de distribuição dos erros, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de agrupamento de médias por Scott & Knott. Os clones CL02-05, CL69-05, CL27-05 e 2197-15 apresentaram maiores número de tubérculos comerciais, percentagem de tubérculos comerciais e massa média de tubérculos que as cultivares testemunhas. O clone CL02-05 revelou, além disso, o maior potencial de produção de tubérculos comerciais dentre os quatro clones. Os clones CL69-05 e 2197-15 apresentaram peso específico e ciclo vegetativo semelhantes à Asterix e também maior potencial produtivo.

Comprehensive High-Resolution Studies Differentiate and Characterize Hypodiploid Multiple Myeloma

Abstract 2869 Background:Chromosome abnormalities are universal in multiple myeloma (MM) and will ultimately categorize patients into hyperdiploid and non-hyperdiploid MM. Among non-hyperdiploid patients those that exhibit hypodiploidy have the most aggressive clinical phenotype. What genetic features are unique to hypodiploidy are not fully described. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive high-resolution analysis to differentiate and characterize hypodiploid MM. Materials and methods:MM patients were analyzed using a combination of array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) (n=275) and gene expression profiling (GEP) (n=239). Agilent 244K and Affymetrix U133A Plus 2.0 arrays were used in the aCGH and GEP experiments, respectively. Hypodiploid MM was differentiated using pseudokaryotyping based on aCGH findings. Samples estimated to have less than or equal to 44 chromosomes were designated hypodiploid, 45–47 chromosomes were nonhyperdiploid and greater than or equal to 48 and less than 74 chromosomes were considered hyperdiploid. Using GEP the main gene indices and signatures associated with outcome were determined including the translocation and cyclin D (TC) classification, UAMS 70-gene index, proliferation index, centrosome signature and NF-kB index. Differentially expressed genes were also investigated. Results:A total of 53 (19%) MM patients were classified into the hypodiploid group, mainly characterized by monosomies of chromosomes 13 (83%), 14 (42%), 22 (23%) and × (50%) (females) with p and/or q-arm aberrations including gains of 1q (51%) and 8q (25%) and losses of 1p (49%), 4p (21%), 4q (23%), 6q (38%), 8p (34%), 12p (25%), 12q (26%), 14q (32%), 16p (25%), 16q (51%) and 17p (25%). Patients with loss of 1p were associated with 4p- (p <0.029), 4q- (p<0.0001), 12p- (p<0.007), 12q- (p<0.0002), any 14 (p<0.022), 16p- (p<0.005), 16q- (p<0.001), and monosomy 22 (p<0.024). Patients with loss of 17p were associated with 12p- (p<0.025), 12q- (p<0.039) and 16q- (p<0.031). The main gene indices and signatures in MM showed that nearly one half of the hypodiploid patients having high-risk disease, ranging from 45% with a high 70-gene index, 47% with high centrosome signature and 51% with a high proliferation index. In addition, hypodiploid patients also displayed a translocation type signature in the TC classification defined by 11q13 (24%), 4p16 (24%) and maf (12%). Overall, 253 genes have >2 fold expression change comparing hypodiploid vs. hyperdiploid including a five fold decrease in the heparin-degrading endosulfatase gene SULF2, a decrease of genes in the TGF-b signaling pathway (MYC, ID3, SMAD1, LTBP1) and those involved in Wnt signaling (DKK1, FRZB). Up regulated genes included those from the p53 signaling pathway and cell cycle (CCND2, CDKN1C, RPRM), cell adhesion molecules (ITGB8, CD28) and tight junction pathway (RRAS2, RRAS, CSDA). Conclusion:This represents the most comprehensive genomic characterization of hypodiploid MM to date. These cases exhibit a high propensity for high-risk gene expression profiles and have a high prevalence of −13, −14, 1q gain and 1p loss as predicted. Given our findings it is likely that hypodiploid is not a separate category but rather the genetic “phenotype” of a more advanced clone. Today, using these two platforms together in a routine setting would provide the most comprehensive genetic analysis, important for individualized therapeutics. Disclosures:Fonseca:Consulting :Genzyme, Medtronic, BMS, Amgen, Otsuka, Celgene, Intellikine, Lilly Research Support: Cylene, Onyz, Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding.

Seleção de clones de batata para processamento industrial em condições de clima subtropical e temperado

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar clones de batata para processamento industrial, cultivados em condições de clima subtropical e temperado do Sul do Brasil. Foram avaliados 30 clones avançados e três cultivares (testemunhas), na primavera de 2007 e 2008, e no outono de 2008, em Júlio de Castilhos, RS (condição de clima subtropical), e no verão de 2008 e 2009, em São Joaquim, SC (condição de clima temperado). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial (33 clones em 5 ambientes), com duas ou três repetições de dez covas. Foram avaliados: a produção por cova, a aparência, a cor de chips e os teores de matéria seca e de açúcares redutores dos tubérculos. Houve interação significativa entre clones e ambientes para todas as características avaliadas, exceto quanto à cor de chips. A produção por cova e o teor de matéria seca dos tubérculos foram maiores no cultivo de verão. As condições ambientais de cultivo afetaram todos os caracteres avaliados. As condições de cultivo do Sul do Brasil possibilitam a seleção de clones de batata, com suficiente teor de matéria seca, para atender às exigências da indústria de processamento de batata.