Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm Research Articles

Blockchain Based Bidding System

The E-auction, one of the most common e-commerce events, allows bidders to bid directly on the Internet. As with the sealed deal, additional transaction costs are needed with intermediaries, as the third party plays an essential role between buyers and sellers in helping to negotiate both during the auction. In fact, it never confirms that a third party is trustworthy. To solve the problems, we propose the low transaction cost blockchain technology which is used to build the public bid and sealed bid smart contract. The smart contract consists of the Auctioneer address, the start time for the auction, the deadline, the current winner's address, and the current highest price. The project demonstrates the bidding framework with blockchain technology. This bidding application prepared by using Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) Algorithm. This algorithm contains AES cipher specifiers the number of repetitions of transformation rounds, that converts the input called the plain text, then into the final output called cipher text.

Data security using random dynamic salting and AES based on master-slave keys for Iraqi dam management system

In the present time, dam management is considered one of the important challenges for e-government in Iraq, becuase it needs information technology infrastructure, data integrity and protection of user privacy against Internet threats that render such vital infrastructure ineffective. This struggle between the proposed dam management system (DMS) and a multi-tier secure model specifically for the Fallujah dam (and generally for all dams) which is addressed in this paper as a case study. To do this, a relational database design will discuss the development of a multi-tier secure model for integration of the dam management framework with its functions. This paper will discusse encryption and decryption of the dam data using the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm with derived keys via PBKDF2 and RNG sequences generator and Slave key for salting protection. The experimental results and analysis on the speed of encryption/decryption process, entropy value, plain text sensitivity, key sensitivity, keyspaceanalysis and histogram analysis will prove the the proposed scheme can impede the known attacks like brute force attacks, statistical and differential.Thus, the encryption scheme can be implemented on the proposed DMS and any other information system, as the implementation which will be presented in the results.

Adaptive Counter Clock Gated S-Box Transformation Based AES Algorithm of Low Power Consumption and Dissipation in VLSI System Design

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an effective algorithm trending today. According to the key length, it works efficiently. Here three types of key lengths are used such as 128, 192, and 256 bits. This paper introduced an Adaptive Counter-Clock (ACC) S-Box algorithm. This algorithm rectifies the error during data encryption and secure data from hackers. In this paper, we have done power consumption, power dissipation, and reduced the area size. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is utilized for hardware execution in the encryption process. Inverse Mix Column, Inverse Sub Bytes (S-Box) and Inverse Shift Row stages takes place in the decryption, so that the receiver can read the message in plain text which was sent by the sender. For this the receiver should have the same key used by the sender for encryption process. RTL coding is done using Verilog HDL, Xilinx ISE 14.7 FPGA will be used in the implementation.

Web Based Security System Academic Exam Questions Using Advanced Encryption Standard

One way to measure the success of the academic process and achievement of student competence, is giving exams, from the smallest level namely daily tests, semester exams, to the highest level, namely the national exam. In an effort to maintain the security of exam question data, there is a data security method known as cryptography. In this research, a security system was designed that serves to protect exam questions so that data cannot be read by student before its time by using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. The AES algorithm is a type of symmetric algorithm where the encryption and decryption processes have the same key for the encryption and decryption processes. In the system that will be designed, the Caesar Cipher algorithm is used to form an additional key (seed) that is kept secret from the public. The results of this study indicate that AES encryption method can give results maximum so that the AES method can applied to virtual data storage system to protect the transmitted data.

A Design Implementation and Comparative Analysis of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm Using Verilog HDL

As the technology is getting more and more advanced day by day in a rapid pace the problem for the security of data is also increasing at a very staggering rate. The hackers are equipped with new advanced tools and techniques to break any security system. Hence people are getting even more concerned about their data and data’s security. The data security can be achieved by either software or hardware implementations or both put together working in harmony. In this work Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) device is used for hardware implementation since these devices are less complex, more flexible and provide and have far greater more efficiency. This work mainly focuses on the hardware execution of one of the security algorithms that is the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm which is the most highly used algorithm for Encryption. The AES algorithm is executed on Vivado 2014.2 ISE Design Suite and therefore the results are observed on 28 nanometers (nm) Artix-7 FPGA. This work Mainly discusses the design implementation of the AES algorithm and the resources which are consumed in implementing the AES design on Artix-7 FPGA. The resources which are consumed are as follows- Slice Register (SR), Look-Up Tables (LUTs), Input/Output (I/O) and Global Buffer.

Secured Application Environment using Enhanced Graphical Passwords

Today computer and mobile based applications has become an integral part of our life. Thus, there arises a need of a reliable security while using these applications using authentication techniques that are most secured and hard to crack. Today many authentication techniques are introduced for better security and replace textual authentication technique. But these techniques are proving insufficient, so new ways should be studied and introduced for better security. So, we are concentrating on two such techniques, first we studied graphical authentication systems using images. The one such technique called gRat which uses set of images for authentication was found to be useful. The second for searching a different authentication technique we came across ENP which explains how to provide security using to an application by using hashing, ascii, negation and cryptography together for a secured application. So, we find out that one technique is insufficient and more than two techniques should be combined together. So, in this paper we are recommending a dual authentication technique. First technique will be used for login id and other will be used for login password. The first technique uses a set of images with specific border colors for authentication and is called Graphical random authentication technique (gRat). In this technique a set of images with different boundary colors are displayed for the user which are shown randomly each time a user attempts a login ID. The user has to select the same set of images with same boundary color in same format for login ID verification than only second technique for login password will be shown. The second technique uses encryption and negative password together called as Encrypted negative password (ENP). In this technique while deciding a password a plain textual password is accepted from the user and then it is converted to hash code using hashing algorithm. Then the hash code is converted to an ascii code od 0’s and 1’s. Then negation is applied to the ascii where we get a negative text. The negative text is then encrypted. This process is followed in reverse while authentication. After second correct verification main application will be started. Both authentication data will be secured by Advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm and saved on cloud. We are using public cloud Google drive as our cloud as it is free and more secured. Thus, while testing the application for authentication using both techniques together our system becomes very secured and almost unbreakable.

Data Aggregation and Privacy Preserving Using Computational Intelligence

In today's smart world, the privacy protection of data is an important issue. Data is distributed, reproduced, and disclosed with extensive use of communication technologies. Many non-traditional challenges arise with the rapid increase of IoT devices for system design and implementation. However, security and privacy are the main issues in IoT. With advanced technologies, an illegal copy of the content can easily be generated and shared. Therefore, it is crucial for users to protect and secure their data. In the said perspective, an efficient third-generation watermarking technique is proposed, which works on the computational intelligence model to insert a large amount of robust watermark and make an extra effort to hide more information than first and second-generation techniques. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm is employed to guarantee secure communication, which has a significantly less computational cost. The proposed technique evaluated parameters including security, robustness, imperceptibility, and capacity. The results of the proposed technique are compared to existing text watermarking methods, which illustrates it is secure, robust, imperceptible, and inserts a large amount of watermark information through computational intelligence.

Improved Image Security in Internet of Thing (IOT) Using Multiple Key AES

Image is an important digital information that used in many internet of things (IoT) applications such as transport, healthcare, agriculture, military, vehicles and wildlife. etc. Also, any image has very important characteristic such as large size, strong correlation and huge redundancy, therefore, encrypting it by using single key Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) through IoT communication technologies makes it vulnerable to many threats, thus, the pixels that have the same values will be encrypted to another pixels that have same values when they use the same key. The contribution of this work is to increase the security of transferred image. This paper proposed multiple key AES algorithm (MECCAES) to improve the security of the transmitted image through IoT. This approach is evaluated via applying it on RGB bmp images and analyzing the results using standard metrics such as entropy, histogram, correlation, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MES) metrics. Also, the time for encryption and decryption for the proposed MECCAES is the same time consumed by original single key AES is 12 second(the used image size is 12.1MB therefore time is long). The performance experiments show that this scheme achieves confidentiality also it encourages to use effectively in a wide IoTs fields to secure transmitted image.

Improving Security of Crypto-Steg Approach using Time Sequence Dictionary and Modifying Spacing Techniques

Cryptography and steganography are significant tools for data security. Hybrid the cryptography with Steganography can give more security by taking advantage of each technique. This work has proposed a method for improving the crypto-stego method by utilizing the proposed dictionary method to modified ciphertext then hiding modified encrypt ciphertext in the text by used the proposed modified space method. For cryptography, we have been utilized an advanced encryption standard (AES) to the encrypted message, The AES algorithm is utilized a 128bit Block Size and 256bit key size. The ciphertext characters is then replaced by the characters identified by dictionary list. The dictionary is time-dependent, where each of the equivalent words will shifting based on the time-shift equation. The modified ciphertext is then embedded into a cover text so that the attacker cannot separate them by applying cryptanalysis. The “Modifying Spaces” method used “Spaces” to build a steganography tool that hide the secret message.
 The experimental results show that the proposed method has achieved high-security level when combined cryptography and steganography in such way that the ciphertext is changed to another value by a used dictionary with time sequence that makes cryptanalysis test failed to guess and identify the algorithm that been used for encryption. The stego. test shows the proposed method achieved good results in term of capacity and visibility which is approved it hard to notice. The tests also approved that the proposed methods run fast with a less computational requirement.

Hybrid semantic deep learning architecture and optimal advanced encryption standard key management scheme for secure cloud storage and intrusion detection

Cloud computing helps users to store and retrieve their data in the cloud online on an as-per-pay basis anytime, anywhere in the world. As a consequence, the security of data stored in the cloud serves as a key concern for cloud consumers due to ongoing hacking incidents in the cloud. Both cloud service providers (CSPs) and consumers face various attacks that pose a serious threat to both the organization and the user. Therefore, a robust intrusion detection system (IDS) needs to be configured to identify and avoid potential attacks in the cloud at an earlier stage. The state-of-the-art IDS system which used shallow machine learning techniques suffered from poor accuracy with a higher false alarm rate and higher response time. To overcome this problem, a hybrid semantic deep learning (HSDL) architecture is developed in this paper by integrating the long short-term memory (LSTM), convolutional neural network (CNN), and support vector machine (SVM) architectures. The semantic information present in the network traffic is identified using a semantic layer known as the Word2Vec embedding layer. The HSDL model classifies the intrusion present in the text along with its corresponding attack class. The normal text without any trace of intrusion is encrypted using an advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm to enhance cloud storage security, and the optimal key with the largest key breaking time for the AES algorithm is selected using the crossover-based mine blast optimization algorithm (CMBA). The proposed HSDL scheme is evaluated and tested using two real-time intrusion detection benchmark datasets, namely NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15. The proposed model achieves an accuracy of 99.98% for the NSL-KDD and 98.47% for the UNSW-NB15 dataset, respectively. The experimental and security analysis conducted proves the efficiency and robustness of the proposed scheme.

Security Provisioning and Compression of Diverse Genomic Data based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm

Compression of genomic data has gained enormous momentum in recent years because of advances in technology, exponentially growing health concerns, and government funding for research. Such advances have driven us to personalize public health and medical care. These pose a considerable challenge for ubiquitous computing in data storage. One of the main issues faced by genomic laboratories is the 'cost of storage' due to the large data file of the human genome (ranging from 30 GB to 200 GB). Data preservation is a set of actions meant to protect data from unauthorized access or changes. There are several methods used to protect data, and encryption is one of them. Protecting genomic data is a critical concern in genomics as it includes personal data. We suggest a secure encryption and decryption technique for diverse genomic data (FASTA / FASTQ format) in this article. Since we know the sequenced data is massive in bulk, the raw sequenced file is broken into sections and compressed. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is used for encryption, and the Galois / Counter Mode (GCM) algorithm, is used to decode the encrypted data. This approach reduces the amount of storage space used for the data disc while preserving the data. This condition necessitates the use of a modern data compression strategy. That not only reduces storage but also improves process efficiency by using a k-th order Markov chain. In this regard, no efforts have been made to address this problem separately, from both the hardware and software realms. In this analysis, we support the need for a tailor-made hardware and software ecosystem that will take full advantage of the current stand-alone solutions. The paper discusses sequenced DNA, which may take the form of raw data obtained from sequencing. Inappropriate use of genomic data presents unique risks because it can be used to classify any individual; thus, the study focuses on the security provisioning and compression of diverse genomic data using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm.

Accelerating DES and AES Algorithms for a Heterogeneous Many-core Processor

Data security is the focus of information security. As a primary method, file encryption is adopted for ensuring data security. Encryption algorithms created to meet the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) are widely used in a variety of systems. These algorithms are computationally highly complex, thus, the efficiency of encrypting or decrypting large files can be drastically reduced. To this end, we propose an optimized algorithm that efficiently encrypts and decrypts large files by parallelizing processing tasks on a single heterogeneous many-core processor in the Sunway TaihuLight computer system. Firstly, we convert the serial DES and AES programs to our experimental platform. Then we implement a task assignment strategy to test the converted algorithms. Finally, in order to optimize parallelized algorithms and improve data transmission performance, we apply the master-slave communication optimization, the three-stage parallel pipeline, and vectorization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our optimized algorithm is faster than the state-of-the-art open-source implementations of DES and AES. Compared with the serial processing algorithms, our parallelized DES and AES perform nearly 40 times and 72 times faster, respectively. The work described in this paper leverages existing methods and provides a sound basis for the direction of future research in data encryption.

Energetic Data Security Management Scheme using Hybrid Encryption Algorithm over Cloud Environment

Now-a-days all documents are in a digital format as well as everyone need to maintain their data in electronic mode with the help of cloud servers. A cloud server provides lots of facilities to users such as remote data maintenance, huge data handling and so on. But in the case of security many cloud servers are providing probabilistic results alone. So, that a new cloud server data maintenance scheme is required to provide a high-level data security to the cloud system in an efficient manner. This paper introduces a new crypto-approach called Novel Hybrid Encryption Mode (NHEM), in which this algorithm integrates several latest approaches of crypto logics into it and provides a top-end security level to the cloud data. This NHEM is derived from the base factors of two cryptographic algorithms called Advanced Encryption Standard with 512-bit size of key frequency with Message Digest (MD5) algorithm. By using the integration of these two powerful approaches, a novel approach called NHEM is designed and it provides a huge support to preserve security on cloud medium. The cloud data needs to be protected from unwanted threats and intruders by means of raising an interruption attacks on server. The proposed approach of Novel Hybrid Encryption Mode concentrates more on access control logics and the crypto norms with respect to privacy measures. In this paper, the proposed scheme assures the data is too robust and no one can attack the data without proper credentials as well as the outcome proofs are clearly given on the resulting unit of this paper. The Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm is a well-known and powerful crypto scheme and the MD5 algorithm is also considered to be the unique unidirectional algorithm to provide security level in energetic manner. These two algorithms are combined together with the bit frequency of 512 to achieve the highest accuracy levels in data security over cloud environment as well as the resulting portion clearly illustrates that with proper graphical outcome.

Cryptanalysis of a novel bitwise XOR rotational algorithm and security for IoT devices

The internet of things (IoT) is a multiple devices, which connects with the internet for communication, in order to obtain the updated from the cloud. The fog can act as a controller and it is located between the IoT devices and cloud. The major attacks like de-synchronization, and disclosure has arises in the devices, this has been prevented. The major contribution in this work is key generation and authentication, for key generation the “advanced encryption standard algorithm” is developed, in which the new and old keys are generated. The encryption is done under the source side, and decryption is done under the device side. The fog security is maintained through “device tag, and bit wise XOR rotational algorithm”. The security, and the computational complexity is defined in this work and it is given in table format. The implementations are carried out in the MATLAB R2016 a. The proposed algorithm is compared with the existing protocols like LMAP, M2AP, EMAP, SASI, and RAPP, from the comparison the proposed methodology makes the better knowledge about the security and prevents from various attacks.

Web-based document certification system with advanced encryption standard digital signature

<span>Web-based degree document certification system with a digital signature in Semarang University has a purpose to support academic to do online document certification through a system. The main problem which occurs in academic administration is a long document certification process that causes an ineffective and inefficient certification process. To solve the problem, a system that can encrypt a document for better security is required. This system is built with the advanced encryption standard algorithm with a 128-bit sized key to encrypt confidential information inside the document. During the encryption process, this algorithm operates using 4x4 bit array blocks and passing many encryption processes for at least 10 (ten) times. The application is analyzed with object-oriented analysis and modeled with Unified modeling language. The result of this research is a system which can secure document with AES algorithm with a 256-bit sized key. The security element in this algorithm will make easier to identify the owner of the document. The secured document is easily accessible through PHP-based web or available QR code. When decrypting the document, the application will activate the camera function and decrypt the information document.</span>

D flip-flop based TRNG with zero hardware cost for IoT security applications

System-on-chips (SoCs) for the Internet of things (IoT) applications require hardware-based integrated random number generators for the secure transmission of information. However, they have limited hardware and power budget, which limits the use of on-chip dedicated True Random Number Generator (TRNG). In this work, a symmetric D flip-flop with integrated TRNG is proposed. The proposed architecture is implemented using a standard 40 nm CMOS technology. The post-layout simulation results show that it offers good randomness with low energy-per-bit. In addition, the circuit has passed all the tests of NIST without any post-processing. When compared with the conventional D flip-flop, it has almost negligible area overhead that is only 0.14%. An FPGA implementation is also presented as a proof of concept that confirms the simulation results. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) key expansion algorithm is also implemented to demonstrate the dual usage of the proposed D flip-flop.

Real-time FPGA implementation of concatenated AES and IDEA cryptography system

<span>The data encryption is one of the most critical issues in the communication system design. Nowadays, many encryption algorithms are being updated to keep pace with the remarkable progress in the communication field. The advanced encryption standard (AES) is a common algorithm that has proved its efficacy. The main drawback of AES is that it uses too simple algebraic structures, since every block is always encrypted in the same way that makes the hacking process possible if the hacker captures the key and the uses S-Box in the input stage. This especially applies to the unwired communication systems where chances of hacking exceed those found in the wired systems. The paper proposes a security enhancement method that is based on utilizing concatenated AES and international data encryption algorithm (IDEA) algorithms. Upon applying the proposed algorithm, the hacking process becomes a great challenge. The paper incorporates the real-time FPGA implementation of the proposed algorithm in the encryption and the decryption stages. Besides, the paper presents a clear analysis of the system’s performance.</span>

A hybrid cryptography technique for data storage on cloud computing

Cloud computing security has received great attention by researchers in the past few years due to the importance of the data used and the increasing use of cloud computing, which has become the provision of many services and in various fields. So, data Security is a major issue in storing data on clouds. Cryptography techniques are among the most important ways to provide data security on cloud. This paper presents a data protection model where data is encrypted using a hybrid cryptographic algorithm which is composed of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Blowfish and Message-Digest algorithm (MD5). Thus, this model provides speed and robust data encryption.

Post-quantum MACsec in Ethernet Networks

The demand on MACsec in Ethernet is increasing substantially since MACsec fits well for industrial applications which require strong security as well as efficiency. To provide a long-term security, the MACsec protocol should be resistant to future attacks including quantum attacks. In this paper, MACsec is analysed under a quantum attack scenario. To achieve 128-bit quantum security, AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithms defined in MACsec should mandate to use 256-bit keys. On the other hand, classical public-key cryptosystems in MKA are not secure at all against quantum attacks so that they need to be replaced by post-quantum crypto schemes in a quantum world. We propose an authenticated post-quantum key establishment protocol which is suitable for long-term secure MACsec. The proposed protocol is used in the hybrid mode, an ephemeral key exchange, and an end-to-end encryption. We verified by experiments that the proposed protocol can be deployed in existing a MACsec-enabled Ethernet network.

Fine-Grained Access Control Scheme Based on Improved Proxy Re-Encryption in Cloud

Cloud storage technology has attracted a considerable number of users owing to its exponential growth. Storing data in the cloud can save the resources of local storage configuration and reduce the cost of local hardware investment. However, the data stored in the cloud is out of the physical control (out of control) of the user. Based on the service characteristics of the cloud environment and the security requirements of user privacy data in the cloud environment, this paper proposes an improved identity proxy re-encryption algorithm based on the advanced encryption standard algorithm. The performance of the algorithm is optimized by reducing the number of bilinear mapping operations, whose calculation takes the longest time in the proxy re-encryption scheme. Only two bilinear mapping operations are required in this scheme. In addition, the encrypted data are tested to different degrees. The experimental results show that this scheme satisfies encryption and decryption performance requirements of the user.