Adult Male Dogs Research Articles

Agreement between arterial and central venous blood pH and its contributing variables in anaesthetized dogs with respiratory acidosis

ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of variables that influence blood pH, obtained from central venous (jugular vein) blood samples compared with arterial (dorsal pedal artery) samples in anaesthetized dogs with respiratory acidosis. Study designProspective, comparative, observational study. AnimalsA group of 15 adult male dogs of various breeds weighing 17 (11-42) kg [median (range)]. MethodsDogs were premedicated with buprenorphine (0.03 mg kg–1) and medetomidine (0.01 mg kg–1) administered intramuscularly by separate injections, anaesthetized with propofol intravenously to effect and maintained with isoflurane in 50% air-oxygen. Arterial and central venous catheters were placed. After 15 minutes of spontaneous breathing, arterial and central venous blood samples were obtained and analysed within 5 minutes, using a bench-top gas analyser. Differences between arterial and central venous pH and measured variables were assessed using Wilcoxon rank sum test and effect size (r: matched-pairs rank-biserial correlation) was calculated for each comparison. The agreement (bias and limits of agreement: LoAs) between arterial and central venous pH and measured variables were assessed using Bland-Altman; p < 0.05. Data are reported as median and 95% confidence interval. ResultsArterial blood pH was 7.23 (7.19-7.25), and it was significantly greater than central venous samples 7.21 (7.18-7.22; r = 0.41). Agreement between arterial and venous pH was acceptable with a bias of 0.01 (0.002-0.02) and narrow LoAs. PCO2 [arterial 54 (53-58) mmHg, 7.2 (7.1-7.7) kPa; venous 57 (54-62) mmHg, 7.6 (7.2-8.3) kPa], bicarbonate ion concentration and base excess did not differ between samples; however, agreement between arterial and venous PCO2 was not acceptable with a bias of –2 (–5 to 0) mmHg and wide LoAs. Conclusions and clinical relevanceBlood pH measured from central venous (jugular vein) blood is an acceptable clinical alternative to arterial blood (dorsal pedal artery) in normovolaemic anaesthetized dogs with respiratory acidosis.

Comparative effects of three different ventilatory treatments on arterial blood gas values and oxygen extraction in healthy anaesthetized dogs

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and spontaneous breathing (SB) on PaO2, PaCO2 and arterial to central venous oxygen content difference (CaO2-CcvO2) in healthy anaesthetized dogs. Study designProspective randomized crossover study. AnimalsA group of 15 adult male dogs undergoing elective orchidectomy. MethodsDogs were anaesthetized [buprenorphine, medetomidine, propofol and isoflurane in an air oxygen (FiO2= 0.5)]. All ventilatory treatments (CPAP: 4 cmH2O; PCV: 10 cmH2O driving pressure; PEEP, 4 cmH2O; respiratory rate of 10 breaths minute–1 and inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio of 1:2; SB: no pressure applied) were applied in a randomized order during the same anaesthetic. Arterial and central venous blood samples were collected immediately before the start and at 20 minutes after each treatment. Data were compared using a general linear mixed model (p < 0.05). ResultsMedian PaO2 was significantly higher after PCV [222 mmHg (29.6 kPa)] than after CPAP [202 mmHg (26.9 kPa)] and SB [208 mmHg (27.7 kPa)] (p < 0.001). Median PaCO2 was lower after PCV [48 mmHg (6.4 kPa)] than after CPAP [58 mmHg (7.7 kPa)] and SB [56 mmHg (7.5 kPa)] (p < 0.001). Median CaO2-CcvO2 was greater after PCV (4.36 mL dL–1) than after CPAP (3.41 mL dL–1) and SB (3.23 mL dL–1) (p < 0.001). PaO2, PaCO2 and CaO2-CcvO2 were no different between CPAP and SB (p > 0.99, p = 0.697 and p = 0.922, respectively). Conclusions and clinical relevanceCPAP resulted in similar arterial oxygenation, CO2 elimination and tissue oxygen extraction to SB. PCV resulted in improved arterial oxygenation and CO2 elimination. Greater oxygen extraction occurred with PCV than with CPAP and SB, offsetting its advantage of improved arterial oxygenation. The benefit of invasive CPAP over SB in the healthy anaesthetized dog remains uncertain.

Insulin Resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome severity – a mathematical model

Excessive fructose consumption was shown to have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, particularly as the metabolic syndrome. However, the degree by which alteration of each pathophysiological factor contributes to the morbidity associated with fructose consumption is not yet clear. We have developed a mathematical model to integrate and uniformly quantify pathophysiological features of the metabolic syndrome on a high fructose-fed dog model. A novel comprehensive measure for the syndrome severity (the “patholog”) and a more intuitive measure of the insulin resistance are introduced. Alteration of hemodynamics, echocardiography and blood chemistry were determined in adult male mongrel dogs fed with 60% isocaloric fructose or normal chow for 7 weeks. The diverse experimental data were transformed into comparable scores and a pre-Hilbert space of states constructed. In such a space one can quantify the severity of any combination of pathophysiological and genomic features and determine the global recovery resulting from a treatment. The model indicates increase of insulin resistance (new index proposed), systolic blood pressure, low-to-high density lipids ratio and angiotensin II as the major contributors to the excessive fructose morbidity. Our model provides the simplest, yet the most intuitive and comprehensive way to integrate data of a wide diversity in visualizing and quantifying a cardiovascular disease

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dehydrated Culture Modulates Fecal Microbiota and Improves Innate Immunity of Adult Dogs

Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast culture can be dehydrated, and it has a potential prebiotic effect. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing increasing levels of dehydrated yeast culture (DYC) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Original XPC™, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA) on fecal microbiota, nutrient digestibility, and fermentative and immunological parameters of healthy adult dogs. Eighteen adult male and female dogs with a mean body weight of 15.8 ± 7.37 kg were randomly assigned to three experimental treatments: CD (control diet), DYC 0.3 (control diet with 0.3% DYC) and DYC 0.6 (control diet with 0.6% DYC). After 21 days of acclimation, fecal samples were collected for analysis of nutrient digestibility, microbiota and fecal fermentation products. On the last day, the blood samples were collected for the analysis of immunological parameters. The microbiome profile was assessed by the Illumina sequencing method, which allowed identifying the population of each bacterial phylum and genus. The statistical analyses were performed using the SAS software and the Tukey test for multiple comparison (p &lt; 0.05). Our results suggest that the addition of DYC increased the percentage of the phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes (p = 0.0048 and p &lt; 0.0001, respectively) and reduced that of the phylum Fusobacteria (p = 0.0008). Regardless of the inclusion level, the yeast addition promoted reduction of the genera Allobaculum and Fusobacterium (p = 0.0265 and p = 0.0006, respectively) and increased (p = 0.0059) that of the genus Clostridium. At the highest prebiotic inclusion level (DYC 0.6), an increase (p = 0.0052) in the genus Collinsella and decrease (p = 0.0003) in Prevotella were observed. Besides that, the inclusion of the additive improved the apparent digestibility of the crude fiber and decreased the digestibility of crude protein, nitrogen-free extract and metabolizable energy (p &lt; 0.05). There were no significant changes in the production of volatile organic compounds. However, an increase in propionate production was observed (p = 0.05). In addition, the inclusion of yeast resulted in an increased phagocytosis index in both treatments (p = 0.01). The addition of 0.3 and 0.6% DYC to the diet of dogs wase able to modulate the proportions of some phyla and genera in healthy dogs, in addition to yielding changes in nutrient digestibility, fermentative products and immunity in healthy adult dogs, indicating that this additive can modulate fecal microbiota and be included in dog nutrition.

Effectiveness and safety of robotic assisted-bronchoscopy system in locating and removing spring coils placed in the peripheral lung of beagle dogs: a pilot study

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the robotic assisted bronchoscope system for localizing and removing the spring coils that placed in the peripheral lung of beagle dogs. Methods: The study was conducted from June 18th to June 20th, 2021. Metallic lung coils were placed as the simulated lesions to the periphery of the lungs of two adult male beagle dogs using a bronchoscope under general anesthesia. The navigation path was planned by the navigation function that built in the robotic bronchoscope system. After training, the doctors operated the robotic bronchoscope system to locate and remove the coils from the lung. The navigation success rate, sampling success rate, position of the coil, navigation time, sampling time, and operation time were evaluated. The damage to the airway mucosa during the operation and the vital signs of the beagles during and post-operation were accessed. Chest computerized tomography (CT) was performed post-operation to detect if there were complications such as pneumothorax and bleeding. Results: A total of 12 spring coils were successfully inserted into the two beagles. All the navigation paths of the simulated lesions were successfully planned. The navigation success rate was 12/12. The navigation time was (43.9±19.8) seconds. The distance between the tip of the flexible endoscope arm and the target point measured by the navigation system was (6.93±2.15) mm. The locations of the simulated lesions were distributed in the 6th-8th generation of bronchi. The sampling success rate was 12/12. The sampling time was (42.4±11.3) seconds. There was no pneumothorax or mediastinal emphysema after the placement of the coil. The vital signs of the beagle dogs were stable throughout the operation, and no operation-related or postoperative complications occurred. Conclusions: The robotic bronchoscope system can be used to locate and remove the spring coils from the peripheral lung of beagle dogs, and the procedure is simple and safe. It suggests that the robotic bronchoscopy system has great clinical significance in the sampling and diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions.

Comparison Between Open and Two Ports Laparoscopic Colopexy in Dogs; an Experimental Study

The current study aimed to compare between open and tow portals laparoscopic techniques for colopexy in dogs. Twenty healthy adult mongrel male dogs were divided equally into two groups: open colopexy (OC) group (n=10) and laparoscopic colopexy (LC) group (n=10). Open colopexy was performed through laparotomy while laparoscopic colopexy was performed using two port technique and transabdominal fixation of the colon. WBCs, serum CRP, ultrasongraphic, laparoscopic second look and histopathological examinations were conducted. Results declared significant increase in leukocytic counts and serum CRP in OC as compared to LC group. Moreover, ultrasonography showed intensive hyperechogenisty between the descending colon and the left abdominal wall. Laparoscopic second look revealed the adhesion between the descending colon and the left abdominal wall in both groups and the omental adhesions with the spleen and the left abdominal wall in OC group. Histopathological examination revealed that granulation tissue, inflammatory cells and tissue degeneration in OC technique were more pronounced than that in LC technique. In conclusion, LC is more recommendable than OC for its non-invasive technique, offered the advantages of direct visualization of the abdominal cavity and reduced incidence of complications.

Detection of lipid peroxidation in dog spermatozoa with the fluorescent dye C11-BODIPY581/591.

C11-BODIPY581/591 is a fluorescent probe that has been successfully used to evaluate lipid peroxidation in different species, but it has not been completely studied in the dog. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess lipid peroxidation of dog spermatozoa using C11-BODIPY581/591 and compare different positive controls of the technique. Twenty-four ejaculates were collected from 8 adult male dogs. Routine seminal characteristics were evaluated in raw semen. Lipid peroxidation evaluation was performed as described in other species. Samples were divided in three aliquots, exposed to UV radiation, incubated with hydrogen peroxide or left without treatment (control). Lipid peroxidation was significantly greater only in UV-exposed samples than in the control ones (91±6% vs. 8.3±3.5%, p˂.01). In conclusion, C11-BODIPY581/591 is useful to evaluate lipid peroxidation of dog spermatozoa and UV radiation is a good promoter of membrane oxidation, so irradiated samples can be used as a positive control of this technique.

Cryoprotective Activity of Glycerol and Ethylene Glycol: Dynamics with Canine Sperm Integrity

Background: Different cryoprotectants had been used for safe gaurding the post thaw Canine sperm cell motility. Glycerol and ethylene glycol may be used as cryoprotectants. However, scanty reports are available on use of different concentrations of glycerol, ethylene glycol and the combination of glycerol and ethylene glycol as cryoprotectants for canine spermatatozoa. Methods: In present study, the semen samples were collected from 4 different adult spitz male dogs. The diluted semen was divided into four aliquots, Group I: 8% glycerol (control); Group II: 4% glycerol; Group III: 5% ethylene glycol; Group IV: 4% glycerol + 4% ethylene glycol. Result: The result showed that post-thaw sperm motility in canine semen with 5% ethylene glycol was recorded as 36.83±1.26%. For Group I (8% glycerol) and Group II (4% glycerol), the same was 34.25±0.95% and 26.50±0.81%, respectively whereas Group IV (4% glycerol + 4% ethylene glycol) it was 29.25%. However, there was no significant correlationship between abnormal sperm count and live spermatozoa; abnormal sperm count and dead spermatozoa; dead spermatozoa and DNA integrity and in between HOST (hypo-osmotic swelling test) and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa.

Efficacy of biocompatible trilayers nanofibrous scaffold with/without allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells on class II furcation defects of dogs' model.

This study aimed to evaluate the regenerative capacity of a newly-developed polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanofibrous composite scaffold either alone or in combination with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) as a treatment modality for class II furcation defects. After ADSCs isolation and scaffold characterization, the mandibular premolars of adult male mongrel dogs were selected and randomly assigned into three equal groups. In group I, class II furcation defects were surgically induced to the inter-radicular bone. While class II furcation defects of group II were induced as in group I. In addition, the defects were filled with the prefabricated scaffold. Moreover, class II furcation defects of group III were induced as in group II and instead the defects were filled with the prefabricated scaffold seeded with ADSCs. The dogs were sacrificed at 30days or at 60days. Periodontal wound healing/regeneration was evaluated by radiological examination using cone beam computed tomography and histologically using ordinary, histochemical, and immunohistochemical staining. In the two examination periods, group II defects compared to group I, and group III compared to the other groups showed a decrease in defect dimensions radiographically. Histologically, histochemically, and immunohistochemically, they significantly demonstrated better periodontal wound healing/regeneration, predominant collagen type I of newly formed bone and periodontal ligament with a significant increase in the immunoreactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor and osteopontin. The newly fabricated nanofibrous scaffold has enhanced periodontal wound healing/regeneration of class II furcation defects with further enhancement achieved when ADSCs seeded onto the scaffold before implantation. The implementation of our newly-developed PCL-based nanofibrous composite scaffolds in class II furcation defect either alone or in conjunction with ADSCs can be considered as a suitable treatment modality to allow periodontal tissues regeneration.

Immunohistochemical insights into a hidden pathology: Canine cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is a common disorder in the canine population with some aspects still unclear. Although the bilateral condition is known to lead to fertility problems and predisposition to testicular cancer, the neoplastic risk for scrotal testis in unilateral cryptorchid dog is controversial. Therefore, the therapeutic approach to the canine unilateral cryptorchid is arbitrary so far.This study aimed to investigate precancerous testicular lesions, such as immaturity and atrophy, and compare them in scrotal and undescended testes using an in-depth diagnostic analysis based on immunophenotypic patterns. With this purpose, 26 adult male dogs of different ages and breeds, affected by unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism were enrolled. After surgical removal, testes were examined immunohistochemically to assess their positivity for specific markers of the canine foetal/neonatal period, that is vimentin (VIM), cytokeratin (CK), desmin (DES), inhibin-α (INH), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in Sertoli cells, and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in germ cells. Except for the ubiquitous VIM, all the markers were more expressed in neoplastic gonads compared to healthy ones (P < 0.05). Similarly, testes detected with Sertoli cell-only tubules as well as with Sertoli cells hyperplasia showed higher expression than gonads without such alterations for CK, DES, AMH and PLAP, and for CK and DES, respectively (P < 0.05). The same trend was observed in undescended respect to scrotal testes even though their positivity was significant only for DES, INH and AMH (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical positivity found in scrotal testes of unilateral cryptorchid dogs, even in absence of detectable anatomical abnormalities, was suggestive of precancerous lesions.Despite the limited sample size, this study could help to clarify the predisposition to neoplastic development in normally descended testes. These markers expression in adult life could allow identifying the early stages of the testicular carcinogenesis process besides suggesting a precautionary bilateral surgical approach in unilateral cryptorchid dogs.

Time Dependent Erythrocyte Morphometric Changes of Prolonged Stored Blood and its Effect on Target Post-transfusion Haematocrit of Splenectomised Mongrel Dogs

Background: Mean values of erythrocytic morphometric parameters of very old blood and its effect on the target post-transfusion haematocrit changes of splenectomised dogs was studied. Methods: Two hundred and fifty milliliters of blood each were drawn from healthy dogs (n=6) into citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 anti-coagulated blood bags, preserved for 35 days for the evaluation of erythrocyte morphometric and viability parameters. Thereafter, twenty adult male splenectomised dogs were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=3). Post-splenectomy, 4, 14, 21 and 28 day old blood (DOB) were transfused to groups II-V while group I animals were not transfused. Intraoperative blood loss was determined during the surgery while post-transfusion, animals haematocrit were assayed and used to calculate the targeted haematocrit. Result: Findings revealed irreversible progressive time dependent morphometric changes by day 14 of blood storage. Hence, it is recommended that for transfusion purposes, 4 DOB should be the hallmark as it achieved the desired haematocrit and no morphometric changes were observed from it.

Effects of Controlled Generator Fume Emissions on the Levels of Troponin I, C-Reactive Protein and Oxidative Stress Markers in Dogs: Exploring Air Pollution-Induced Cardiovascular Disease in a Low-Resource Country

Exhaust fumes from petrol/diesel-powered electric generators contribute significantly to air pollution in many developing countries, constituting health hazards to both humans and animals. This study evaluated the serum concentrations of Troponin I (TnI), C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum levels/activities of oxidative stress markers: catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in dogs experimentally exposed to graded levels of petrol generator exhaust fume (PGEF). Sixteen (16) healthy and adult male Basenji dogs were randomly assigned into four groups (A-D). Group A was the unexposed control while groups B, C and D were exposed to PGEF for 1, 2 and 3h per day, respectively, for 90days. Repeated analysis were performed at the baseline, and every thirty days, for a total of 90days. There was a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between the effects of PGEF exposure level (in h/day) and duration of exposure (in months) on all the tested serum parameters. There was a significant main effect (p < 0.05) for PGEF exposure level on the serum parameters. As the level of PGEF exposure was increased, the serum concentrations of TnI, CRP, CAT, MDA and NO increased, GSH decreased, whereas SOD activity increased by day 30 but declined at the end. Moreover, there was a significant simple main effect (p < 0.05) for duration of PGEF exposure. All the parameters increased as the duration of PGEF exposure was increased to 90days except GSH concentration which decreased, whereas SOD activity increased initially but declined at the end of the study. Thus, there was increased serum concentrations of TnI, CRP and increased oxidative stress in the PGEF-exposed dogs. These findings are instructive and could be grounds for further studies on air pollutants-induced cardiovascular disease given the widespread use of electricity generators in many low-resource countries.

Comparison of intravenous regional anaesthesia with lidocaine and ropivacaine in dogs.

The present study was designed to compare the effects of lidocaine and ropivacaine in intravenous regional anaesthesia (IVRA) in dogs. Twelve adult male dogs were used. Under isoflurane anaesthesia, exsanguination was performed in the target forelimb. Then, a blood pressure cuff was encircled around the limb proximal to the elbow joint with a pressure of approximately 150 mmHg above the mean arterial blood pressure. The animals then received one of the two treatments of lidocaine (3 mg/kg) or ropivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) with a final volume of 0.6 mL/kg into the cephalic vein. After 60 min, the anaesthesia was disrupted and the tourniquet was removed using intermittent opening (30 s) and closing (5 min) manner for three times. The results revealed that at 20 and 30 min after the initiation of IVRA, the dogs in ROP showed higher analgesia than LID. A leakage under the tourniquet during IVRA was detected. Tremor and hypersalivation were observed after tourniquet removal in some dogs. It was concluded that ropivacaine might provide a higher quality of anaesthesia than lidocaine in IVRA in dogs. The development of local anaesthetic toxicity is a major concern and should be considered at the time of tourniquet removal.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging features of a canine glioblastoma model.

PurposeTo assess glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) formation with similar imaging characteristics to human GBM using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an orthotopic xenograft canine GBM model.Materials and methodsThe canine GBM cell line J3T1 was subcutaneously injected into 6-week-old female BALB/c nude mice to obtain tumour fragments. Tumour fragments were implanted into adult male mongrel dog brains through surgery. Multiparametric MRI was performed with conventional MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion-weighted imaging at one week and two weeks after surgery in a total of 15 surgical success cases. The presence of tumour cells, the necrotic area fraction, and the microvessel density (MVD) of the tumour on the histologic specimen were assessed. Tumour volume, diffusion, and perfusion parameters were compared at each time point using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and the differences between tumour and normal parenchyma were compared using unpaired t-tests. Spearman correlation analysis was performed between the imaging and histologic parameters.ResultsAll animals showed a peripheral enhancing lesion on MRI and confirmed the presence of a tumour through histologic analysis (92.3%). The normalized perfusion values did not show significant decreases through at least 2 weeks after the surgery (P > 0.05). There was greater cerebral blood volume and flow in the GBM than in the normal-appearing white matter (1.46 ± 0.25 vs. 1.13 ± 0.16 and 1.30 ± 0.22 vs. 1.02 ± 0.14; P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The MVD in the histologic specimens was correlated with the cerebral blood volume in the GBM tissue (r = 0.850, P = 0.004).ConclusionOur results suggest that the canine GBM model showed perfusion imaging characteristics similar to those of humans, and it might have potential as a model to assess novel technical developments for GBM treatment.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis SIT42 Infection in an Abused Dog in Southern Italy.

A case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is described in a dead adult male dog in Southern Italy. The carcass was found by the Health Authority in a gypsy encampment. It was admitted to our forensic veterinary medicine unit, with a suspicion of cruelty to the animal. Necropsy showed beating and traumatism signs, and mistreating was confirmed. Gross lesions included multiple nodular hepatic lesions, hemorrhagic enteritis with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, body cavity effusions, and an adrenal neoplasm. Bacteriological and molecular analyses were carried out on the liver lesions that enabled to identify M. tuberculosis SIT42 (LAM9). Drug-resistance patterns were evaluated by screening mutations on the rpoB and katG genes that showed susceptibility to both rifampin and isoniazid, respectively. Very few studies report canine tuberculosis, and little is known about the disease in Italy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of Mycobacterium tuberculosis SIT42 infection in a dog in Italy.

Sterilization of Male Dogs by Intra-testicular Administration of Calcium Chloride Solution

Background: Chemical castration is one of the methods of non surgical contraception which has been suggested as a fast and low cost alternative to control a wide range of canine population.Methods: The potency of intra-testicular 20% calcium chloride solution was tested in 12 fertile, healthy and stray adult male dogs. Dogs were divided randomly into two groups, consisting six animals in each. The animals of group-I were administered intra-testicular 1.0 ml of 20% calcium chloride solution. Bilateral intra-testicular injection was performed using 21 gauge needle directed from the caudo-ventral aspect of each testis approximately 1 cm from the cauda epididymis and towards the dorso-cranial aspect of testis as per the procedure adopted by Jana and Samanta (2007). In group-II, 1.0 ml of normal saline was injected intra-testicular as placebo. Its efficacy was assessed by testicular morphometry, scrotal circumference (on day 0, 7, 15 and 30), histo-morphology (on day 0 and 30) and serum testosterone assay (on day 0, 15 and 30 of treatment).Result: The testicular morphometry of both the testicles was found to be increased size of testes significantly on day 7 in the treatment group as compared to day 0 and then decreased gradually and significantly on day 15 and 30. Histo-morphological study revealed significant changes including complete derangement of seminiferous tubules on day 30 post-treatment. Out of six animals the testes of four animals represented complete destruction of outline of seminiferous tubules. The germinal epithelium and Leydig cells were degenerated and parenchyma was replaced by fibro-collagenous tissue which was evident by the presence of numerous fibrocytes and fibroblast. There was no evidence of mature germ cells in section of both the testes. In some areas small blood capillaries were observed which may indicate neo-vascularisation. Discrete inflammatory infiltration of leucocytes was also observed in the parenchyma. Decrease in serum testosterone level after the end of study, i.e., day 30 indicated degeneration of Leydig cells. It can be concluded that 20% calcium chloride solution has a potential for testicular degeneration and thus sterilization of male dogs.

Effect of Allogenic Omental Graft on Esophegotomy Incision in Dogs Models

The study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effect of allogenic omental graft on esophageal healing in dogs.Twenty healthy male adult dogs were used they were randomly divided into two equal groups (controlgroup 10, treated group 10). Under aseptic technique 4 cm skin incision was made in the midline of thecervical(ventral) of animal by scalpel, after that the incision was sutured immediately by polyglycolic acidsuture materials 0.3 USP used simple continous technique, and the omental graft extracted from same animalsby laprotomy piece of greater omentum was then placed over the oesophagotomy incision of the experimentgroup and secured in place with tacks sutures, In the control group, the esophagotomy suture line was leftwithout graft. Esophageal healing process follow up 1,2 and 3 weeks post operation by histopathologicalexamination, the result display in treated group on the first week post operation development of collagen andlamina properia contain congested blood vessels with epithelial regeneration. 2 weeks post operation showthe epithelium of the mucosa of the esophagus was formed by hyperplasia of squamous cells. The surfaceof these epithelia was covered by keratin with present of bundle of collagen and fibroblasts. 3 weeks postoperation showed the epithelium of esophagus was covered by keratin, with the presence of blood capillariesand also, there was lymphocytic infiltration in the lamina properia with RBC. The tunica muscularis wasconsisting of skeletal muscle fibers, inner longitudinal, and outer circular, proliferation of fibroblast withdeposition of collagen, while in control group histopathological examination in the first week show Theepithelium of the esophagus was stratified squamous with the presence of keratin on its surface, 2 weekspost operation show The mucosa of the esophagus consisted of stratified squamous epithelium with a keratinlayer on its surface. The lamina properia was composed of loose connective tissue with infiltration of manyWBC and blood vessels, 3 weeks post operation show the basal layer of epithelium had many folds whichare interdigitation with the underlying lamina properia, which appeared loose connective tissue with fewnumbers of fibroblasts and lymphocytes, the healing of treated group better than control group.

Bullous Pemphigoid in a Dog

Background: In dogs, bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepithelial autoimmune disease, a rare dermatopathy in the clinical routine. BP is characterized by formation of vesicles and subepidermal blisters that result from dissolution of the dermal-epithelial junction. Clinical signs of BP usually include severe dermatological alterations with a variable prognosis. The aim of this work is to report a case of BP in a dog to contribute information for diagnosis, and to present clinical and pathological aspects that emerge during development of BP.Case: An adult male mongrel dog exhibited hyperemic, exudative, crusty lesions on the lip commissure and periocular areas. Results from laboratory tests were normal. Results from parasitological and mycological tests on skin scrapings were negative. Imprint cytology of the crusts revealed presence of gram-positive cocci bacteria. In the histopathological analysis of punch biopsy material, the epidermis was detached from the dermis, leading to formation of vesicles. There were inflammatory infiltrates containing neutrophils, eosinophils, and high amounts of fibrin, and areas of multifocal orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. Multifocal infiltrates containing lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells were observed on the superficial portions of the dermis, which indicated a diagnosis of BP. After the definitive clinical diagnosis, the animal was treated with enrofloxacin (Baytril Flavour®; 5 mg/kg once a day for 10 days), and prednisolone (Prediderm®; 2 mg/kg once a day until further instructions). On the follow-up visit, 15 days later, the clinical picture had improved, and the lesions had decreased. Continuity of the treatment was prescribed, along with a gradual decrease in the corticoid dose. The dose of prednisolone was initially reduced to 1 mg/kg once a day, and later to 0.5 mg/kg until improvement of the clinical status of the patient. Remission of the lesions was observed 13 weeks later.Discussion: The diagnosis of BP was established after identification of the clinical cutaneous lesions and observation of microscopic findings on punch biopsy material obtained from the ocular and lip regions. BP does not exhibit breed or sex predisposition, and affects adult dogs. The clinical signs of BP are characteristic of autoimmune diseases that affect the dermoepidermal junction, and consist of erythematous, ulcerated, crusty, and painful lesions on the nose, dorsal area of the muzzle, and periorbital region. However, these lesions must be differentiated, by histological analysis, from several other conditions with a similar clinical presentation. Diseases that must be considered in the differential diagnosis comprise other variants of the pemphigus complex, lupus erythematosus, drug eruption, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, epitheliotropic lymphoma, inherited bullous epidermolysis, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and lymphoreticular neoplasia. The clinicopathological findings indicated that the lesions were compatible with BP. The occurrence of necrotic and erythematous lesions is due to production of antibodies accompanied by a strong response of neutrophils, which results in loss of cell adhesion and epidermal necrosis. The presence of detachment of the epidermis from the dermis, inflammation in the superficial portion of the dermis, and infiltrates containing lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasma cells observed at the histopathological examination indicated the occurrence of BP. The skin histopathological examination warranted establishment of a diagnosis and therapeutic success. The lack of recurrence of clinical manifestations 43 weeks after the end of the glucocorticoid treatment demonstrated that the therapeutic approach and the cooperation of the owner are essential for success of the treatment.

Radiological evaluations of low cost wollastonite nano-ceramics graft doped with iron oxide in the treatment of induced defects in canine mandible.

Wollastonite with/without maghemite [(Fe2O3), 0, 3 and 10 wt%] was prepared by facile wet precipitation method. Effect of Fe2O3 presence in the obtained nano-ceramics on physical structure, morphology, size and the mechanical features was evaluated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and universal testing machine. Moreover, the in vitro biomineralization was examined using simulated body fluid (SBF) by means of scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared, and inductively coupled plasma. An in vivo study was conducted on 24 adult male mongrel dogs to test the biosafety of fabricated samples in the reconstruction of experimentally induced mandibular bone defects. Bone density was measured through cone beam computed tomography analysis conducted at 1 and 3 months following surgery. Wollastonite was the main phase in all the prepared samples however little maghemite was developed in Fe-containing samples. No remarkable changes were recognized for physical structure of obtained microcrystalline structures, however, a decrease in particle size was noted in the existence of Fe2O3 (10-15 nm) when compared to the pure wollastonite (30-50 nm). Mechanical features were dependent on the included Fe2O3 concentration within the wollastonite ceramic matrix. The degree of biomineralization of the samples immersed in SBF was elevated with the increase in Fe2O3 percentage. Clinically, the reconstruction of bone defects was uneventful without any adverse toxic effect. Bone density was significantly increased at 1 and 3 months (p < .001) in grafted defects compared to control ones. Increasing the doping concentrations of iron oxide was associated with significant increase (p < .001) of bone density in all induced defects. Due to the impressive healing effect of current fabricated nano-ceramics, they are recommended to be utilized as low cost bone graft alternatives.

Identification of intra-abdominal lymphatics in canine carcasses by laparoscopic fluorescence lymphography with intradermal and intrapopliteal ICG administration

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of laparoscopic fluorescence lymphography (LFL) using indocyanine green (ICG) via intradermal (ID) or intrapopliteal (IPP) administration in an ex vivo canine model.MethodsSix thawed adult male dog carcasses were placed in the Trendelenburg position after placing three surgical ports in triangulation. ICG (0.5 mg/ml; 0.05 mg/kg) was administered to five of the carcasses (one carcass was a pilot) via ID in the left torso and IPP (right position, by surgical access) to stain the lymphatic pathway and medial iliac lymph node (MILN). Fluorescence quality, staining time, structures stained, and lymph node histopathology were assessed. Thoracic duct staining was also evaluated.ResultsID administration showed staining of parts of the lymphatic pathway of the iliosacral lymph center in all cases using a single dose of ICG, with left MILN visualization in four carcasses. IPP administration showed staining of the right MILN in all cases, using a single dose in four carcasses. ICG reached the thoracic duct in one case. The two administration routes showed similar results in terms of required ICG volume, staining time, and visualization quality, although IPP was more effective in staining the MILN.ConclusionsThis study confirms the feasibility of staining the iliosacral lymph center (mainly the MILNs) by LFL in thawed dog carcasses via ID or IPP administration of ICG. However, the IPP route showed greater effectiveness in staining the MILN.