Adult Japanese Beetles Research Articles

Cotoneaster, Tropical and Foliar Spray Applications Evaluated Against Japanese Beetle Adults, Wooster, Ohio, 1989

Abstract Cotonester growing in 1-gal (3.9 1) containers were used to evaluate selected insecticides against Japanese beetle adults. A COa compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply sprays to runoff. Topical and foliar sprays were applied 18 Jul under sunny skies, 29°C, and 16-24 kph winds. Plants were watered by hand every Mon, Wed, and Fri and received 5 cm of rainfall during the test period. Treatment procedures were as follows; TOPICAL—3, 10-15 cm twigs were placed upright in culture tubes with the cut end in water to keep sprigs fresh. Five, field collected adults were placed on each twig, and sprays were applied. Adults and twigs were immediatly transferred to 1-liter fonda containers fitted with mesh tops. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 48 h later by assessing beetle mortality. FOLIAR—2, 10-15 cm twigs were removed from each of the 3, single-plant replicates/treatment, at specified intervals after spraying, and, along with 5 field collected adults, were placed in 1-liter fonda containers with mesh tops. Residual efficacy of insecticides was evaluated 1, 3, 7, and 14 DAT by allowing adults to feed on treated foliage for 48 h. After 48 h, moribund adults were placed on untreated foliage, and final percent mortality was assessed 48 h later.

Effect of Soil pH on Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Oviposition in Potted Turfgrass

The possible effect of soil pH on Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, oviposition and early-instar survival was investigated in the laboratory. Soils were amended with elemental sulfur or dolomitic limestone to produce a range of pH levels from 3.2 to 7.9. Pots containing one of seven soil pH levels that had been planted with a turfgrass mix were placed in cages and exposed to Japanese beetle adults for 7 or 10 d. Pots were subsequently inspected for eggs and first instars. In six tests conducted over two summers, there was no significant difference in Japanese beetle oviposition preference in pots maintained at pH 5.0-7.9.

Comparative histopathology of infection byOvavesicula popilliae [Microsporida: Pleistophoridae] in larval and adult Japanese beetles,Popillia japonica

The host response to infection and tissue susceptibility of larval and adult Japanese beetles,Popillia japonica Newman, to the microsporidium,Ovavesicula popilliae Andreadis & Hanula, are reported. The normally transparent Malpighian tubules of Japanese beetle larvae, were hypertrophied and white in color when infected withO. popilliae, a microsporidian which also infects larval fat body, epidermis and pericardial cells. In addition to these tissues, œnocytes and tracheal epithelial cells were also infected in adults. Adult and larval reactions to infection included hypertrophied cells and melanization of the pericardium, but only larvae exhibited an intense inflammatory response. The discoloration of the pericardium most likely resulted from an accumulation of melanin.

Pyracantha, Evaluating Foliar and Topical Sprays for Control of Japanese Beetle, Wooster, Ohio, 1988

Abstract Pyracantha (0.2 m tall) growing in containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against Japanese beetle adults. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply foliar and topical sprays to run-off. Foliar applications were made at 40 psi on 25 Jul under sunny skies, 29°C, and a 16-24 kph breeze. Treatments received ca. 0.8 cm rainfall 4 h after sprays were applied and 2.0 cm additional rainfall throughout the test period, along with 3.8 cm of weekly overhead irrigation after first samples were removed. Sprayed foliage was fed to field-collected adults at specified intervals after application. Foliar sprays were evaluated by removing two 10-15 cm twigs from each plant at specified intervals and, along with 5 field-collected adults, were placed in a 1-liter Fonda cup with a mesh top. Residual efficacy of insecticides was evaluated 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d after foliar sprays were applied by allowing adults to feed on sprayed foliage for 48 h. After 48 h, moribund adults were placed on unsprayed foliage, and final percent mortality was assessed 48 h later. Topical applications were made at 15 psi on 27 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, and a 8-16 kph breeze. Three 10-15 cm twigs were placed upright in culture tubes with the cut end in water to keep sprigs fresh. Five field-collected adults were placed on each twig, and sprays were applied. Adults and twigs were immediately transferred to 1-liter Fonda cups fitted with a mesh top. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 48 h later by assessing percent mortality. All treatments were replicated 3 times.

Field and Bioassay Evaluations, 1988

Abstract Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against the adult Japanese beetle, tarnished plant bug, meadow spittlebug, and strawberry sap beetle. A 10-yr-old experimental raspberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used for this study. Replicates consisted of 18-ft2 areas, with 4 replicates/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 5 Jul and 26 Jul, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. For the field evaluation readings of the number of live Japanese beetles in each plot were taken immediately before insecticides were applied; at 4 h after treatment; and at 2, 3, and 6 DAT. The bioassay evaluation began 26 Jul, after the insecticides had dried on foliage. Five leaves were sampled from each replicate and placed in 1-gal round ice cream containers. In the bioassay, 10 adult tarnished plant bugs, 10 meadow spittlebugs, and 10 strawberrry sap beetles were added to each container. The number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure to the treated foliage. At 3 DAT a Japanese beetle bioassay of treated foliage was begun and the number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure.

Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Blueberries, 1987

Abstract A 12-yr-old experimental blueberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used. Plots consisted of 2 blueberry bushes, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 150 gal/acre (1,403 liter/ha) on 28 May, 10 and 25 Jun, and 10 Jul, using a hand-held C02 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. On 11 Jun, 24 h after insecticides were applied, 5 leaves from each replicate were placed in ventilated 1-gal round ice cream containers Ten rose chafers and driedfruit beetle adults were then placed in each container. After 24 h the dead insects were counted. On 25 Jun, a similar bioassay was set up, but, in addition to the leaves, we placed 5 ripe berries in each container. Ten adult tarnished plant bugs and strawberry sap beetles were added to each container (replicate) 1 day posttreatment. The number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure to treated fruit and foliage. On 10 Jul, a final bioassay was begun using the same procedure. Ten adult Japanese beetles and 10 adults of each of the 2 species of picnic beetle were set up per replicate on 0 and 3 days posttreatment. Insect mortality was once again read 24 h after exposure to treated fruit and foliage.

Field and Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Raspberries, 1987

Abstract A 9-yr-old experimental red raspberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used for this evaluation. Plots consisted of an 18-ft2 area, with 4 replicates per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liters/ha) on 10 and 20 Jul, using a hand-held C02 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. Readings of the number of live Japanese beetles in each plot were taken 2, 3, and 5 days posttreatment. On 20 Jul, after insecticides had dried on foliage, 5 leaves and 5 berries were sampled from each replicate and placed in ventilated 1-gal round ice cream containers. Ten adult Japanese beetles and 10 each of the 2 species of picnic beetle were then added to each container. The number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure to the treated fruit and foliage. There was no rainfall during insecticide evaluations.

Bioassay and Avoidance (Repellency) Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adulticides on Grapes, 1986

Abstract Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against Japanese beetle adults in an experimental vineyard of Clinton grapes at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of one grape vine, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at rate of 100 gal/acre (379 1/ha) on 21 Jul using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. After treated foliage was dry, 5 grape leaves were removed at random from the outside canopy of each treated plant. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and placed in a ventilated 1-gal ice cream container with 10 Japanese beetles. The containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheese cloth over the top. A mortality count was made after holding beetles on treated foliage for 24 h. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with ca. 75% RH. In addition to the bioassay, a reading of the number of live Japanese beetles present in the field plots was taken 24 h after initial application of the insecticides. The number of live beetles present on the grape foliage of each plot were counted. All treatments in the bioassay were statistically better than the check in both the lab and the field. None of the treatments was phytotoxic to the grape foliage.

Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Blueberries, 1986

Abstract A 11-year-old experimental blueberry planting at Wooster, Ohio was used. Plots consisted of one blueberry bush, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (379 1/ha) on 23 May, 9 Jun, 13 Jul and 22 Jul, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 45 psi (3.2 kg2/cm2) and with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. On 9 Jun, after insecticides had dried, 5 leaves were sampled from each replicate and placed in ventilated plastic containers. Ten tarnished plant bug and dried fruit beetle adults were then placed in each container. Twenty-four h later the number of dead insects was counted. On 14 Jul, a second bioassay was set up in a similar manner. However, in addition to the leaves, we also placed 5 ripe berries in each container. Ten adult Japanese beetles were set up per replicate on 0 and 3 days. The number of dead beetles was recorded 24 h after exposure to treated fruit and foliage. On 22 Jul, the final bioassay was begun using the same procedure and all 3 insects.

Influence of Sugars on the Feeding Response of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Sixteen naturally occurring carbohydrates were evaluated as feeding stimulants in agar/cellulose media for adult female Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman. Four sugars—sucrose, maltose, fructose, and glucose—were strong phagostimulants. Three other sugars—arabinose, xylose, and raffinose—induced weak, but significant, feeding responses.

Bioassay Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adulticides on Grapes, 1985

Abstract Five insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against Japanese beetle adults in an experimental vineyard of Clinton grapes at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 1 grape vine, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 13 Aug using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. The spreader, Ortho X-77, was used at the rate of 0.5 pint per 100 gal. On 2 and 9 days after application, 5 grape leaves were removed at random from the outside canopy of each treated plant for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the laboratory where they were placed inside a ventilated 1 gal container with 25 Japanese beetles. The 1 gal ice cream cartons were modified by placing 16-mesh wire screen in the bottom and cheese cloth over the top. Each bioassay included 4 replicates. Mortality counts were made at given intervals after holding beetles on treated foliage for 24 h. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with ca. 75% RH under a 16-h photoperiod.

Bioassay Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adulticides on Grapes, 1985

Abstract An experiment consisting of 9 insecticidal treatments was conducted at Wooster, OH to determine the logevity of the insecticides to kill Japanese beetle adults. The plot consisted of 2 rows of ‘Ives’ grapes with 9 vines each. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 16 Jul and 20 Aug at the rate of 20 gal water per acre using a hand-operated CO sprayer at 40 PSI and equipped with a 9505 E-Tee Jet nozzle. All sprays applied to the point of runoff. The spray schedule was alternated between the 2 rows of grapes to remove any residual spray that might remain from a previous spray. 8 grape leaves were picked at random from each treated vine at various times after treatment and taken to the lab. The leaves were set up 2 per 5-in pot, providing 4 replicates. The pots, with perforated lids, were placed in a rearing room at 80 F, 60% humidity and a 24 h photoperiod. Beetles were added and held 24 h when mortality was determined. Treatments were not resampled after mortalities dropped to 50%. 1.19 in rain occurred during Test #1 and 1.71 in occurred during Test #2.

Control of Japanese Beetle Adults on Rose, 1985

Abstract The container grown roses were trimmed 3 wk prior to spraying and fertilized to provide similar sized plants. Blossoms were trimmed as they opened throughout the test period. Four 3-plant replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block in a mowed field in Wooster, OH. Roses were sprayed on 16 Jul. Conventional treatments were applied with a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer to the point of runoff. Sevin XLR+ “ULVA” was applied with an ultra-low volume applicator at 1 part XLR in 11 parts water to the point when a mist enveloped the plant. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of beetles feeding on the plants (this provided an avg. no. per replicate from the 3 plants in the replicate) and by taking feeding injury ratings. The injury ratings were 0-10% damaged leaves = 0, 10-25% = 1, 25-40% = 2, 40-60% = 3, 60-75% = 4, 75-90% = 5, 90-100% = 6 (individual ratings were taken, then averaged for a single rating per replicate). Injury ratings were taken throughout the test period but only the final rating is shown. 1.19 inch rain occurred during the test period.

Control of Japanese Beetle Adults on Rose With Sevin, 1985

Abstract The container grown roses were trimmed immediately prior to spraying to remove damaged foliage and provide similar sized plants. Flower blossoms were trimmed from the plants as they opened through the test period. Four 3-plant replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block in a mowed field in Wooster, OH. All treatments were sprayed 30 Jul. Sevin 80S was applied with a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer to the point of runoff. Sevin XLR Plus was applied with an ultra-low volume applicator at 1 part XLR in 11 parts water and 1 part XLR in 39 parts water. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of beetles feeding on the plants (the 3-plant replicates were averaged to provide one number per replicate) and by taking feeding-injury ratings. The injury ratings were 0-10% damaged leaves = 0, 10-25% = 1, 25-40% = 2, 40-60% = 3, 60-75% = 4, 75-90% = 5, and 90-100% = 6 (individual ratings were taken for each plant in the replicate, then averaged for a single rating per replicate). 4.77 inch rain occurred during the test period.

Birch, Evaluation of Soil-Applied Systemic Insecticides for Control of Fall Webworm Caterpillars and Japanese Beetle Adults, Wayne Co., Oh, 1984

Abstract Trees (6.4-8.9 cm dbh) growing in an experimental birch planting and infested with at least 1 webworm nest were chosen for evaluating soil-applied Standak and Di-Syston for control of fall webworm and Japanese beetles. Soil from the base of each tree to its dripline was cultivated prior to and following application of insecticides. Standak treatments were applied with a sprinkling can at the rate of ca. 545 ml of water/m2 of soil surface. Di-Syston granules were applied in salt shaker fashion to the treatment area, raked-in, and then watered as above. All treatments were applied to 4 single-tree replicates on 31 Jul, 5 days after a 3 cm rainfall, so soil moisture was adequate for movement and uptake of systemic insecticides. During the first and second weeks after application, 4.75 and 3.4 cm of rain fell, respectively, on the experimental area. There was no rain during the third week. Treatment effects were evaluated weekly by observing webs for presence of living fall webworm larvae and for evidence of web expansion. A terminal lateral twig was removed from each treated tree and placed in a 1 liter fonda cup with 5 Japanese beetle adults in the laboratory at weekly intervals for 3 wk after application. Living and dead beetles were counted 48 h after caging.

Damage Caused by Popillia Japonica on Treated Grape Foliage, 1984

Abstract An experiment consisting of 6 treatments to control Japanese beetle adults was located at Wooster, OH. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, having 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 26 Jun, 5 Jul, 18 Jul, and 6 Aug at the rate of 1870 liters/ ha (200 gal/acre) using a hand-operated CO2 sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 psi) and equipped with a 9505E-Tee Jet nozzle. Visual observations for feeding damage to foliage were made on the 2.4 m of canopy between the trunks of the 2 vines from the east side of the row on 5 dates from 17 Jul-14 Aug. This was accomplished by examining 10 shoots per treatment for beetle feeding. Each shoot was rated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 depending on how many of the 5 terminal leaves were damaged. Readings of 0 indicated no damage, while 5 indicated feeding on all leaves. Ratings were totaled and compared by treatment.

Presence of and Damage Caused By Japanese Beetle Adults on Treated Grape Foliage, 1983

Abstract Ten treatments were evaluated for repelling and preventing damage by Japanese beetle adults at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of three grape vines, having four replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7m (9 ft) between rows and 2.4 m (8 ft) within the row. Treatments were applied 7 and 20 July and 4 Aug. as foliar sprays at the rate of 935 liters/ha (100 gal/acre, using a hand-operated CO2, sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 lb/in2) and equipped with a Tee Jet D3 disc and No. 13 core. There were two exceptions: Sevin XLR was applied at 2.4 kg/cm2 (20 lb/in2) with a D2, 13 core at a rate of 54 1/ha (5.8 gal/acre); FCR 1272 was applied at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 lb/in2) with a D3 disc, 13 core at 1870 1/ha (200 gal/acre). The ratio of water to Sevin XLR as 11:1. Visual observations were made on the 2.4 m (8 ft) of canopy between the trunks of the two vines from the east side of the row. Ratings were as follows: no live beetles = 0; 1-5 live beetles = 1; 6-10 beetles = 2; 11-15 beetles = 3; 16 or more live beetles = 4. In addition to repellency (presence) observations, treatments were also rated for feeding damage to foliage. This was accomplished by examining 10 shoots per treatment for beetle feeding. Each shoot was rated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 depending on how many of the last five terminal leaves were damaged. Readings of 0 stood for no damage, 5 indicated feeding on all leaves. Ratings were totaled and compared by treatment.

Japanese Beetle: Bioassay to Evaluate Control of Selected Adultcides on Grape, 1981

Abstract Three insecticide formulations were evaluated for field efficacy in an experimental vineyard of Delaware grapes at Wooster, OH. Rows were spaced 8 ft apart with 8 ft between vines in a row. A replicate consisted of 15 adjacent vines in a row. A single treatment was applied Jul 15. Penncap-M and Sevin 50 WP plus Target NL (Agway) were applied at 58 psi with a C0? constant pressure sprayer equipped with a TeeJet D3-25 core. These 2 compounds were applied at the rate of 50 gal water/acre. Sevin XLR was diluted with 11 parts of water and applied with the same sprayer and some tips at 38 psi at the rate of 5.5 gal water/acre. Three leaves were removed at random from the outside canopy for use in bioassay. Leaves were placed in labeled plastic bags and brought into the laboratory where they were placed in floral tubes in a 1-gal ice cream carton. Ten adult Japanese beetles, of an unknown age were placed in each carton. The carton was modified by placing a 16-mesh wire screen over the bottom and cheese cloth over the top. Each bioassay included 4 replicates. The insect holding room was maintained at 75 F with ca. 807, RH under a 16-hr photoperiod.

Field Evaluation of Adult Japanese Beetle Control, 1981

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate 3 insecticides in combination with 2 types of extenders for control of adult Japanese beetles. Each insecticide was used in combination with PRO-TEC UVF, an acrylic-resin type extender which is reported to inhibit degradation by ultraviolet radiation, and Exhalt 800, a pinolene-derWed extender. Treatments were assigned around the circumference of a large Crimean linden (18 inches DBH, ca 45 ft in height) as a randomized complete block with 2 replicates per treatment. Treatment subplots consisted of a section of the lower branches, 9 ft long by 6 ft high. Treatments were applied until run-off with a 2 gal hand-pump sprayer on Jul 2. Damage estimates consisted of the number of completely skeletonized leaves (averaged to acount for partially skeletonized leaves) in a subsample of 20 leaves. Three randomly selected branches (subsamples) were evaluated per replicate, for a total of 120 leaves per treatment. Ratings were made through Aug 11.

Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adultlcides on Grape Foliage, 1980

Abstract Field efficacy was evaluated in an experimental vineyard at Wooster, OH. Rows were 8 ft on center with 8 ft between vines in a row. A replicate consisted of the first 12 vines in each row. Insecticidal applications were made to foliage on Jul 23 and Aug 4 at the rate of 140 gal water/acre, using a CO2 sprayer operating at 60 psi and equipped with a TeeJet No. 9505E fan-type nozzle. In sampling, 20 randomly selected shoots were examined from each replicate. Numbers of adult Japanese beetles per shoot were recorded and mean numbers per shoot for all replicates were compared.