Adult Human Females Research Articles

Amelioration, inclusion, and legal recognition: On sex, gender, and the UK's Gender Recognition Act

Amelioration, inclusion, and legal recognition: On sex, gender, and the <scp>UK</scp>'s Gender Recognition Act

Trans Women, Cis Women, Alien Women, and Robot Women Are Women: They Are All (Simply) Adults Gendered Female

AbstractAlex Byrne contends that women are (simply) adult human females, claiming that this thesis has considerably greater initial appeal than the justified true belief (JTB) theory of knowledge. This article refutes Byrne's thesis in the same way the JTB theory of knowledge is widely thought to have been refuted: through simple counterexamples. Lessons are drawn. One lesson is that women need not be human. A second lesson is that biology and physical phenotypes are both irrelevant to whether someone is a woman, and indeed, female in a gendered sense. A third lesson is that trans women, cis women, alien women, and robot women are all women because to be a woman is to be an adult gendered female. This article does not purport to settle complex normative questions of ethics or justice, including whether the ordinary meaning of woman ought to be retained or changed—though I do note plausible implications for these debates. This article does purport to settle what the ordinary meaning of woman is, and in that regard contribute to important conceptual ground-clearing regarding what constitutes an ameliorative or revisionary definition of woman.

Women Are Not Adult Human Females

ABSTRACT Some philosophers argue that women are adult human females. Call this the Adult Human Female thesis (AHF). The aim of this paper is to show that AHF is false.

Thoracopelvic Covariation Across Ontogeny in Humans

Clarifying human thoracopelvic covariation patterns can contribute to an understanding of body shape evolution. Previous research has shown that although adult human males and females share a common thoracopelvic covariation pattern, males tend to exhibit mediolaterally wide thoraces and narrow pelves, and females tend to exhibit mediolaterally narrow thoraces and wide pelves (2020 Am J Phys Anthropol 173(3) 514‐534). The current study tests for sex differences in thoracopelvic covariation across ontogeny.I analyzed decedent computed tomography data from the Center for Forensic Imaging at the University of New Mexico with a sample of 44 females and 48 males, aged 0‐21 years. I used SlicerMorph to collect three‐dimensional landmark coordinate data representing thoracic and pelvic shapes as well as R geomorph and Morpho for geometric morphometric analyses. After separate Generalized Procrustes Analyses on the pelvis and thorax, I analyzed thoracopelvic covariation with two‐block partial least squares analysis. To compare covariation magnitudes, I tested effect sizes of sex‐specific two‐block partial least squares. I assessed sex‐specific covariation patterns by projecting the male data into the female two‐block partial least squares analysis and then comparing the slopes of sex‐specific data via major axis regressions and the smatr R package.Results from the two‐block partial least squares analyses indicate significant covariation between the thorax and pelvis in females and males (p=0.001). The first latent variables explain 94.47% and 94.40% of the total covariation in the female and male samples, respectively. In both sexes, as the thorax becomes less pyramidal and more barrel‐shaped with development, the pelvis becomes more anteroposteriorly elongated. The sex‐specific two‐block partial least squares analyses do not exhibit significantly different magnitudes of thoracopelvic covariation. Slope comparison between sexes does not indicate significantly different patterns of thoracopelvic covariation.Previous research suggests that adult thoracopelvic covariation is driven by sex differences. The current study shows that subadult thoracopelvic covariation tracks with growth and development in both sexes, which is expected in the ontogenetic sample. Subadult females and males do not exhibit significantly different magnitudes nor patterns of thoracopelvic covariation. Processes such as sagittal balance of the upper body over the pelvis may influence thoracopelvic covariation.

The Female of the Species: Reply to Heartsilver

Maggie Heartsilver’s “Deflating Byrne’s ‘Are women adult human females?’” subjects the arguments and conclusion of “Are women…?” to a probing and comprehensive stress-test. The present paper responds to Heartsilver’s objections, and also discusses the significance of the proposition that trans women are women.

Deflating Byrne’s “Are Women Adult Human Females?”

The primary aim of this paper is to show that Alex Byrne’s arguments in “Are Women Adult Human Females?” provide no reason to doubt the truth of the proposition that trans women are women. Byrne’s conclusion is that women are adult human females. However, it is safe to say that much of the interest in his article is driven by the assumption that it is a short step from that conclusion to the further conclusion that trans women are not women. If Byrne is understood to be defending that further conclusion, however, then some of his arguments are dialectically ineffective. The others commit an evidential fallacy or rest on a false premise.

Gender Muddle: Reply to Dembroff

Robin Dembroff’s “Escaping the natural attitude about gender” replies to my “Are women adult human females?”. This paper responds to Dembroff’s many criticisms of my arguments, as well as to the charge that “Are women...?” “fundamentally is an unscholarly attempt to vindicate a political slogan that is currently being used to undermine civic rights and respect for trans persons”. I argue that Dembroff’s criticisms fail without exception, and explain why the claims about my motives are baseless.

Women’s Knowledge and Perception of Teratogens and Their Effect in First Trimester of Pregnancy in Antenatal Care Units of Secondary Health Facilities in Kebbi State, Nigeria

The study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge and perception of teratogens among pregnant women attending antenatal care units in secondary health facility in kebbi state. A descriptive survey design using a probability sampling technique was employed and 120 patients were selected using a questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, the results was presented in frequency distribution tables and percentages. On knowledge and perception of the respondents on teratogens effect, Findings shows that about 48.3 % of the respondents were aware of the teratogens; while about 51.7 % were not aware of the teratogens and their effect. On the substances that are teratogens in nature 35 % said are the most common teratogens,34.2 % of the respondents said dust is the common teratogens they know.meanwhile;30.8% of the respondents said alcohol is the dangerous teratogens. It can be noted that majority of the respondents (49.2 %) takes drugs on prescription only. While 24.1% takes their drugs on non-prescription bases. 13.3 % of the respondent do smokes and also 13.3% of the respondents keep appointment with A.N.C visits. Also those respondents that visits hospital for any new complains were 17%, while those respondents that use herbal medicine to treat any ailment were 83%.. In conclusion there is no doubt that menace of teratogens effect among pregnant women is increasingly becoming a major public health problem in our society.it was recommended that all pregnant women especially primis should be cautioned extensively about teratogens substances and their consequent effect. This project has shown that the level of knowledge of teratogenic substances and their effect in first trimester of pregnancy is low in secondary health facility in kebbi state. KEY WORDS KNOWLEDGE: information or learning gain through experience or education. PERCEPTION: a way of regarding, understanding or interpreting something. TERATOGEN: any substance, agent, or process that induces the formation of developmental abnormalities in a fetus. TRIMESTER: any one of three successive three-month periods into which a pregnancy is divided. EFFECT: a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause. PREGNANCY: the condition or period of being pregnant. WOMAN: an adult human female. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/82-06 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Escaping the natural attitude about gender

Alex Byrne’s article, “Are Women Adult Human Females?”, asks a question that Byrne treats as nearly rhetorical. Byrne’s answer is, ‘clearly, yes’. Moreover, Byrne claims, woman is a biological category that does not admit of any interpretation as (also) a social category. It is important to respond to Byrne’s argument, but mostly because Byrne’s argument is a paradigmatic instance of a wider phenomenon. The slogan “women are adult human females” is a political slogan championed by anti-trans activists, appearing on billboards, pamphlets, and anti-trans online forums. In this paper, I respond to Byrne’s argument, revealing significant problems with its background assumptions, content, and methodology.

Are women adult human females?

Are women (simply) adult human females? Dictionaries suggest that they are. However, philosophers who have explicitly considered the question invariably answer no. This paper argues that they are wrong. The orthodox view is that the category woman is a social category, like the categories widow and police officer, although exactly what this social category consists in is a matter of considerable disagreement. In any event, orthodoxy has it that woman is definitely not a biological category, like the categories amphibian or adult human female. In the first part, a number of arguments are given for the view that women are adult human females; the second part turns to rebutting the main objections. Finally, a couple of morals are briefly noted, one for activist sloganeering, and one for ameliorative projects that seek to change the meaning of ‘woman’.

Morphological and morphometric study of the cartilaginous framework of the dorsum and tip of the nose among Egyptian populations: a cadaveric study.

Success or failure of rhinoplasty depends mainly on the awareness of the surgeon with the construction of the nasal cartilaginous framework and the knowledge of the morphology and different dimensions of these cartilages. The current study aimed at evaluation of the morphology of the nasal cartilages and to address their different measurements as well as observation of anatomical variations of these cartilages and elucidation of their implications in rhinoplasty. Thirty adult human cadaveric noses, males and females aged 20-70 years were used in the current study. The specimens were dissected; cartilages were exposed and examined morphologically for shape, parts and attachments. Different nasal cartilage measurements were done. The examination of nasal cartilage revealed that the mean length of upper lateral cartilage was variable. The mean width and thickness were 12.8 ± 1.29 mm and 1.34 ± 0.14 mm, respectively. The mean length, width and thickness of alar cartilage were assessed. Angle of divergence was observed to be 23-44°. Statistically, there were no significant differences between genders. Data obtained from this study confirmed the anatomical varia-tions of the nasal cartilages among the Egyptians and confirmed the differences with several ethnic groups. This has important surgical implications giving the attention required during different techniques in rhinoplasty in order to maintain dorsal aesthetic lines of the nose and proper respiratory function.

Normal Organ Weights in Women: Part I-The Heart.

Cardiac enlargement is a well-known independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death, though the definition of what constitutes cardiac enlargement is not universally established. A previous study was undertaken to establish a normal range for male hearts to address this issue; the present study was designed to address the issue and to determine normal cardiac weights in adult human females. A prospective study was undertaken of healthy females dying from sudden, traumatic deaths aged 18 to 35 years. Cases were excluded if: there was a history of medical illness, including illicit drug use; prolonged medical treatment was performed; there was a prolonged period between the time of injury and death; body length and weight could not be accurately assessed; if there was significant cardiac injury; or if any illness or intoxication was identified after gross, microscopic, and toxicologic analysis, including evidence of systemic disease. A total of 102 cases met criteria for inclusion in the study during the approximately 10-year period of data collection from 2004 to 2014. The decedents had an average age of 24.4 years and ranged in length from 141 to 182 cm (56.4 to 72.8 in.) with an average length of 160 cm (64 in.). The weight ranged from 35.9 to 152 kg (79 to 334 lbs) with an average weight of 65.3 kg (143 lbs). The majority of the decedents (86%) died from either ballistic or blunt force (including craniocerebral) injuries. Overall, the heart weights ranged from 156 to 422 g with an average of 245 g and a standard deviation of 52 g. Regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between heart weight and body weight, body length, and body mass index, respectively, and found insufficient associations to enable predictability. The authors, therefore, propose establishing a normal range for heart weight in women of 148 to 296 g.

Normal Organ Weights in Women

Organomegaly can be a sign of disease and pathology, although standard tables defining organomegaly have yet to be established and universally accepted. This study was designed to address the issue and to determine a normal weight for the major organs in adult human females. A prospective study was undertaken of healthy females who had sudden, traumatic deaths at age 18 to 35 years. Cases were excluded if there was a history of medical illness including illicit drug use, prolonged medical treatment was performed, there was a prolonged period between the time of injury and death, body length and weight could not be accurately assessed, or if any illness or intoxication was identified after gross and microscopic analysis including evidence of systemic disease. Individual organs were excluded if there was significant injury to the organ that could have affected the weight. A total of 102 cases met criteria for inclusion in the study during the approximately 10-year period of data collection from 2004 to 2014. The decedents had an average age of 24.4 years and ranged in length from 141 to 182 cm (56.4-72.8 inches) with an average length of 160 cm (64 inches). The weight ranged from 35.9 to 152 kg (79-334 lb) with an average weight of 65.3 kg (143 lb). The majority of the decedents (86%) died of either ballistic or blunt force (including craniocerebral) injuries. The mean brain weight was 1233 g (range, 1000-1618 g); liver mean weight, 1288 g (range, 775-2395 g); spleen mean weight, 115 g (range, 51-275 g); right lung mean weight, 340 g (range, 142-835 g); left lung mean, 299 g (range, 108-736 g); right kidney mean weight, 108 g (range, 67-261 g); and the left kidney mean weight, 116 g (range, 55-274 g). Regression analysis was performed and showed that there were insufficient associations between organ weight and body length, body weight, and body mass index to allow for predictability. The authors therefore propose establishing a reference range for organ weights in women, much like those in use for other laboratory tests. Reference ranges (95% inclusion) are proposed: brain, 1033 to 1404 g; liver, 603 to 1767 g; spleen, less than 230 g; right lung, 101 to 589 g; left lung, 105 to 515 g; right kidney, 38 to 174 g; and left kidney, 35 to 192 g.

Self-Control and Impulsiveness in Adult Humans: Comparison of Qualitatively Different Consumable Reinforcers Using a New Methodology

Self-control can be defined as the choice of a larger, more delayed reinforcer over a smaller, less delayed reinforcer, and impulsiveness as the opposite. Previous experiments have shown that type or quality of reinforcer used affects self-control in humans. The purpose of the present series of experiments was to investigate the effects of qualitatively different reinforcers on the self-control of adult human females. Specifically, in a within-subjects design, participants made choices for two consumable-type reinforcers: food (preferred fruit juice) and video entertainment (preferred cartoon). A new methodology, designed to be similar to the self-control paradigm for delivering food, was used for the delivery of the cartoon. With the contingencies used, a significant difference in self-control for the two reinforcers was found. In addition, self-control and rating for food declined within the sessions; however, there were no declines for video reinforcers. The results are discussed with respect to satiation and habituation, and their implications for previous research findings of differences in self-control as a function of reinforcer differences.

Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae strains recovered from female carriers in the Bucharest area

For the first time, we used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to understand how Romanian group B streptococcus (GBS) strains fit into the global GBS population structure. Colonising isolates recovered from adult human females were tested for antibiotic resistance, were molecularly serotyped based on the capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) gene cluster and further characterised using a set of molecular markers (surface protein genes, pilus-encoded islands and mobile genetic elements inserted in the scpB-lmb intergenic region). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to complement the MLST clonal distribution pattern of selected strains. Among the 55 strains assigned to six cps types (Ia, Ib, II-V), 18 sequence types (STs) were identified by MLST. Five STs represented new entries to the MLST database. The prevalent STs were ST-1, ST-17, ST-19 and ST-28. Twenty molecular marker profiles were identified. The most common profiles (rib+GBSi1+PI-1, rib+GBSi1+PI-1, PI-2b and alp2/3+PI-1, PI-2a) were associated with the cps III/ST-17 and cps V/ST-1 strains. A cluster of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains was detected among the cps V/ST-19 members; these strains shared alp1 and IS1548 and carried PI-1, PI-2a or both. Our results support the usefulness of implementing an integrated genotyping system at the reference laboratory level to obtain the reliable data required to make comparisons between countries.

Mammary Stroma in Development and Carcinogenesis

Mammary glands of adult human females are secretory organs comprised of interdependent epithelial and mesenchymal cells. These cells constitute an assemblage of collecting ducts that end in terminal duct lobular units with hollow alveolar ductules that can differentiate to produce and expel milk. Systemic and maternal hormones, autocrine and paracrine growth factors, and cytokines regulate virtually all phases of mammary gland development. During organogenesis, epithelial and mesenchymal cells interact to form precursors of the parenchyma and stroma in the mature gland. Organogenesis precedes five stages of postnatal development: puberty, pregnancy, lactation, involution, and menopause. Each stage requires a specific set of morphogenetic changes in glandular structure and function. Cycles of cell proliferation, differentiation, and involution may recur until menopause. In addition, physiological responses such as inflammation and pathological events such as tumorigenesis are remarkable for their similarities to embryonic morphogenesis. Here we take a succinct look at the ever-improving understanding of stroma-epithelial interactions and mesenchyme function in mammary gland biology.

Normal range of serum Amphiregulin in healthy adult human females

Prior to large studies in breast cancer patients, we have sought to establish the normal range of a potential serum biomarker, Amphiregulin, in healthy women and to determine whether sampling during the menstrual cycle influences the detected Amphiregulin levels. Serum Amphiregulin levels were quantified using a commercially available ELISA in 85 normal female donors. The range of circulating Amphiregulin was 0-4467 pg/mL. The majority of women had no detectable circulating Amphiregulin (n=54), and only five women had levels exceeding 500 pg/mL. Serum Amphiregulin levels did not vary significantly during the menstrual cycle (n=7 women). Detection of circulating Amphiregulin in a significant minority of healthy women suggests that it may not have the specificity necessary for a population screening tool; however its potential utility for monitoring response to treatment or disease progression should be examined in breast cancer cases.

In silico Prediction of Sex-Based Differences in Human Susceptibility to Cardiac Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias

Sex-based differences in human susceptibility to cardiac ventricular tachyarrhythmias likely result from the emergent effects of multiple intersecting processes that fundamentally differ in male and female hearts. Included are measured differences in the genes encoding key cardiac ion channels and effects of sex steroid hormones to acutely modify electrical activity. At the genome-scale, human females have recently been shown to have lower expression of genes encoding key cardiac repolarizing potassium currents and connexin43, the primary ventricular gap-junction subunit. Human males and females also have distinct sex steroid hormones. Here, we developed mathematical models for male and female ventricular human heart cells by incorporating experimentally determined genomic differences and effects of sex steroid hormones into the O’Hara–Rudy model. These “male” and “female” model cells and tissues then were used to predict how various sex-based differences underlie arrhythmia risk. Genomic-based differences in ion channel expression were alone sufficient to determine longer female cardiac action potential durations (APD) in both epicardial and endocardial cells compared to males. Subsequent addition of sex steroid hormones exacerbated these differences, as testosterone further shortened APDs, while estrogen and progesterone application resulted in disparate effects on APDs. Our results indicate that incorporation of experimentally determined genomic differences from human hearts in conjunction with sex steroid hormones are consistent with clinically observed differences in QT interval, T-wave shape and morphology, and critically, in the higher vulnerability of adult human females to Torsades de Pointes type arrhythmias. The model suggests that female susceptibility to alternans stems from longer female action potentials, while reentrant arrhythmia derives largely from sex-based differences in conduction play an important role in arrhythmia vulnerability.

Self-Control and Impulsiveness in Nondieting Adult Human Females: Effects of Visual Food Cues and Food Deprivation

Self-control can be defined as the choice of a larger, more delayed rein-forcer over a smaller, less delayed reinforcer, and impulsiveness as the opposite. Previous research suggests that exposure to visual food cues affects adult humans’ self-control. Previous research also suggests that food deprivation decreases adult humans’ self-control. The present experiment used 11 adult human females who were not currently dieting to explore the interactive effects of visual food cues and food deprivation on choice behavior in a self-control paradigm. The results demonstrate that exposure to visual food cues, in conjunction with food deprivation, has significant effects on self-control for food reinforcers in adults who are not dieting. Specifically, when food cues were absent, participants demonstrated significantly more self-control when deprived than when not deprived. No significant differences were found when food cues were present.

Pathological findings of a fatal leopard seal attack.

A unique case of a fatal leopard seal attack against an adult human female is presented. The death occurred in Rothera, Antarctica when the female was snorkeling while undertaking scientific research. The principle injuries occurred, during life, to the facial areas prior to the act of drowning. The method of attack of leopard seals against their natural prey is discussed and related to the findings on the deceased.