Adult Female Population Research Articles

A unified multivariate statistical approach for the assessment of deep groundwater quality of rapidly growing city of Maharashtra Province, India, with potential health risk.

The main aim of this research is to assess the consequences of natural and anthropogenic processes on the groundwater quality of 65 deep aquifers of Nagpur city, Maharashtra Province, India, using a unified multivariate statistical approach. The dominant groundwater type recognized is Ca-HCO3 (recharge waters) in 43.1 and 38.5% of groundwater samples of pre- and post-monsoon seasons, followed by mixed water types. The seasonal distribution of physicochemical parameters shows increase in the concentration of EC, TDS, TH, Mg2+, SO42-, and NO3- signifying the high mineralization and anthropogenic loading from pre- and post-monsoon season respectively. The entropy-weight water quality index categorizes the 84.6% and 75.4% of total samples from pre- and post-monsoon seasons into moderate quality. The multiple linear regression and PCA analysis reveal the masking of rock weathering mechanism by anthropogenic activities. The % of PCA Variance varies from 79 to 83.7% from pre- to post-monsoon season. The high contributions of EC (0.76, 0.72), TDS (0.79, 0.73), TH (0.97, 0.962), Ca2+ (0.84, 0.78), Mg2+ (0.79, 0.83), Cl- (0.73, 0.75), and NO3- (0.78, 0.68) in PC1 components expose high salinity and hardness in urban groundwater that signifies the consequences of urbanization on the groundwater regime. About 55.4 and 70.8% of children population as compared to the adult female (53.8%, 69.2%) and male (32.3%, 46.1%) population in PRM and POM respectively were at high non-carcinogenic health threat of NO3--enriched groundwater. The study is beneficial for understanding the variation in groundwater composition due to unplanned urbanization and is very useful for protecting groundwater resources in urban areas.

The severity of depression is associated with pelvic inflammatory diseases: A cross-sectional study of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examinations from 2013 to 2018.

PurposeAs depression in patients with pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) has received increasing attention in recent years, this study aims to investigate the relationship between depression severity and risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease, and to provide new perspectives in the treatment of PID.Patients and methodsMultivariate regression was used to evaluate the association between pelvic inflammatory disease and the severity of depression. Females who participated in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2018 were included. In addition, risk factors for PID and depression were also included in the analysis as adjustment factors.ResultsThe risk of developing PID was associated with depressive status (odds ratio, OR 1.10, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.08–1.12), especially in people with severe depression (odds ratio, OR 6.34, 95% confidence interval, CI 3.72–10.79). Subgroup analysis showed differences in the risk of PID among people with different characteristics.ConclusionThis study showed that there may be a potential positive association between depressive status and the prevalence of PID in the United States adult female population. Depression should be actively looked for in all patients with PID and treated appropriately

Pollution levels, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in farmland soil and crops near Urumqi Industrial Park, Xinjiang, China

This study investigated the concentration, source, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in farmland soil and crops around the Urumqi Industrial Park in Xinjiang, China. The total concentration of 16 different PAHs in the soil (Quantity: 51) and crop (Species: onion, cabbage, coriander, beans, spinach, celery, lettuce, and sunflower) samples ranged between 2.32 and 225.11 ng/g and between 132.44 and 504.03 ng/g respectively, with average values of 39.29 ± 2.39 ng/g for the soil samples and 295.81 ± 105.00 ng/g for the crop samples. The source analysis of PAHs was performed using the positive matrix factorization and ratio method and identified the high-temperature combustion of fossil fuels, the volatilization of petroleum, coke oven emissions, and traffic emissions as main sources of PAHs in soil. The ecological risk posed by the PAHs detected in the soil samples was within a safe range. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) value quantifies resulting from human exposure to soil containing PAH is at a safe level except for the potential carcinogenic risk to children due to ingestion exposure (ILCRs > 1.0 × 10–6). The ILCR posed by crops exceed 1.0 × 10–6 and the risk from sunflower crop was the highest. The highest ILCR values for each crop high exposed for the adult female population. These results indicate that the farmland soil and crops near the Urumqi Industrial Park have been contaminated by PAHs and require urgent remediation to minimize adverse effects of exposure to carcinogens.

Emergence dynamics of adult Culicoides biting midges at two farms in south-east England

BackgroundCulicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are biological vectors of livestock arboviruses that cause diseases with significant economic, social and welfare impacts. Within temperate regions, livestock movement during arbovirus outbreaks can be facilitated by declaring a ‘seasonal vector-free period’ (SVFP) during winter when adult Culicoides are not active. In this study we carry out long-term monitoring of Culicoides adult emergence from larval development habitats at two farms in the UK to validate current definitions of the SVFP and to provide novel bionomic data for known vector species.MethodsStandard emergence traps were used to collect emerging adult Culicoides from dung heaps at two cattle farms in the south-east of England from June to November 2016 and March 2017 to May 2018. Culicoides were morphologically identified to species or complex level and count data were analysed using a simple population dynamic model for pre-adult Culicoides that included meteorological components.ResultsMore than 96,000 Culicoides were identified from 267 emergence trapping events across 2 years, revealing clear evidence of bivoltinism from peaks of male populations of Culicoidesobsoletus emerging from dung heaps. This pattern was also reflected in the emergence of adult female Obsoletus complex populations, which dominated the collections (64.4% of total catch) and emerged throughout the adult active period. Adult male C. obsoletus were observed emerging earlier than females (protandry) and emergence of both sexes occurred throughout the year. Culicoides chiopterus and Culicoides scoticus were also identified in spring emergence collections, providing the first evidence for the overwintering of larvae in dung heaps for these species.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates continual and highly variable rates of emergence of Culicoides throughout the year. A lack of evidence for mass emergence in spring along with the ability to observe male generations highlights the need for complementary surveillance techniques in addition to light-trap data when investigating seasonality and phenology. Evidence was found of other vector species, C. chiopterus and C. scoticus, utilising cattle dung heaps as an overwintering habitat, further highlighting the importance of these habitats on farms.Graphical

Mujerista Psychology: A Case Study Centering Latinx Empowerment in Psychotherapy

This article uses a case study to illustrate Mujerista tenants for mental health practitioners working with the adult female Latinx population. Reviewed are potential Latinx cultural values, history, traditions, and political movements within the United States. We demonstrate the advantages and limitations of a Mujerista perspective in therapy to offer clinicians exposure to a culturally specific treatment for Latinx women. Further, the case study informs mental health practitioners of the unique issues relevant to some Latinx adult women, such as intergenerational trauma, gender scripts, and spirituality.

Exposure to phthalate esters in Japanese females in Kyoto, Japan from 1993 to 2016: Temporal trends and associated health risks.

Phthalates are used as plasticizers in many products used in daily life worldwide. Due to industrial and economic developments, exposure among general population to phthalates may vary geographically and temporally. However, studies are lacking for investigating temporal changes in phthalate exposure in the Japanese population. In the present study, the temporal trends in exposure to various phthalates were assessed among a group of Japanese adult female population over 1993-2016 and derived associated risks. For this purpose, urine samples of healthy Japanese females in Kyoto, Japan (N=132) collected in 1993, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, and 2016, were employed and measured for the concentrations of 18 phthalate metabolites. Over this period, the detection rates of mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) and monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) decreased, and the geometric means of the urinary concentrations of mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) showed a significant decreasing trend. Cumulative risk due to exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) showed a dramatic decrease only between 1993 and 2000. The maximum hazard quotient (HQM) was attributed to DEHP in most subjects regardless of sampling year. This study showed the temporal trend of the exposure of Japanese females to several phthalate esters over two decades. As of the late 2010's, DEHP was still the predominant component of phthalate ester exposure in the population. The HI value, however, indicates that direct risk due to phthalate exposure was unlikely among the studied population.

Prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among tribal population in Southern Rajasthan

Background: The prevalence of hypertension (HTN) and associated factors across social groups including tribal communities as a major non-communicable disease across world is a topic of very high contemporary relevance, especially when it is misconceived as a cause of morbidity only for the richer strata of the society. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of HTN and its associated factors among tribal population in South Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study is based on a sample of 300 adult members living in 160 randomly selected tribal households in Udaipur district.The information collected included systolic and diastolic blood pressure along with a set of associated sociodemographic, behavioral risk factors, level of physical activities, and body mass index. The descriptive statistical measures such as class frequencies, mean, standard deviation, and Chi-square test of significance for association were used. Results: The estimated overall prevalence of HTN was 23.33% with 29.05% for male and 17.76% for female tribal adult population. The sex, age,family history of HTN, occupation, socioeconomic class, and landholding size were found significantly associated with HTN.The risk factors such as alcohol consumption, smoking, and additional salt intake emerged with odds ratio of 1.83, 2.94, and 1.14, respectively. Conclusion: The health intervention focused to increase physical activity and to reduce alcohol consumption, smoking, and additional salt intake can prove to be effective control measures for emerging problem of HTN in tribal area.

Spatial Distribution of Unaspis mabilis Lit & Barbecho (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Lanzones (Lansium domesticum Corrêa) Trees in Aklan, Philippines

Unaspis mabilis Lit & Barbecho (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) adversely affects lanzones production in the Philippines. Characterized as having an aggressive behavior, this leaf-inhabiting species spreads fast and is difficult to control. Since its identification in 2014, it has already reached different parts of the country causing significant damage. Spatial distribution of U. mabilis in lanzones and the effects of weather on its population density were investigated for six months from November 2018 to April 2019 in two orchards in Jumarap, Banga, and Calizo, Balete in Aklan, Philippines. Spatial distribution was measured using dispersion parameters and dispersion indices, whereas correlation study was conducted employing simple and multiple regressions for species’ adult female population counts obtained every 15 days from 30 randomly selected trees. Dispersion parameters and indices confirmed the aggregated distribution of U. mabilis. This aggregated nature was witnessed when pest was highly active from February to April 2019, and during periods of low activity from November 2018 to January 2019. This observed spatial pattern can be linked to the species’ social behavior, the overall effect of their major mortality factors, and the morphological traits of the lanzones plant. Weather parameters such as minimum and maximum temperatures had positive main effects, while high relative humidity and maximum wind speed had negative main effects on species’ population. However, the interaction between maximum and minimum temperatures showed a negative impact, whereas the combination of high relative humidity and maximum wind speed exhibited a positive influence. Rainfall displayed no effect on species’ population change. Resulting data on the spatial distribution and the effects of weather on population can be used as bases for the proper estimation of infestation for an effective pest management against the frequent attack of U. mabilis in lanzones.

Moroccan entomopathogenic nematodes as potential biocontrol agents against Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae)

Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) or prickly pear cochineal, is the most damaging pest on cactus species with heavy economic losses worldwide. The efficacy of two Moroccan EPN isolates; Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) (applied at 25, 50, and 75 IJs cm−2) against D. opuntiae nymphs and young females were evaluated under both laboratory bioassays and field conditions. Results showed that S. feltiae was more effective, causing higher mortality of nymphs and adult females (98.8% and 97.5%, respectively) after 8 days of exposure, resulting in an LT50 value of 5.9 days (nymph) and 6.0 days (young female). While, H. bacteriophora had lower mortalities (83.8% for nymph and 81.3% for adult females). For the cochineal nymphs and adult females, no significant difference was observed among S. feltiae at 25, 50, and 75 IJs cm−2, and the positive control, d-limonene applied at 0.5 g/L which was used due to its high effectiveness against nymphs and females of D. opuntiae. In the field experiment, d-limonene at 0.5 g/L and S. feltiae applied at 75 IJs cm−2 were effective in reducing nymph and adult female populations by 85.3–93.9% at 12 days of post exposure period. To our knowledge, this work is the first report on the use of EPNs to control D. opuntiae. Thus, in addition to d-limonene, both Moroccan EPN isolates S. feltiae, and H. bacteriophora could be used as part of the integrated pest management strategy against D. opuntiae. Many factors such as temperature can affect the establishment and effectiveness of EPNs under field conditions. Therefore, additional studies under field conditions are needed.

Frequency and Risk Factors of Anemia Among Adult Female Population of District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Background: Globally, anemia is the most common problem and affecting approximately 15 to 30% of adult population and the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide. According to WHO, anemia is more prevalent in children and women and too many etiological factors are responsible for its causation. The main objective was to assess the frequency and risk factors of anemia among the adult female population in District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted from June to December 2021, in the district Swat, in which n=211 female individuals were selected through simple random sampling technique of age 18 years and above. Woman was termed as anemic if the HB level is below 10gm/ dl. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and analyzed by SPSS version 19.0 and finally the results were presented in form of tables. Results: The results showed that 29.86% of adult female populations in the study populations were found anemic. 54.50% were married, 56.40% had monthly income less than 25000 PKR pm, 22.27% were housewives, 17.54% were illiterate, 21.33% had 3 or more children, and 15.17% were under-weight. Moreover, 63.98%, 43.60%, 21.33%, and 62.08% had history of iron supplements intake, had history of acute and chronic infections, had single food intake per day and less or equal to two time meat intake per week respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that anemia among female adults had mild to moderate frequency and showed relationship with marital status, number of children, socioeconomic determinants, history of iron intake, acute and chronic diseases; and frequency of food and meat intake per day and week respectively, and thus health education and awareness services were needed to prevent and control anemia among the female adults. Keywords: Anemia, Female, Risk Factor, Illiterate, Iron Intake, Meat, Swat.

Study on psycho-social predictors of smartphone addiction among adult females

This study was conducted to examine the psychosocial predictors of smartphone addiction. Social Support, Leisure Boredom and Life Satisfaction were the predictor variables. For this purpose, a sample of 100 participants was taken. It consisted of adult female population between 45 to 60 years of age from the Punjab state. Data was collected through standardized questionnaires namely Life satisfaction scale (Diener et al., 1985), Leisure Boredom Scale (Aloha &Weissinger, 1990), Interpersonal support evaluation list (Cohen et al., 1985) and mobile addiction scale (Kwon et al., 2013). Results revealed that there exists negative relationship between social support and smartphone addiction and leisure boredom is positively correlated with mobile addiction. Furthermore, social support and leisure boredom came out to be significant predictors of smartphone addiction, social support being the stronger predictor out of the two. Results are discussed as per implications.

Predicting Diabetes Disease for healthy smart cities

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects a large portion of the population and is the leading cause of numerous health problems. Its automatic detection could improve the communities’ overall well-being.OBJECTIVES: The primary goal was to introduce advancements to the subject of healthy smart cities by studying an approach for predicting the occurrence of diabetes in the Pima Female Adult Population using data mining.METHODS: This study uses CRISP-DM to analyze the results of six different models acquired from three different iterations of the same dataset.DISCUSSION: This study found that the most promising model is k-NN, which obtained results of almost 92% of F1 Score with the third data preparation strategy.CONCLUSION: Acceptable results were achieved with the k-NN model and the third data preparation strategy, but more research into improving the data preparation processes and their influence on the outputs of each model is needed.

Clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of occult breast cancer: a population-based study

BackgroundOccult breast cancer (OBC) is a special type of breast cancer. Because of its rarity, clinicopathological information is still insufficient, causing a controversial condition about its treatment recommendation. Thus, we aimed to clarify major clinicopathological information, treatment strategies and prognosis of OBC based on a large population.MethodsWe retrospectively collected adult female OBC population from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. We divided the whole cohort into two groups based on surgical treatment in-breast. Descriptive analysis of 18 clinicopathological variables was conducted. Survival analysis was performed based on different clinicopathological factors. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify potential independent predictor for prognosis of OBC.Results1189 OBC patients were in final analysis and most of them were diagnosed as an early-stage carcinoma. Patients received breast-conserving treatment (BCT) was nearly two times of ones received mastectomy. Patients receiving radiotherapy in BCT group were significantly more than patients receiving radiotherapy in mastectomy group (61.76 vs. 50.9%, P < 0.001). After a median follow-up period of 62 months, 5-year and 10-year overall survival (OS) of all subjects was 81.6% and 68.8%, respectively. No significant difference in OS and breast-cancer specific survival (BCSS) was found between mastectomy and local breast-conserving surgery. Older age and larger number of positive lymph nodes causes a worse prognosis whereas radiotherapy brought a better clinical outcome for OBC patients.ConclusionsOBC has a generally good prognosis. Less-intensive surgery does not negatively impact clinical outcomes of OBC while additional radiotherapy is totally beneficial to prolong OS and BCSS.

A Randomized Trial of Social Media Versus Search Engine Advertising to Increase Awareness of Treatments for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence.

Outreach based on user characteristics through social media advertising is significantly more effective than outreach based on user interests with search engine advertising for female stress urinary incontinence. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of 2 online outreach platforms to engage women at risk of stress urinary incontinence with a high-quality patient education website. A geographic randomized trial was performed comparing online advertising on Facebook, a social media site, versus Google Ads, a search engine, to direct viewers to VoicesForPFD.org. Advertisements were developed using health communication theory and pretested before the randomized trial. Counties in the Pacific Northwest were grouped into approximately equal populations, called "supercounties," and randomized to advertisement platforms. Educational website views resulting from each campaign, called sessions, were measured using Google Analytics; the primary outcome was the number of sessions per supercounty. County characteristics were obtained from national survey data. Effectiveness of the advertising platforms was compared between randomization arms using Welch's unequal variances t test, and crude and adjusted linear regression models. Mean user sessions were significantly higher in areas randomized to Facebook advertising (470 sessions) compared with areas randomized to Google Ads advertising [44 sessions; mean, 426 session difference (95% confidence interval, 199-653 sessions); P = 0.001]. After accounting for adult female population and rurality, randomization to Facebook instead of Google Ads still resulted in 409 additional sessions (95% confidence interval, 317-501 sessions; P < 0.001). Social media was 10 times more effective (470 versus 44 mean sessions per supercounty) than search engine outreach advertising and should be prioritized in outreach efforts. Future work is needed on engagement and behavior change with online outreach.

Endotherapic treatment to control Toumeyella parvicornis Cockerell infestations on Pinus pinea L.

BACKGROUNDThe pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell, 1897), is a damaging insect pest native to North America. Its accidental introduction into Europe, where it was first reported in central‐southern Italy, is leading to severe infestations among stone pine trees, Pinus pinea L. causing severe infestations and generating a major risk to the health and safety of the citizens as well. This preliminary study aimed at finding an effective low‐impact control strategy against Toumeyella parvicornis. We evaluated the effect of endotherapic abamectin injected into infested stone pines in the Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica (Rome).RESULTSResults showed that endotherapic abamectin significantly reduced the pine tortoise adult female populations and had a persistence into plants of approximately 60 days. The first trace of abamectin on the plant's crown was detected 1 month after the treatment. Moreover, the survey highlighted a higher presence of the pest on the twigs of the plants than on needles.CONCLUSIONSThese findings offer an important tool in fighting the damaging activity of this phytophagous, especially in an urban context where interventions with treatments are strictly regulated by national laws. Endotherapy, in fact, would reduce the dispersion of active ingredients by drift, an aspect that could represent a valid alternative to manage plants in public areas. Given the actual lack of scientific information about other control solutions, abamectin endotherapic treatments would be the more effective strategy currently applicable. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Lumbar Vertebral Body and Disc Morphometry in Punjab

Background and objective: Low back pain is common in the elderly due to adaptive changes to stress and osteoporosis of the lumbar spine. Skeletal geometry varies in different population groups. Objective of this study was to record reference values of morphometric data of lumbar spine in normal adult male and female subjects of Punjab. Study design: Cross-sectional population study Material and methods: Anterior and central height and concavity index for each vertebra were measured and calculated from radiographs. Anterior and posterior height and anteroposterior diameter were measured for each disc and wedge index was calculated. Results: All parameters were significantly larger in the males as compared to the females. Significant difference was found in the anterior height of the intervertebral discs at L1-2 to L4-5 while it was insignificant at L5-S1. Posterior height of discs was significantly larger in the male group at L1-2 to L3-4. Wedge index (WI) for discs was relatively larger in the female group. Conclusion: The study has provided some reference values of measurements of lumbar spine in adult male and female population of Punjab which may be valuable for better assessments of morphological changes by the clinician and for further research in this area. Keywords: Lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral disc, morphometry, concavity index, wedge index, lumbar spine

Fat tissue on the march: secular trend of body circumferences and skinfold thicknesses in Slovenia over the 70 years period.

Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among young adults has increased dramatically in recent decades. The survey examined anthropometric indicators of fat tissue amount in the population of adult males and females from Slovenia from 1950 to 2019. Methods: From a large anthropometric database body height, body mass, seven circumferences (C: waist, hip, relaxed and flexed upper arm, forearm, middle thigh, medial calf) and seven skinfold thicknesses (SFT: triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale, front thigh and medial calf) were obtained in different combinations for more than 3400 males and almost 4600 females of age 18 to 29 years, measured in the years between 1950 and 2019. To evaluate the secular trend, data were classified into 10-year periods and compared with ANOVA. Results: Body mass, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, waist C, relaxed and flexed upper arm C, calf C, Triceps/subscapular ratio, biceps SFT, supraspinale SFT, front thigh SFT, and medial calf SFT increased (p < 0.001) over the last 70 years, however, thigh C decreased (p < 0.001) over the last 30 years. Body mass index and forearm C increased in males and decreased in females. Triceps and subscapular SFT`s increased till 2009 and then decreased in next decade in both sexes. Body fat % increased over the 70-years observed period from 12% to almost 15% in males and from 24% to more than 26% in females. Conclusion: From 1950 to 2009 or even to 2019, large amount of body fat clearly became more prevalent in young adults from Slovenia, which mostly is in line with secular trend in fat tissue in other parts of the world; however, in many measurements this trend slows down or even reverses after 2009 in Slovenia. Slovenian population appears to be leaner compared to other populations.

Ecological and hygienic aspects of cervical erosion in rural women of the Republic of Dagestan

Based on the available results of the conducted studies, it can be said that the current level of influence of negative environmental factors has exceeded the critical level of the adaptive capabilities of the body of women of fertile age. This determines the fundamental applied importance of identifying the influence of individual factors and the consequences of the use of pesticides on the incidence of cervical erosion, which is an endogenous risk factor for the development of malignant neoplasms of the cervix. In the course of the work, an assessment was made of the independent, total and combined effect of mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals on indicators of the incidence of cervical erosion in women in rural areas of the Republic of Dagestan, since they are the leading environmental factors. A two-way analysis of variance was carried out for the influence of the place of residence and the intensity of the use of mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals. In total, information was obtained on the effect of over 600 combinations of mineral fertilizers and pesticides on the incidence of cervical erosion in women in rural areas of the Republic of Dagestan. The influence of natural and anthropogenic ecological and hygienic factors in the Republic of Dagestan on the incidence of cervical erosion (ESM) in the adult female population, especially in rural areas of the republic, was established. The analyzed data on the impact of the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides demonstrate that in rural regions, where there is an intensive rate of development of agriculture with the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, it is necessary to take them into account as real risk factors for the development of cervical erosion in women. The results of the study give grounds to assume the presence of an indirect influence of the considered environmental factors on the incidence of cervical erosion.

Mapping and population size estimates of people who inject drugs in Afghanistan in 2019: Synthesis of multiple methods.

IntroductionMapping and population size estimates of people who inject drugs (PWID) provide information needed for monitoring coverage of programs and planning interventions. The objectives of this study were to provide the locations and numbers of PWID in eight cities in Afghanistan and extrapolate estimates for the country as a whole.MethodsMultiple population size estimation methods were used, including key informant interviews for mapping and enumeration with reverse tracking, unique object and service multipliers, capture-recapture, and wisdom of the crowds. The results of the several methods were synthesized using the Anchored Multiplier–a Bayesian approach to produce point estimates and 95% credible intervals (CI). Using the prevalence of PWID in the eight cities and their correlation with proxy indicators, we extrapolated the PWID population size for all of Afghanistan.ResultsKey informants and field mapping identified 374 hotspots across the eight cities from December 29, 2018 to March 20, 2019. Synthesizing results of the multiple methods, the number of male PWID in the eight study cities was estimated to be 11,506 (95% CI 8,449–15,093), corresponding to 0.69% (95% CI 0.50–0.90) of the adult male population age 15–64 years. The total number of women who injected drugs was estimated at 484 (95% CI 356–633), corresponding to 0.03% (95% CI 0.02–0.04) of the adult female population. Extrapolating by proxy indicators, the total number of PWID in Afghanistan was estimated to be 54,782 (95% CI 40,250–71,837), men and 2,457 (95% CI 1,823–3,210) women. The total number of PWID in Afghanistan was estimated to be 57,207 (95% CI 42,049–75,005), which corresponds to 0.37% (95% CI 0.27–0.48) of the adult population age 15 to 64 years.DiscussionThis study provided estimates for the number of PWID in Afghanistan. These estimates can be used for advocating and planning services for this vulnerable at-risk population.

Inmates: Adult Male and Female Inmate Population: Social Vulnerability Index and Influential Risk Factors

Inmates: Adult Male and Female Inmate Population: Social Vulnerability Index and Influential Risk Factors