Adult Dromedary Camels Research Articles

Reference Values for Some Serum Biochemical Parameters of Adult Male of Libyan and Sudanese Camels in North Africa, Libya

The normal concentrations of some blood constituents were determined in adult one-humped camels from Libya and Sudan. The current study employed the Mindray BC-5000 analyzer to conduct biochemical measurements on thirty adult dromedary camels. Results obtained were compared and interpreted in light of findings reported by other researchers about camelids. The study investigated the normal concentrations of blood constituents in adult one-humped camels from Libya and Sudan. The results indicated that the mean values of total protein were 8.59 ± 0.64 g/dL and 8.74 ± 0.37 g/dL in the Libyan and Sudanese camels, respectively. For albumin, the mean concentrations were 3.47±1.03 g/dL and 3.92±0.53 g/dL, while for globulin, they were 5.03±0.41 g/dL and 4.83± 0.44 g/dL in experimental animals respectively. The mean Na concentrations were 153.44 ± 3.04 mmol/l in Libyan camels and 164.39 ± 4.29 mmol/l in Sudanese camels. Ca levels were found to be 11.89 ± 0.74 mmol/l and 9.90 ± 1.37 mmol/l in Libyan and Sudanese camels, respectively. The values of K concentrations showed 5.880 ± 0.102 mmol/l and 6.860 ± 0.249 mmol/l in Libyan and Sudanese camels respectively. While ESR was measured at 0.40 ± 0.13 mmol/c in the study. Conclusion, the study provides a preliminary report on hematological and serum biochemical parameters of camel in North Africa (Libya). Furthermore, future studies can explore blood standards and biochemical measurements across various age groups of <i>Camelus dromedaries</i> to enhance the applicability and interpretation of biochemical data in camel research.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the dromedary camel carpus

BackgroundThe dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) carpal joint presents multiple joints and constitutes several bones and soft tissues. Radiography and/or ultrasonography of the carpus are challenging due to structural superimposition. High-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique precludes superimposed tissues and offers high soft tissue contrast in multiple sequences and planes. Hence, understanding the normal MRI anatomy is crucial during clinical investigations. Magnetic resonance imaging is highly sensitive for investigation of soft tissues and articular cartilage; therefore, it is extensively used for outlining joint anatomy and evaluation of a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions. MRI images of a specific anatomical region acquired by using multiple sequences in various planes are necessary for a complete MRI examination. Given the dearth of information on the MRI features of the dromedary camel carpus, the current study demonstrates the MRI appearance of the clinically significant structures in the camel carpus in various sequences and planes using a high-field 1.5 Tesla superconducting magnet. For this purpose, twelve cadaveric forelimbs, obtained from 6 clinically sound lameness free adult dromedary camels, were examined.ResultsThe cortex and medulla of the radius, carpal bones and metacarpus were evaluated. Articular cartilage of the carpal joints was depicted and showed intermediate intensity. Carpal tendons expressed lower signal intensity in all pulse sequences. The collateral and inter-carpal ligaments showed mixed signal intensity.ConclusionsThe obtained data outlines the validation of MRI for investigation of the camel carpus and could set as a reference for interpretation in clinical patients.

The ultrastructure of peroxisomes in the kidney of the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Dromedary camels can survive and reproduce in desert areas. The unique anatomical structure of the kidney enables the camel to prevent water loss. The present study aimed to investigate the ultrastructure of the peroxisomes in the normal kidney of the adult dromedary camel. Tissue samples were taken from the cortex and outer medulla of the kidney of eight camels. The samples were then processed for histological and ultrastructural investigations. The epithelial cells of the proximal tubules displayed peroxisomes with varying sizes and shapes. The peroxisomes were observed in either dispersed or clustered arrangement. Each peroxisome exhibited a homogenous matrix enveloped by a single membrane. Several peroxisomes exhibited one or more dark marginal plates that were always strongly associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The intensity of the peroxisomal matrix differed significantly, either within the same cell or across different cells. The intensity was light or dark, with a few peroxisomes presenting a similar intensity to that of the mitochondria. Some peroxisomes contained nucleoids within their matrix. The peroxisomes in the first and second sections of proximal convoluted tubules were scattered and primarily located in the region between the microvilli and the underlying mitochondria. The peroxisomes in the third region were abundant and frequently aggregated in clusters throughout the cytoplasm. In the fourth region, the number of peroxisomes was low. The proximal straight tubule had a limited quantity of peroxisomes. In conclusion, peroxisomes in the proximal tubule in kidney of normal dromedary camel were similar in shape and size to other mammals; however, heterogeneity exists as a result of differences in species-specific peroxisomal proteins. Peroxisomes are suggested to be a major source of metabolic energy and act as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavengers, resulting in the release of water and oxygen.

Ultrasonographic, endoscopic and radiographic examinations of the dromedary mammary glands and teats

The aim of the present study was to examine the mammary gland of dromedary camels using ultrasonography, endoscopy and radiography. These techniques are easy to perform in the field and feasible to diagnose pathological conditions of the mammary gland. Udders of 49 slaughtered and 26 adult dromedary camels submitted for necropsy were used for the examinations. Additionally, 11 lactating female dromedary camels were selected for the ultrasonographic udder examination. The transition from the milk ducts into the udder cistern, the teat cistern and the teat canals were examined in individual udders. Teat cistern length, teat end width, teat wall thickness, teat cistern width and middle cistern wall thickness were measured using ultrasonography. The measurements resulted in mean values of the teat cistern length of 37.3 mm, the teat end width of 2.0 mm, the teat wall thickness of 4.4 mm, the teat cistern width of 8.2 mm and the cistern wall thickness of 3.5 mm. The teat wall was differentiated into three layers, a hyperechoic outer layer, a hypoechoic middle layer and a hyperechoic inner layer. The mid cistern wall was hyperechoic. Endoscopic examination is an easy to perform and practicable method for examining the inner structures of the teats of dead animals; however, the feasibility has not been shown in lactating animals yet. Ring-like folds were present in the teat cistern, which protruded horizontally into the lumen. It was also possible to visualize the branchlike transition of the teat cistern into the larger milk ducts. Radiographic examination using barium sulfate contrast medium showed that the teat cistern ends in a network of initially wide but branching and narrowing milk ducts. The two teat canals and cisterns are completely independent of each other and there is no communication between the glandular tissue of the two canals and cisterns.

Anatomical and ultrasonographic landmarks of the manus nerves in camel (Camelus dromedarius)

This study aims to describe the anatomical and ultrasonographic features of manus nerves to establish a guideline approach for manus nerve block in camel practice. Twelve distal parts of the forelimbs cadavers of freshly slaughtered adult dromedary camels were used in this study. Six manus cadavers were used for anatomical morphology and the other six were used for ultrasonographic examination of the manus nerves. The gross anatomical study revealed the manus of the camel including, the third and fourth metacarpus and digits receives nerve supply from the ulnar, radial, and median nerves. These nerves continued along the camel manus as lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves and the axial and abaxial palmar proper digital nerves of the digits III and IV. Ultrasonographic evaluation of each nerve in the manus of the dromedary camel revealed proper localization and tracking of these nerves from the surrounding structures. In conclusion, the present study provides anatomical and ultrasonographic imaging knowledge tracking of the manus nerves in camels. This is important for determining the areas of the nerve block to attain successful regional anesthesia of this region in case of manus injuries in camel.

Epidural lidocaine, butorphanol, and butorphanol – lidocaine combination in dromedary camels

BackgroundThe use of general anesthesia in dromedary camels is constrained by risks related to decubitus. Caudal epidural analgesia is an alternative convenient technique providing loco-regional analgesia for numerous invasive and noninvasive painful conditions. Lidocaine is probably the most commonly used local anesthetic in clinical practice, but has a relatively short duration and may not provide significant long term analgesic benefits. Epidural administration of an opioid-local anesthetic mixture would improve the quality and length of analgesia and minimizes the adverse motor effects provoked by local anesthetics. Butorphanol (potent agonist–antagonist opioid) has been used to improve the duration of epidural analgesia in some animal species, but not in camels. Therefore, our purpose was to investigate the onset and duration of analgesia as well as the clinical and hemato-biochemical effects produced by the epidural administration of butorphanol (0.04 mg/kg), lidocaine (0.22 mg/ kg), and butorphanol-lidocaine (0.04 mg/kg—0.22 mg/ kg) mixture in nine adult dromedary camels in a crossover experimental study.ResultsThe onset of analgesia was not statistically different between lidocaine (6.5 ± 2.3 min) and butorphanol-lidocaine (7.3 ± 1.5 min) combination. Delayed onset of analgesia was reported after butorphanol administration (14.7 ± 3.5 min). Butorphanol-lidocaine combination produced marked longer duration (175 ± 8.7 min) than lidocaine (55 ± 6.8 min) and butorphanol (158 ± 5.3 min). Mild ataxia was observed in the butorphanol–lidocaine and lidocaine treated animals and slight sedation was reported after butorphanol and butorphanol-lidocaine administration. A transient significant increase in the glucose levels was recorded after all treatments.ConclusionsEpidural administration of butorphanol augments the analgesic effects and duration of lidocaine with minimal adverse effects.

Comparative Study of the Sedative and Anti-nociceptive Effects of Sacrococcygeal Epidural Administration of Romifidine, Lidocaine, and Romifidine/Lidocaine in the Dromedary Camel

In a randomized prospective study, comparative sedative and anti-nociceptive effects of epidural administration of romifidine (RO), lidocaine (LD), and a combination of romifidine-lidocaine (ROLD) in camel were evaluated. Eighteen healthy adult dromedary camels were assigned randomly to three treatment groups (n = 6), each receiving 50 μg/kg of RO, 0.30 mg/kg of LD, or a combination of both RO and LD. All treatments were expanded in 0.9% sterile normal saline solution to a final dose volume of 20 ml and administered directly into the sacrococcygeal space. After epidural injection of each treatment, the onset time, duration, anatomical extension of anti-nociception, and sedation were documented. Anti-nociception was tested at different areas using a pinprick test and artery forceps pinching at the perineum and inguinal area. RO and ROLD treatments resulted in mild to severe sedation and complete bilateral analgesia with loss of sensation in the tail, perineum, scrotum in males, vulva in females, the caudal aspect skin of the upper hind limb, and inguinal region (udder in females and the prepuce in males). The anatomic extent of anti-nociception reached the chest cranially and the footpad distally. Camels who received LD showed the shortest duration (P < 0.001) to the onset of perineal anti-nociception (3.67 ± 0.33 min) followed by those who received RO LD (4.00 ± 0.37 min) and RO (6.67 ± 0.33 min), respectively. RO and ROLD resulted in significantly (P < 0.001) longer periods of analgesia (158.33 ± 4.01 min and 165 ± 3.87 min, respectively) than LD (75.83 ± 3.27). An epidural RO and ROLD would appear to produce a very effective and acceptable anti-nociceptive effect in the perineal and inguinal regions of camels.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Dromedary Camel Stifle

The objective of the present investigation was to develop a high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol for assessment of the dromedary camel stifle region and to describe normal MRI appearance of the stifle by comparing MRI images with their corresponding anatomic slices. Twelve cadaveric hind limbs were obtained from 6 clinically sound adult dromedary camels without hind limb lameness. Cadaveric stifles were scanned by 1.5 Tesla MRI system using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, proton density gradient echo and short Tau inversion recovery sequences in 3 planes. After imaging, stifles were frozen at – 18°C for 2 weeks, then sectioned in sagittal, dorsal or transverse planes. Optimal MRI images from different sequences and planes were evaluated and correlated to their corresponding gross anatomic slices. Descriptive findings of the articular cartilage, subchondral bone, cruciate ligaments, menisci, menisco-tibial and menisco-femoral ligaments, long digital extensor tendon, and patellar ligament were reported. The high-field MRI protocol described in this study provided high spatial and contrast resolution of the osseous and soft tissue structures of the dromedary camel stifle joint. Data obtained in this study could be used as normal reference standards for evaluation of the dromedary camel stifle in clinical situations.

Arterial Blood Supply and Angiography of the Fore Foot in One- Humped Camel (Camelus dromederius)

The present study was conducted on eight fresh forelimbs to investigate a detailed anatomical description of the arterial blood supply in adult dromedary camel’s foot. Anatomical and angiographic techniques were used in order to give detailed data about the origin and pattern of distribution of these arteries. Moreover, this data serve other researchers in comparison with different animals. The specimens injected with red colored gum milk latex for anatomical dissection and urograffin injection for angiographic purposes throughout the median artery. The main arterial blood supply of camel’s digit was derived from common palmar digital artery, palmar metacarpal artery, in addition to smaller branches detached from the dorsal metacarpal artery.

AMYLOIDOSIS IN DROMEDARY CAMEL (ONE-HUMPED) IN ASWAN SLAUGHTER HOUSES, EGYPT

The amyloidosis are a group of disorders in which soluble proteins aggregate and deposit extracellular in tissue as insoluble fibrils, causing progressive organ dysfunction. A definitive diagnosis of amyloidosis is based on the histological presence of amyloid substance in tissue specimens. Under light microscope, amyloid substance appears as homogenous pink extracellular deposits in hematoxylin and eosin. On stained sections with Congo red, the extracellular deposits appear orange red in color. In this study, amyloidosis was diagnosed by histopathological examination under light microscope in the liver and kidney tissues from 30 adult dromedary camels (one-humped) collected from a total 50 adult dromedary camels (one-humped) that were presented for slaughter at Draw abattoir in Aswan Governorate between 2018 and 2019. Amyloid deposits in the kidney were located around Bowmans capsule, mesangial areas and peritubular interstitial tissues. Amyloid was also seen in liver were located around blood vessels and along the sinusoids. Concurrent lesions of amyloid in liver include fatty changes, hydropic degeneration and necrosis. Also Concurrent lesions with amyloid in kidneys include proliferative glomerulonephritis and necrosis in tubules.

Preliminary Comparative Assessment of Brucellergene Skin Test for Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius).

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of Brucellergene skin test (BST) for the diagnosis of Brucellosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in comparison with Rose Bengal test (RBT) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). A total of 68 apparently healthy adult dromedary camels of either gender from three different geographical locations of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates (UAE), were included in the study. The skin test was applied on two shaved areas at the middle of the neck: one for the test and the other area was injected with normal saline as a control. Reading was done 72 h postinjection. Results were subjected to Bayesian analysis to assess the test performances in camels. The model estimated the following sensitivity and specificity median values: BST: Se = 70.72%, Sp = 98.82%; RBT: Se = 93.27%, Sp = 97.79%; and c-ELISA: Se = 94.78%, Sp = 98.48%. As the BST investigated in this study proved to be a highly specific test, we propose using it as a confirmatory test in camels particularly when the serological tests give doubtful results on individual animals.

Leukocyte populations and their cell adhesion molecules expression in newborn dromedary camel calves.

Background and Aim:Different properties of the newborn immune system have been characterized in many species. For the newborn camel calf, however, the phenotype and composition of blood leukocytes have so far not been evaluated. The current study aimed to analyze the distribution of leukocyte subpopulations and their expression pattern of cell adhesion molecules in newborn and adult dromedary camels.Materials and Methods:Blood samples were collected from 17 newborn camel calves and 32 adult camels. For each sample, total leukocytes were separated and analyzed for their composition and cell adhesion molecules expression by flow cytometry.Results:In comparison to adult camels, newborn camel calves had higher leukocyte numbers and higher numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes but lower numbers of eosinophils in their blood. Among the lymphocyte populations in calves, the fractions of B cells and γδ T cells were elevated when compared to adults, whereas CD4-positive T cells were reduced. The comparison between camel calves and adult camels revealed significantly lower expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD11a, CD11b, and CD18 on granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes in calves.Conclusion:Newborn camel calves show a distinct composition and phenotype pattern of blood leukocytes when compared to adult camels. The observed rise in many leukocyte populations in calf blood may be due to reduced migratory activity in calf leukocyte populations.

Lumpy jaw and wooden tongue in an adult dromedary camel: Case report

Lumpy jaw and wooden tongue in an adult dromedary camel: Case report

Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) in an adult dromedary camel: Short communication

MERS-CoV was isolated from nasal swabs for 10 days from an adult female camel which displayed clear nasal discharge from both nostrils. When MERS-CoV ELISA antibodies appeared in the camel's blood, the virus was no longer present in its nasal cavities.

Efficiency of Commercial Egg Yolk-Free and Egg Yolk-Supplemented Tris-Based Extenders for Dromedary Camel Semen Cryopreservation

Simple SummaryThis study compared the efficiency of commercial egg yolk-free (AndroMed, OPTIXcell) and egg yolk-supplemented (Triladyl, Steridyl) Tris-based extenders for semen cryopreservation in dromedary camels. The camel-specific extender SHOTOR was used for reference. SHOTOR, Triladyl, Steridyl, AndroMed, and OPTIXcell can all be used for camel semen cryopreservation; however, SHOTOR and Triladyl provide the best post-thawing sperm quality.This study compared the efficiency of commercial egg yolk-free (AndroMed, OPTIXcell) and egg yolk-supplemented (Triladyl, Steridyl) Tris-based extenders for semen cryopreservation in seven adult dromedary camels. The camel-specific extender SHOTOR was used as control. The collected semen samples were evaluated and diluted with SHOTOR, Triladyl, Steridyl, AndroMed, or OPTIXcell. The diluted semen was gradually cooled and equilibrated for two hours before liquid nitrogen freezing. Semen was evaluated prior to freezing and after freeze-thawing cycles for motility, kinetics, vitality, abnormality, plasma membrane integrity, and DNA fragmentation using computer-assisted sperm analysis. In pre-freezing evaluation, progressive sperm motility was higher in SHOTOR-diluted samples (21.54 ± 1.83) than in samples diluted with Steridyl, OPTIXcell, or AndroMed (15.76 ± 1.80, 17.43 ± 1.10, and 13.27 ± 1.07, respectively). Moreover, Triladyl and SHOTOR resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) better sperm vitality and DNA integrity than all other diluents, but Triladyl resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) better plasma membrane integrity (87.77 ± 0.31) than SHOTOR (85.48 ± 0.58). In the post-thawing evaluation, Triladyl led to significantly (p < 0.05) higher sperm motility (38.63 ± 0.81%; p < 0.05) when compared to SHOTOR, Steridyl or AndroMed (35.09 ± 1.341%, 34.4 ± 0.84%, and 31.99 ± 1.48%, respectively), with OPTIXcell being the least efficient (28.39 ± 0.86%). Progressive sperm motility was the highest when using Triladyl. Post-thawing curvilinear, straight line and average path sperm velocities were highest with Triladyl and lowest with AndroMed. Triladyl led to the highest linearity coefficient and straightness sperm coefficient, while SHOTOR to the highest DNA and plasma membrane integrity. OPTIXcell and AndroMed resulted in poor post-thawing sperm vitality, while Steridyl was less efficient than Triladyl. The highest rate of sperm abnormalities was recorded with OPTIXcell and the lowest with SHOTOR or Triladyl. In conclusion, SHOTOR, Triladyl, Steridyl, AndroMed, and OPTIXcell can all be used for camel semen cryopreservation; however, SHOTOR and Triladyl provided the best post-thawing sperm quality. Based on our findings, Triladyl is the best commercially available extender for dromedary camel semen cryopreservation to date.

Two new gene clusters involved in the degradation of plant cell wall from the fecal microbiota of Tunisian dromedary.

Dromedaries are capable of digesting plant cell wall with high content of lignocellulose of poor digestibility. Consequently, their intestinal microbiota can be a source of novel carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). To the best of our knowledge, no data are available describing the biochemical analysis of enzymes in dromedary intestinal microbiota. To investigate new hydrolytic enzymes from the dromedary gut, a fosmid library was constructed using metagenomic DNA from feces of non-domestic adult dromedary camels living in the Tunisian desert. High-throughput functional screening of 13756 clones resulted in 47 hit clones active on a panel of various chromogenic and non-chromogenic glycan substrates. Two of them, harboring multiple activities, were retained for further analysis. Clone 26H3 displayed activity on AZO-CM-cellulose, AZCL Carob galactomannan and Tween 20, while clone 36A23 was active on AZCL carob galactomannan and AZCL barley β-glucan. The functional annotation of their sequences highlighted original metagenomic loci originating from bacteria of the Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group, involved in the metabolization of mannosides and β-glucans thanks to a complete battery of endo- and exo-acting glycoside hydrolases, esterases, phosphorylases and transporters.

Morphological and Morphometric Study on Stifle Joint of Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Morphological and morphometric study was conducted on 10 freshly collected stifle joints from cadaver of adult dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) of local breed. In morphological study all the important anatomical structures were identified. The medial patellar ligament could not be evidenced but a medial femoropatellar ligament running between the medial epicondyle of femur and patella was found. Another strap like ligament like structure originating from medial femoral fascia and inserted on the tibial tuberosity was evidenced and it was supposed to support the patella in its normal position. The medial collateral ligament was present but its lateral counterpart could not be evidenced. The medial intercondylar tubercle of tibia was found to be somewhat elevated and larger than the lateral one. Morphometric data (length, width and thickness) of the important ligaments and anatomical structures (articular surfaces) were measured. The orientation of the medial femoro patellar ligament was at an angle of 113.8° ± 1.93° with the middle patellar ligament. There was an angle of 82.7° ± 1.77° between the meniscofemoral ligament and the ligament connecting the menisci caudally. Descriptive statistics were given as Mean ± SD (standard deviation) along with coefficient of variation to show variability of a particular dimension.

Evaluation of a continuous rate infusion of propofol-ketamine for total intravenous anaesthesia in one humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) after xylazine premedication: a clinical case series

Seven adult dromedary camels were anaesthetised to undergo surgical procedures. All patients were premedicated with an intravenous (IV) administration of 0.2 mg kg−1 xylazine. Anaesthesia was induced with 1.0 mg kg−1 propofol (P) and 0.8 mg kg−1 ketamine (K) given IV and was maintained with a a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 4 mg kg−1 hour−1 P and 3.3 mg kg−1 hour−1 K. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure and quality of anaesthesia were recorded before and after xylazine administration (XA) as well as at 5 minutes after induction and every 10 minutes until the end of the procedure. Mean anaesthetic duration was 82.9 ± 16.0 minutes. Mean heart rate increased after induction and remained at relative constant levels during maintenance. Respiratory rate dropped after XA, but quickly returned the baseline level. Mean arterial blood pressure significantly decreased below baseline level after XA, but rose within anaesthesia maintenance, without reaching baseline values though. The mean recovery time was 37.6 ± 24.2 minutes. A very good level of surgical anaesthetic depth was achieved and maintained during all procedures, and all animals could be discharged safely after a smooth and uneventful recovery. This P-K CRI after XA seems to be clinically safe and effective in dromedary camels and provides very good operating conditions for major surgeries in this species. Still, further studies are necessary to evaluate more cardiorespiratory and haematological parameters to confirm the safety of this new technique.

Efficacy of Midazolam-Propofol Combination Anaesthesia in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Systematic studies on midazolam-propofol combination anaesthesia have been conducted to determine its efficacy in randomly selected 6 adult dromedary camels of either sex, aged 9–13 years and weighing 350–600 kg maintained at National Research Centre on Camel (NRCC) at Jorbeer, Bikaner. Pre-anaesthetic dose of midazolam (0.2 mg kg−1) and propofol (0.75 mg kg−1) administered intravenously, resulted in induction of satisfactory surgical anaesthesia in camels. Behavioural, physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters were studied. Propofol inducted satisfactory anaesthesia for 8–10 minutes in camels premedicated with midazolam. No significant alterations occurred in any of the studied parameters in camels anaesthetised with midazolam-propofol combination. The combination provided satisfactory surgical anaesthesia of ultra short duration. Adequate muscle relaxation with rapid, smooth and uneventful recovery was noted in camels.

Isolation, characterization, and mesodermic differentiation of stem cells from adipose tissue of camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Adipose-derived stem cells are an attractive alternative as a source of stem cells that can easily be extracted from adipose tissue. Isolation, characterization, and multi-lineage differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells have been described for human and a number of other species. Here we aimed to isolate and characterize camel adipose-derived stromal cell frequency and growth characteristics and assess their adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential. Samples were obtained from five adult dromedary camels. Fat from abdominal deposits were obtained from each camel and adipose-derived stem cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion as previously reported elsewhere for adipose tissue. Cultures were kept until confluency and subsequently were subjected to differentiation protocols to evaluate adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic potential. The morphology of resultant camel adipose-derived stem cells appeared to be spindle-shaped fibroblastic morphology, and these cells retained their biological properties during in vitro expansion with no sign of abnormality in karyotype. Under inductive conditions, primary adipose-derived stem cells maintained their lineage differentiation potential into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages during subsequent passages. Our observation showed that like human lipoaspirate, camel adipose tissue also contain multi-potent cells and may represent an important stem cell source both for veterinary cell therapy and preclinical studies as well.