Abstract
Background and Aim:Different properties of the newborn immune system have been characterized in many species. For the newborn camel calf, however, the phenotype and composition of blood leukocytes have so far not been evaluated. The current study aimed to analyze the distribution of leukocyte subpopulations and their expression pattern of cell adhesion molecules in newborn and adult dromedary camels.Materials and Methods:Blood samples were collected from 17 newborn camel calves and 32 adult camels. For each sample, total leukocytes were separated and analyzed for their composition and cell adhesion molecules expression by flow cytometry.Results:In comparison to adult camels, newborn camel calves had higher leukocyte numbers and higher numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes but lower numbers of eosinophils in their blood. Among the lymphocyte populations in calves, the fractions of B cells and γδ T cells were elevated when compared to adults, whereas CD4-positive T cells were reduced. The comparison between camel calves and adult camels revealed significantly lower expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD11a, CD11b, and CD18 on granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes in calves.Conclusion:Newborn camel calves show a distinct composition and phenotype pattern of blood leukocytes when compared to adult camels. The observed rise in many leukocyte populations in calf blood may be due to reduced migratory activity in calf leukocyte populations.
Highlights
Escherichia coli is a facultative anaerobe and one of the normal inhabitants in the human and animal intestinal tracts [1]
The isolates were classified as O114, O27, O111, O125, and untypeable E. coli
The sequencing of partially amplified 16S rRNA of the untypeable isolates resulted in one isolate, which was initially misidentified as untypeable E. coli but later proved as Enterobacter hormaechei
Summary
Escherichia coli is a facultative anaerobe and one of the normal inhabitants in the human and animal intestinal tracts [1]. E. coli is differentiated into several pathotypes such as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (O27), enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) (O111), and enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC)” [4]. These pathotypes encode genes for specific virulence factors that are associated with the attachment and secretion of hemolysins and enterotoxins; there is a significant. Raw milk is considered an essential source of nutrition during all stages of human life because it offers a valuable supply of protein and minerals. The objective of this study was to characterize E. coli and detect its virulence factors and antibiotic resistance from raw milk samples
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