Adsorption Interaction Research Articles

Surface-Roughened Graphene Oxide Microfibers Enhance Electrochemical Reversibility.

Here, we provide an optimized method for fabricating surface-roughened graphene oxide disk microelectrodes (GFMEs) with enhanced defect density to generate a more suitable electrode surface for dopamine detection with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). FSCV detection, which is often influenced by adsorption-based surface interactions, is commonly impacted by the chemical and geometric structure of the electrode's surface, and graphene oxide is a tunable carbon-based nanomaterial capable of enhancing these two key characteristics. Synthesized GFMEs possess exquisite electronic and mechanical properties. We have optimized an applied inert argon (Ar) plasma treatment to increase defect density, with minimal changes in chemical functionality, for enhanced surface crevices to momentarily trap dopamine during detection. Optimal Ar plasma treatment (100 sccm, 60 s, 100 W) generates crevice depths of 33.4 ± 2.3 nm with high edge plane character enhancing dopamine interfacial interactions. Increases in GFME surface roughness improve electron transfer rates and limit diffusional rates out of the crevices to create nearly reversible dopamine electrochemical redox interactions. The utility of surface-roughened disk GFMEs provides comparable detection sensitivities to traditional cylindrical carbon fiber microelectrodes while improving temporal resolution ten-fold with amplified oxidation current due to dopamine cyclization. Overall, surface-roughened GFMEs enable improved adsorption interactions, momentary trapping, and current amplification, expanding the utility of GO microelectrodes for FSCV detection.

Development and Application of a Selective Analytical Method for Indole Metabolites in Urine: Dietary Exposure Biomarkers for Broccoli Consumption.

The identification of dietary exposure biomarkers is crucial for advancing our understanding of the health benefits of specific foods. Broccoli, a vegetable with well-known anticancer properties, contains active ingredients, such as isothiocyanates with indole side chains. Hence, indole metabolites related to broccoli consumption have the potential to serve as biomarkers of dietary exposure. In this work, we developed a new analytical method for indole metabolites in urine using a poly(deep eutectic solvents)-molecularly imprinted polymer/vinyl-functionalized graphene oxide (PDESs-MIP/VGO) in miniaturized centrifugal pipet-tip solid-phase extraction (CPT-SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography. This method integrates the strengths of PDESs-MIP/VGO, including rich adsorption interactions, high adsorption capacity, and excellent selectivity, with the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of CPT-SPE. The proposed method demonstrated low limits of quantification (1.2-2.5 ng mL-1), high accuracy (91.7-104.8%), and good precision (relative standard deviation ≤4.4%). By applying this method to analyze indole metabolites in urine, our results suggested that indole-3-carbinol and indole-3-acetonitrile have the potential to emerge as reliable dietary exposure biomarkers for broccoli intake. Furthermore, highly selective analytical methods based on molecular imprinting technology are advantageous for precise screening and analysis of dietary exposure biomarkers associated with food consumption.

Nanobody immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles via monomeric streptavidin-biotin specific interaction for aflatoxin adsorption

Nanobody immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles via monomeric streptavidin-biotin specific interaction for aflatoxin adsorption

Structural Characterisation of Zeolites Derived from Lithium Extraction: Insights into Channel- and Cage-Type Frameworks

This study investigates the structural and adsorption characteristics of channel- and cage-type zeolites obtained through lithium extraction. Through XRD, FT-IR spectroscopy, and adsorption isotherm analyses, distinct adsorption behaviours of CH4 and CO2 were observed in both zeolite types. Cage-type zeolites exhibited higher adsorption capacities attributed to their structural advantages, highlighting the importance of structural framework selection in determining adsorbent efficacy. The presence of structural defects and an amorphous phase influenced adsorption behaviours, while thermodynamic data underscored the role of adsorbate properties. Kinetics studies revealed the influence of the structural framework on CH4 adsorption and CO2 adsorption kinetics. Analysis of adsorbate–adsorbent interactions demonstrated robust interactions, particularly with LPM16-Y. These findings offer insights into the potential applications of zeolites in gas adsorption processes, emphasising the importance of structural properties and adsorbate characteristics in determining adsorption performance.

Toward high selectivity of sensor arrays: Enhanced adsorption interaction and selectivity of gas detection (N2, O2, NO, CO, CO2, NO2, SO2, AlH3, NH3, and PH3) on transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS2, MoSe2, and MoTe2)

Resistive gas sensors are essential for monitoring air quality, ensuring industrial safety, and controlling automotive emissions. However, conventional materials used for sensing layers often suffer from poor selectivity and require elevated operating temperatures, limiting their effectiveness. This study introduces a novel approach to address these challenges by utilizing the intrinsic physicochemical properties of Mo-bearing transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). The findings reveal that variable charge availability on TMD surfaces leads to highly selective adsorption enhancements, resulting in significant differences in the TMD responses to various molecules, even at room temperature. This results in an exceptional relative sensitivity of the TMD monolayers, which in the case of combustion products exceeds what is feasible under the same conditions by conventional sensing materials such as ZnO and TiO2 by three orders of magnitude. Such an unprecedented variation in responses results in distinct sensing profiles. This enables effective cross-referencing of responses, offering significant benefits for sensor arrays. Consequently, even in relatively simple setups, TMD-based devices have the potential to prevent false-positive signals and even enable the determination of the composition of gas mixtures, which, if utilized, could revolutionize the field of gas monitoring with innovative lab-on-a-chip solutions.

Stabilization of Pd0 by Cu Alloying: Theory‐Guided Design of Pd3Cu Electrocatalyst for Anodic Methanol Carbonylation

AbstractElectrocatalytic carbonylation of CO and CH3OH to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) on metallic palladium (Pd) electrode offers a promising strategy for C1 valorization at the anode. However, its broader application is limited by the high working potential and the low DMC selectivity accompanied with severe methanol self‐oxidation. Herein, our theoretical analysis of the intermediate adsorption interactions on both Pd0 and Pd4+ surfaces revealed that inevitable reconstruction of Pd surface under strongly oxidative potential diminishes its CO adsorption capacity, thus damaging the DMC formation. Further theoretical modeling indicates that doping Pd with Cu not only stabilizes low‐valence Pd in oxidative environments but also lowers the overall energy barrier for DMC formation. Guided by this insight, we developed a facile two‐step thermal shock method to prepare PdCu alloy electrocatalysts for DMC. Remarkably, the predicted Pd3Cu demonstrated the highest DMC selectivity among existing Pd‐based electrocatalysts, reaching a peaked DMC selectivity of 93 % at 1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl electrode. (Quasi) in situ spectra investigations further confirmed the predicted dual role of Cu dopant in promoting Pd‐catalyzed DMC formation.

Stabilization of Pd0 by Cu Alloying: Theory-Guided Design of Pd3Cu Electrocatalyst for Anodic Methanol Carbonylation.

Electrocatalytic carbonylation of CO and CH3OH to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) on metallic palladium (Pd) electrode offers a promising strategy for C1 valorization at the anode. However, its broader application is limited by the high working potential and the low DMC selectivity accompanied with severe methanol self-oxidation. Herein, our theoretical analysis of the intermediate adsorption interactions on both Pd0 and Pd4+ surfaces revealed that inevitable reconstruction of Pd surface under strongly oxidative potential diminishes its CO adsorption capacity, thus damaging the DMC formation. Further theoretical modeling indicates that doping Pd with Cu not only stabilizes low-valence Pd in oxidative environments but also lowers the overall energy barrier for DMC formation. Guided by this insight, we developed a facile two-step thermal shock method to prepare PdCu alloy electrocatalysts for DMC. Remarkably, the predicted Pd3Cu demonstrated the highest DMC selectivity among existing Pd-based electrocatalysts, reaching a peaked DMC selectivity of 93 % at 1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl electrode. (Quasi) in situ spectra investigations further confirmed the predicted dual role of Cu dopant in promoting Pd-catalyzed DMC formation.

Synergistic enhancement of N, S co-modified biochar for removal of tetracycline hydrochloride from aqueous solution: Tunable micro-mesoporosity and chemisorption sites

The misuse of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) antibiotics has caused irreversible hazards to ecosystem. In this study, a series of porous biochar with tunable micro-mesoporosity and chemisorption sites are designed by cleverly exploiting the pyrolysis properties of active agents in various temperature regions. Benefiting from the existence of more pore structures matching the adsorbate while exposing more chemisorption sites, the maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of NSC-1.0 for TCH is up to 1480.1 mg g−1 at 303 K. A combination of model fitting, post characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirms that the adsorption process involves the pore filling, the formation of non-covalent bonds (weak hydrogen bond, π-π stacking, electrostatic interaction) and ligand covalent bonding (Lewis acid-base interaction). The Qm is positively correlated with the volume of pore size greater than 1 nm (R2 = 0.9879), indicating that the pore filling effect is a decisive factor for adsorption performance. Post-characterization directly demonstrates that weak hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are pivotal physical interactions for adsorption. DFT calculations show that partial N, S species and oxygen-containing functional groups can significantly reduce the adsorption energy of intrinsic graphene, especially the chemisorption sites of pyrrolic N (N5) and thiophene S (S5) containing lone-pair electrons. Furthermore, the competitiveness of NSC-1.0 is revealed in practical evaluation, including cation strength, regenerability, actual water source and fixed-bed column. This study not only contributes new insights to synergistically enhance the removal of macromolecular antibiotics by coupling matchable pore sizes and chemisorption sites, but also develops theoretical support for the fabrication of such efficient adsorbents.

Synthesis and application of anthraquinone quaternary phosphonium salt electroplating copper leveler based on expanded electrostatic adsorption area strategy and physicochemical salt bridge mechanism

Four anthraquinone quaternary phosphate molecules (AQS-a, AQS-b, AQS-c, AQS-d) with different electrostatic adsorption areas were constructed as electroplating levelers based on the strategy of expanding the electrostatic adsorption area of the molecules. AQS-d with the largest electrostatic adsorption area was demonstrated to have the most excellent electrochemical performance by electrochemical tests. The physicochemical adsorption sites and interactions with copper ions of AQS levelers were proposed by theoretical calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence absorption spectroscopy, and the electroplating salt bridge mechanism was proposed. Based on optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and X-ray diffractometer, it is proved that AQS-d has the ability to perfectly fill the microvia in actual plating by actual PCB blind hole filling experiment.

Ammonia-Responsive Colorimetric Film of Phytochemical Formulation (Alizarin) Grafted onto ZIF-8 Carrier with Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Sodium Alginate for Beef Freshness Monitoring.

In this study, we devised a photothermally stable phytochemical dye by leveraging alizarin in conjunction with the metal-organic framework ZIF-8 (AL@ZIF-8). The approach involved grafting alizarin into the microporous structure of ZIF-8 through physical adsorption and hydrogen-bonding interactions. AL@ZIF-8 significantly enhanced the photostability and thermostability of alizarin. The nanoparticles demonstrate substantial color changes in various pH environments, showcasing their potential for meat freshness monitoring. Furthermore, we introduced an intelligent film utilizing poly(vinyl alcohol)-sodium alginate-AL@ZIF-8 (PA-SA-ZA) for detecting beef freshness. The sensor exhibited a superior water contact angle (52.34°) compared to the alizarin indicator. The color stability of the film was significantly enhanced under visible and UV light (ΔE < 5). During beef storage, the film displayed significant color fluctuations correlating with TVB-N (R2=0.9067), providing precise early warning signals for assessing beef freshness.

Impact of introducing a new biological matrix into a validated bioanalytical method: Focus on matrix protein content.

International guidance on bioanalytical method validation recommends the practice of partial validation when introducing a new matrix from the same species into a previously fully validated assay. Planning the partial validation protocol should include an evaluation of analyte chemistry, consideration of sample container materials, and a comparison of properties between the relevant biological matrices. Transition of a serum/plasma-validated bioanalytical method to analysis from a low-protein matrix, such as urine, cerebral spinal fluid, or oral fluid can result in inconsistent analyte recovery. The low recovery can potentially be mistaken for signal suppression or lack of drug stability and may be more pronounced in low-concentration or low-volume samples. In addition, adsorption and absorption interactions with containers may be exacerbated in low-protein matrices. Several possibilities exist for mitigating the impact of non-specific binding and low-protein matrices, including surfactants, bovine serum albumin, and β-cyclodextrin. Finally, higher matrix protein can facilitate analyte stability. Given all this, matrix protein content should not be overlooked when anticipating a partial bioanalytical method validation.

Photocatalytic activity of barium titanate composites with zinc oxide doped with lanthanide ions for sulfamethoxazole degradation

This comprehensive study delves into the structural and optical characteristics of barium titanate (BT) and zinc oxide (ZnO) heterostructures doped with europium (Eu), erbium (Er), and ytterbium (Yb), alongside their application in the photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole antibiotic (SMX). The heterostructures, prepared via a hydrothermal process, exhibit a heterogeneous connection between doped ZnO nanoparticles and the BT dielectric material with crystalline nature and chemical composition. Moreover, a significant reduction in the bandgap of the doped BT@ZnO:Ln heterostructures compared to undoped counterparts, indicating successful dopant incorporation and the creation of new sub-bands within the bandgap. A minimal adsorption interaction between SMX and the nanomaterials was observed. While BT alone exhibited limited photocatalytic activity, doping with ZnO significantly enhanced performance. Notably, the BT@ZnO:Yb heterostructure exhibited exceptional SMX degradation (99%) within 60 minutes. Incorporation of rare-earth ions (Eu, Er, Yb) not only improved photocatalytic activity but also acted as electron scavengers, mitigating electron-hole recombination. Furthermore, the investigation into the reuse of BT@ZnO:Yb 5%mol showed sustained high efficiency over three cycles. Mechanistic insights into SMX degradation pathways highlight the predominant role of hydroxyl radicals and electron-hole processes. Overall, these findings contribute significantly to the advancement of photocatalytic materials based on composites doped with lanthanide ions for applications in environmental wastewater treatment.

Kinetics of Human Serum Albumin Adsorption on Polycation Functionalized Silica.

The adsorption kinetics of human serum albumin (HSA) on bare and poly-L-arginine (PARG)-modified silica substrates were investigated using reflectometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Measurements were carried out at various pHs, flow rates and albumin concentrations in the 10 and 150 mM NaCl solutions. The mass transfer rate constants and the maximum protein coverages were determined for the bare silica at pH 4.0 and theoretically interpreted in terms of the hybrid random sequential adsorption model. These results were used as reference data for the analysis of adsorption kinetics at larger pHs. It was shown that the adsorption on bare silica rapidly decreased with pH and became negligible at pH 7.4. The albumin adsorption on PARG-functionalized silica showed an opposite trend, i.e., it was negligible at pH 4 and attained maximum values at pH 7.4 and 150 mM NaCl, the conditions corresponding to the blood serum environment. These results were interpreted as the evidence of a significant role of electrostatic interactions in the albumin adsorption on the bare and PARG-modified silica. It was also argued that our results can serve as useful reference data enabling a proper interpretation of protein adsorption on substrates functionalized by polyelectrolytes.

Efficient adsorption of rhodamine B using synthesized Mg–Al hydrotalcite/ sodium carboxymethylcellulose/ sodium alginate hydrogel spheres: Performance and mechanistic analysis

In this study, the sodium dodecyl sulfate intercalated modified magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite/sodium alginate/sodium carboxymethylcellulose (modified LDHs/SA/CMC) composite gel spheres were synthesized and their efficacies in adsorbing the cationic dye rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solutions were evaluated. The effects of adsorption time, pH and temperature on the adsorption of RhB by spheres were investigated. Remarkably, the modified LDHs/SA/CMC gel spheres achieved adsorption equilibrium after 600 min at 25 °C, and the removal rate of RhB at 60 mg/L reached 91.49 % with the maximum adsorption capacity of 59.64 mg/g. The gel spheres maintained over 80 % efficacy across four adsorption cycles. Kinetic and isotherm analyses revealed that the adsorption of RhB conformed to the secondary kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm, indicating a spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. The adsorption mechanisms of modified LDHs/SA/CMC gel spheres on RhB dyes include electrostatic adsorption, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. In conclusion, modified LDHs/SA/CMC gel sphere is a green, simple, recyclable and efficient adsorbent, which is expected to be widely used for the treatment of cationic dye wastewater.

A QSAR prediction model for adsorption of organic contaminants on microplastics: Dubinin-Astakhov plus linear solvation energy relationships

Numerous pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) co-exist with various types of microplastics (MPs) in the environment, making it extremely hard to experimentally measure all their adsorption interactions. Thus, a precise prediction model is on demand. In this study, we combined the commonly used Dubinin-Astakhov (DA) model and the linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) model to predict the adsorption capacity (Q0) and adsorption affinity (E) of MPs for PPCPs, including the key parameters of MP (specific surface area, oxygen-containing functional groups), and the Kamlet-Taft solvation parameters of organic contaminants. The model was validated with the experimental data of 8 PPCPs and 8 MPs (i.e. pristine and aged PE, PET, PS, PVC) plus some published adsorption data. This new model also indicated that the adsorption of PPCPs on those MPs was primarily governed by hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. The developed model can predict the adsorption of PPCPs onto MPs with a high accuracy and can also provide insights into the understanding of interaction forces in the adsorption process.

Magnetic field modulation of high spin hexa-coordinated iron sites to enhance catalytic activity

The external alternating magnetic field (AMF) strategy is the most promising research topic to solve the bottleneck of catalyst activity enhancement. However, the mechanism between the arrangement of the spin electrons under the AMF and the catalytic activity enhancement for water splitting is still unclear. Herein, we synthesize Fe3O4@CNTs heterostructure as a research model and resolve the mechanism by system theoretical analysis and in-situ Raman characterization. The multiple orbital interactions of σ(dz2, pz, s) and π(dxz-px, dyz-py) promote the hexa-coordinated Feoct for both the reductive HER and oxidative OER processes. The AMF excites the transition from low to high spin configurations of the Feoct sites, which accelerates charge transfer of unpaired d electrons and optimizes adsorption and desorption interactions to intermediates during the reaction processes, resulting in a significant enhancement of the electrocatalytic activity (HER: 32 mV at 10 mA cm−2, OER: 179 mV at 100 mA cm−2).

Revealing crucial effects of reservoir environment and hydrocarbon fractions on fluid behaviour in kaolinite pores

The adsorption interactions of hydrocarbons and clay surfaces are crucial to understanding fluid behaviour within shale reservoirs and to mediating organic pollutants in soils. These interactions are affected by the diversity of complex hydrocarbon components and the variations in environmental conditions. This study examines the interactions between kaolinite clay, featuring two distinct basal surfaces, and an array of hydrocarbons. We assess the impact of various molecular structures, functional groups, and environmental conditions (focusing on the reservoir temperature and pressure ranges) on the adsorption selectivity, surface packing, molecular alignment and orientation, and diffusion of hydrocarbons. Analyses of molecular interaction energies provide a quantitative elucidation of the adsorption mechanisms of hydrocarbons on the different kaolinite surfaces. Our findings suggest that molecular configuration, functional group properties, and spatial effects dictate the distribution patterns of hydrocarbons for the different kaolinite surfaces. The differences in the interaction energy between various hydrocarbons with kaolinite reveal the adsorption strength of different hydrocarbons in the order of asphaltenes > heteroatomic hydrocarbons > saturated hydrocarbons > aromatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, we observe that the adsorptive characteristics of hydrocarbons on kaolinite are highly temperature-sensitive, with increased temperatures markedly reducing the adsorption amount. Beyond a certain threshold, the effect of pressure rise on the fluid behaviour of hydrocarbons is non-negligible and is related to molecular packing and reduced mobility. Simulation results based on actual geological characteristics demonstrate notable adsorption disparities among hydrocarbon components on different kaolinite surfaces, influenced by competitive adsorption and clay surface interactions. Polar surfaces are predominantly occupied by heteroatomic hydrocarbons, whereas on non-polar surfaces, asphaltenes and heavy saturated hydrocarbons develop multi-layer adsorption structures, with molecules aligned parallel to the surface.

Binary hetero-structured PVDF/TiO2@MXene composite membranes for the removal of antibiotics from wastewater

The presence of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewaters has generated significant interest among researchers. Current membrane technologies face limitations in effectively removing these emerging contaminants, which has led to continuous advancements in the field. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial-based membranes have proved their ability in providing high water permeability without compromising separation performance. In this study, a binary hetero-structured PVDF/TiO2@MXene composite 2D membrane was prepared and utilized for the rejection of antibiotics, namely tetracycline and meropenem. Vacuum-assisted filtration was employed to fabricate the photocatalytic and highly selective multi-layer TiO2@MXene stacked sheets on hydrophilic PVDF microfilters. The attachment of TiO2 nanoparticles in the MXene structure has significantly improved the wettability and permeation of the PVDF/TiO2@MXene membrane, with a water contact angle of 19.5° and a permeation capacity of 293 L.m−2.h−1.bar−1. In terms of antibiotic rejection, the developed membrane demonstrated a rejection of 87.8% and 60.7% for tetracycline and meropenem solutions, respectively, through interlayer sieving, adsorption, and photocatalysis. The membrane also performed ideally in neutral pH conditions often present in hospital wastewaters, when compared to acidic and alkaline conditions, aiding in the membrane's adsorptive interactions under UV irradiation. When studied in antibiotic mixtures and spiked real hospital wastewater feed solutions, the membrane exhibited a rejection rate of 77.4% and 70.1% for tetracycline, respectively. This research represents a promising approach to addressing the challenges posed by pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewaters through the synergistic utilization of MXene and anatase TiO2.

Molecular dynamics simulations of the solubility of chitosan grafted polyacrylamide and its adsorption mechanism with kaolinite: Impact of length and distribution of branched‐chain

AbstractGraft modification can effectively improve the flocculation performance of chitosan. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the water solubility of chitosan‐grafted polyacrylamide (CTS‐g‐PAM) and its adsorption mechanism with kaolinite, focusing on the effects of branched‐chain length and distribution. The solubility parameters obtained from the simulations align better with those calculated using the group contribution method. The radius of gyration (Rg), solvation free energy (∆GSFE), mean square displacement and diffusion coefficient were utilized to analyze changes in solubility of these CTS‐g‐PAM in aqueous solution. The adsorption interaction between CTS‐g‐PAM and kaolinite was investigated using interaction energy and diffusion coefficients. The water solubility of CTS‐g‐PAM initially increased, followed by a subsequent decrease as the length of branched‐chain increased along with a decrease in their number. Similarly, the adsorption interaction between CTS‐g‐PAM and kaolinite increased firstly followed by a decrease with increasing branched‐chain length. The magnitude of interaction energy with kaolinite (0 0 1) followed the order of CA10‐12 (−826.227 kcal/mol) &gt;CA8‐15 (−744.583 kcal/mol) &gt;CA6‐20 (−637.366 kcal/mol) &gt;CA12‐10 (−598.109 kcal/mol). These trends align with the findings of flocculation tests. Our work provides a theoretical basis for designing chitosan‐based flocculants with enhanced water solubility and improved flocculation efficiency.

Revolutionizing dye removal: g-C3N4-Modified ZnO nanocomposite for exceptional adsorption of basic fuchsin dye

Organic dye pollution poses a critical environmental challenge, necessitating sustainable solutions for effective removal. This study presents a g-C3N4-modified ZnO nanosorbent to remove Basic Fuchsin dye from aqueous solutions efficiently. Synthesis and comprehensive characterization (SEM, BET, XPS, FTIR, XRD) elucidated the nanosorbent's properties and adsorption performance and mechanisms. Experimental results demonstrate optimal performance under alkaline conditions, with significant adsorption capacity (up to 478.14 mg/g at 300 ppm dye concentration). Adsorption behavior is well-described by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic models. The nanosorbent demonstrates reusability and cost-effectiveness and exploits hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions for adsorption. This work highlights the potential of g-C3N4@ZnO as a promising solution for mitigating dye pollution and promoting sustainable water treatment technologies.