Heavy metal lead (Pb2+) contamination in water poses a serious threat to human health, and developing some effective strategies for the removal of Pb2+ is urgent. Herein, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) anchored peanut shell biochar (BC) composite adsorbents were successfully prepared by hydrothermal method and applied for the adsorption of Pb2+. Among these composites, the MoS2/BC-3 composite displayed the best adsorption performance with the adsorption capacity of 232mg·g-1 at 30oC. The adsorption procedure followed the pseudo-secondary kinetics and Freundlich adsorption model, indicating that the adsorption process of Pb2+ over MoS2/BC-3 composite is chemical and multilayer adsorption. Moreover, Pb2+ was spontaneously adsorbed by MoS2/BC-3, and the adsorption capacity increased with the enhance of temperature. The main mechanisms involved in the adsorption of Pb2+ by MoS2/BC-3 composite were found to include electrostatic interaction and complexation interaction. In addition, the MoS2/BC-3 composite had a good stability, and the Pb2+ removal rate could still reach more than 80% after 6 cycles of adsorption experiments. Meanwhile, the adsorbent demonstrated a strong ability to absorb common heavy metals including copper and cadmium, further confirming that the MoS2/BC-3 composite has a potential value.