Adsorption Of Sodium Research Articles

Understanding the wettability alterations in carbonate reservoirs: Integrating experimental data and a surface complexation model for enhanced predictions

In this study, we developed a laboratory-based model to analyze wettability alteration in the oil–water-rock system. The selected Surface Complexation Model (SCM), based on experimental data, is refined through sensitivity analysis and comparison with experimental measurements, including zeta potential and contact angle. Our analysis indicates that, in addition to magnesium, calcium, and sulfate ions, the adsorption of sodium and chlorine on calcite surfaces, as well as sodium adsorption on oil surfaces, significantly affects electrostatic interactions and surface potential alterations. Consequently, the complexing reactions of these ions were incorporated into the model and adjusted based on sensitivity analysis. Moreover, surface complex reactions exhibit distinct behaviors in neutral, acidic, and alkaline environments. Therefore, different reactions were considered and sensitivity analyzed for oil and rock surfaces in neutral conditions. The model’s reliability was further validated by comparing predicted and experimental zeta potentials. Additionally, disjoining pressures were computed, and contact angles were simulated, demonstrating the model’s accuracy. Key findings include the successful modification of reaction parameters to achieve accurate results across different pH levels and ion concentrations. This confirms the applicability and reliability of the developed SCM for wettability alteration analysis, further supported by stability maps that consider varying ion concentrations and pH levels.

Adsorption of Sodium in an Aqueous Solution in Activated Date Pits

The use of acid-activated local date pits from Algeria's Oued Souf region for reducing water salinity by removing sodium. The raw and activated date pits were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET. The study used these materials to adsorb sodium from aqueous water, with the effects of activation time, initial sodium concentration, adsorption time, and pH of the solution on sodium removal being investigated. The specific surface area of natural date pits was found to be 645.46 m2/g, while activated date pits had a maximum of 825.03 m2/g. The maximum sodium adsorption capacity was observed at an adsorption time of 90 min, Na+ concentration of 600 mg/L, solution pH of 9.0, and adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g. The equilibrium data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The findings revealed that among the isotherm models examined, the Freundlich isotherm model demonstrated the strongest fit, exhibiting a high correlation coefficient of 0.999. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics were investigated through the analysis of the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, and the results indicated that the pseudo-second-order model provided the most suitable fit, with a correlation coefficient of 0.996.

Molecular dynamics study on the aggregation behaviours of Platonic micelle in different NaCl solutions

Calixarene-based amphiphiles are new types of monomers to form self-assemblies with profound applications. Micelles formed by these amphiphiles are classified as Platonic micelles. The effects of different NaCl concentrations of 10, 15 and 100 mM on sulfonated amphiphilic calix[4]arene (SC4AP) micelles are studied by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Structural characteristics including micelle shape and size, solvent accessible surface area, radial distribution function, hydration number, the adsorption of sodium (Na+) ion on micelles and micellar configuration, are analyzed at the molecular level. The MD results show that all micelles are not perfectly spherical. With the increase of NaCl concentration, more Na+ ions are absorbed on micelle surface. However, the increasing extent of adsorbed Na+ ions decreases at large NaCl concentration. Two adsorption modes of Na+ ions on micelles are found. One attracting point is that each cavity of SC4AP molecule include one adsorbed Na+ ion with one hydrated water molecule. Representative configurations of tetramer and hexamer SC4AP micelles under different NaCl concentrations are proposed. At 10 mM NaCl concentration, tetramer SC4AP micelles switch between tetrahedron and planar quadrilateral structures during simulations.

Fabrication of Polyethyleneimine-Functionalized Magnetic Cellulose Nanocrystals for the Adsorption of Diclofenac Sodium from Aqueous Solutions.

Diclofenac sodium (DS), one of the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide, is often detected in wastewater and natural water. This drug is ecotoxic, even at low concentrations. Therefore, it is essential to fabricate low-cost adsorbents that can easily and effectively remove DS from contaminated water bodies. In this study, a polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified magnetic cellulose nanocrystal (MCNC) was prepared with a silane coupling agent as a bridge. TEM, FTIR, XRD, and VSM were used to demonstrate the successful preparation of MCNC-PEI. This composite adsorbent exhibited efficient DS removal. Furthermore, the adsorption performance of MCNC-PEI on DS was optimal under mildly acidic conditions (pH = 4.5). Adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption process involves mainly electrostatic interactions. Moreover, the maximum adsorption capacity reached 299.93 mg/g at 25 °C, and the adsorption capacity only decreased by 9.9% after being reused five times. Considering its low cost, low toxicity, and high DS removal capacity, MCNC-PEI could be a promising adsorbent for treating DS-contaminated water.

Mechanism Studies for Adsorption and Extraction of Soluble Sodium from Bauxite Residue: Characterization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics

Mechanism Studies for Adsorption and Extraction of Soluble Sodium from Bauxite Residue: Characterization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics

Competitive adsorption of pollutants from anodizing wastewaters to promote water reuse

Anodizing wastewater contains principally phosphate (PO43−) anions according to previous studies, but with the purpose to promote water reuse in this type of industry, a complete characterization of wastewater was made to remove other anions and cations also present in significant concentration. Particularly, the adsorption of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), fluoride (F−), sulfate (SO42−) and phosphate (PO43−) was studied using different sorbents such as: coconut shell activated carbon, bone char, bituminous coal activated carbon, natural zeolite, silica, anionic and cationic exchange resins, a coated manganese-calcium zeolite, coconut shell activated carbon containing iron and iron hydroxide. All sorbents were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, potentiometric titration, nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K, X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDX analysis to study the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption studies were performed in batch systems under constant agitation using both standard solutions of each ion and real anodizing wastewater. Results showed that, in general, the adsorption of all anions and cations is higher when mono-component standard solutions were used, since in the anodizing wastewater all species are competing for the active sites of the adsorbent. Na+ present in anodizing wastewater was efficiently adsorbed on coated manganese-calcium zeolite (20.55 mg/g) and natural zeolite (18.55 mg/g); while K+ was poorly adsorbed on all sorbents (less than 0.20 mg/g). Anions such as F−, SO42− and PO43−, were better adsorbed on the anionic resin (0.17, 45.38 and 2.92 mg/g, respectively), the iron hydroxide (0.14, 7.96 and 2.87 mg/g, respectively) and the bone char (0.34, 8.71 and 0.27 mg/g, respectively). All these results suggest that adsorption is a promising tertiary treatment method to achieve water reuse in the anodizing industry.

Computational Study on the Adsorption of Sodium and Calcium on Edge-Functionalized Graphene Nanoribbons

Computational methods are used to show that graphene nanoribbons bind sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) more strongly than graphene sheets. The binding strength is further enhanced by functionalizing the edge of the nanoribbon with oxygen-containing groups. Strengthening of the binding of these metal atoms to graphitic materials is important for applications including metal-ion batteries. Our results are obtained using density functional theory calculations of the binding of sodium and calcium to hydrogen, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups at the edge of zigzag and armchair nanoribbons. Both hydrogen passivation and hydroxyl functionalization result in moderate binding of Na and Ca with binding energies varying from −1.0 to −1.9 eV for the nanoribbons considered. An increase in binding compared to graphene does not just occur at the edge, but extends across the nanoribbon. Furthermore, carbonyl and carboxyl groups bound both metal atoms more strongly, with binding energies between −1.6 and −3.1 eV. Increasing the number of these groups at the edge increases the binding strength of the metal adatoms. When there is a high number of oxygen-containing groups at the edge, the effect of the oxygen-containing groups is also evident away from the edge of the nanoribbon for sodium and calcium. It is demonstrated that this is at least partly due to the change in the electronic structure spanning the entire width of the nanoribbons considered.

Adsorption of sodium and lithium ions onto helicenes molecules: Experiments and phenomenological modeling

Fundamentally, isotherm curves of adsorption can provide reasonable information to explain the mechanism of the adsorption process. Thus, equilibrium data in which the variation of adsorption quantity is expressed versus the concentration of Sodium chloride or Lithium chloride on hepta-Helicenes were collected under various experimental conditions (temperature, pH, etc) by using Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) technique. The experimental results show that the adsorption process attains a saturation level when a limited number of layers was adsorbed. For modeling analysis, advanced models established in light of a statistical physics treatment describing the adsorption process have been tested and discussed in this paper. Based on the experimental results, the adsorption mechanism was interpreted theoretically via the chosen model parameters. It is interesting to note that the numbers n1 and n2 of bonded ions per site values of the two studied ions are similar. In addition, this parameter had a linear tendency with temperature for the two ions. This showed that the thermal agitation has the same effect on the two adsorbed ions. The adsorption mechanism was characterized by energetic parameters showing that the adsorption of Sodium and Lithium on Hepta-Helicenes was physisorption with a tendency toward a chemisorption process. Thanks to the adopted model, three classical thermodynamic functions have been calculated and interpreted to describe macroscopic thermodynamic potentials of the investigated process.

Optimization of sulfamethazine sodium adsorption onto activated carbon-based Salix psammophila: investigation of adsorption behavior and mechanism

A study on the adsorption of sulfamethazine sodium (SMS) from aqueous solution onto the activated carbon (AC)-based Salix psammophila (SP) by phosphoric acid activation was conducted. The central composite design under response surface methodology was employed for the removal of SMS and the process parameters were optimized. Influence of adsorbent dose, initial concentration of SMS, contact time and solution pH on the adsorption capacity of AC was investigated. The optimum adsorption conditions were obtained using adsorbent dosage of 0.54 g/L, initial concentration of 322 mg/L, contact time of 8 hours, pH value of 4.04. Kinetic studies showed the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model and Elovich model. The experimental equilibrium data were fitted Koble-Corrigan model and Freundlich model well and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of AC calculated by Langmuir model was 338.58 mg/g at 25 °C. In addition, AC was characterized by the SEM–EDS, BET, FITR and point of zero charge (pHpzc). The mechanisms of SMS sorption onto AC were explored. Desorption and regeneration tests were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the AC. This study indicated the AC prepared from SP was an excellent adsorbent with the low cost and high performance.

Adsorption of Sodium on Doped Graphene: A vdW-DF Study

Adsorption of Sodium on Doped Graphene: A vdW-DF Study

Nylon fibers coated with diclofenac: adsorption properties

Dried gauzes properly coated with anti-inflammatory drugs could be helpful in providing topical treatment in inflammatory process. Therefore, thermodynamic of adsorption of Diclofenac Sodium, over Nylon fibers, as a function of concentration, temperature, and pH of the medium, have been studied. Maximum amount adsorbed in the best conditions tested, pH 5.6, 323 K and initial concentration of 150 mg/L has been 2.6 mg/g. Isotherm adsorption data were well fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich model; therefore, multilayer formation must be considered. Negative and low values of free-energy change, −17.9 kJ/mol and −15.9 kJ/mol, in addition to moderate value of activation energy 13.14 kJ/mol point to physical interactions governing the process that, besides, is exothermic with negative enthalpy-change, −43.44 kJ/mol, and also follows pseudo-first order kinetic model that is typical of this interaction. Desorption experiments carried out under physiological conditions confirm that the proposed procedure for DCF administration could be achieved.

Perspective Sorbents Based on Zeolite Modified with Nanostructures for the Purification of Aqueous Media from Organic Impurities

The efficiency of zeolite modified with nanostructures (carbon nanotubes) has been studied upon removing anionic organic dye (methyl orange)—sodium 4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo) benzenesulfonate)— from aqueous media. For quantitative characteristics of the sorption properties of the studied material, the experimental data are analyzed in the linearization coordinates of empirical Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich equations at temperatures of 303, 313, and 323 K. The data correspond best to the following order of adsorption isotherms based on the correlation coefficient: Dubinin–Radushkevich > Temkin > Langmuir. It has been found that adsorption of sodium 4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo) benzenesulfonate on zeolite, modified with nanostructures is a spontaneous endothermic process. The possibility of a significant increase in the adsorption capacity of zeolites by their volumetric modification by nanostructures is shown. According to the experimentally determined value of the sorption capacity, the studied modified zeolite is 2–5 times higher than the analogs.

Multilayering of Calcium Aerosol-OT at the Mica/Water Interface Studied with Neutron Reflection: Formation of a Condensed Lamellar Phase at the CMC.

Using specular neutron reflection, the adsorption of sodium and calcium salts of the surfactant bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (Aerosol-OT or AOT) has been studied at the mica/water interface at concentrations between 0.1 and 2 CMC. The pH dependence of the adsorption was also probed. No evidence of the adsorption of Na(AOT) was found even at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) while the calcium salt was found to adsorb significantly at concentrations of 0.5 CMC and above. This interesting and somewhat unexpected finding demonstrates that counterion identity may be used to tune the adsorption of anionic surfactants on anionic surfaces. At the CMC, three condensed bilayers of Ca(AOT)2 were adsorbed at pH 7 and 9 and four bilayers adsorbed at pH 4. Multilayering at the CMC of Ca(AOT)2 on the mica surface is an unusual feature of this surfactant/surface combination. Only single bilayer adsorption has been observed at other surfaces at the CMC. We suggest this arises from the high charge density of mica which must provide an excellent template for the surfactant.

Investigating the reduction of sodium adsorption ratio from agricultural waste by rice husk in batch scale and physical model of drain envelop

Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is one of the water quality indexes that whose is important due to reuse or depletion to environment. Solutes in drain water can be controlled by adsorption, chemical or biological reaction, organic envelope of drainage. Rice husk is the common option of drainage envelops in paddy fields. In this study, the ability of reduction of SAR by rice husk was evaluated in batch scale and physical model of drain envelops. In the batch experiments, the adsorption of SAR parameters was investigated by adding 2 g of rice husk into a 100 ml of sodium chloride solution. The results indicated that rice husk absorbed calcium, magnesium and sodium, respectively. By increasing the temperature, contact time and pH, adsorption of calcium, magnesium and sodium was increased; however, the higher concentration of sodium in soil solution reduced the percentage of adsorption. In a more realistic state, physical models of subsurface drainage in the paddy fields were made. Drainage envelope treatments included of rice husk (H), combination of 20 and 60 % of husk with gravel (H20G80 and H60G40) and a pipe without envelope (NE). Due to higher drain discharge and more sodium removal (lower SAR in drain water), treatment H with the discharge of 16.2 ml/min and SAR of 1.27 (meq/l)0.5 was better in comparison with other treatments.

Adsorption of sodium and cesium on aggregates of C60

We explore the formation of C60 sodium and C60 cesium complexes in superfluid helium nanodroplets. Anomalies in mass spectra of these doped droplets reveal anomalies in the stability of ions. (C60) m Cs+ n ions ( m ≤ 6) are particularly abundant if they contain n = 6m + 1 cesium atoms; (C60) m Cs2+ n dications ( m ≤ 3 or 5) are abundant if n = 6m + 2. These findings are consistent with the notion that alkali metal atoms (A) transfer their valence electrons into the three-fold degenerate lowest unoccupied orbital of C60, resulting in particularly stable C60A6 building blocks. However, (C60) 4CsCs2+ n dications display an entirely different pattern; instead of an expected anomaly at n = 6 × 4 + 2 = 26 we observe a strong odd-even alternation starting at n = 6. Also surprising is the effect of adding one H2O or CO2 molecule to (C60) m Cs n mono- or dications; anomalies shift by two units as if the impurity were acting as an acceptor for two valence electrons from the alkali metal atoms.

Application of a response surface method to studying the adsorption of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solutions on activated carbon

The adsorption of diclofenac sodium, a commonly used nonsteroidal antiarthritic drug, from aqueous solutions of different concentrations on a carbon adsorbent obtained from coconut shell was studied at different temperatures. Based on the experimental data, a mathematical model was constructed with the use of a mathematical design methodology to describe the dependence of the degree of extraction of diclofenac sodium on experimental conditions. The experimental conditions required for the extraction of no less than 95% diclofenac sodium were determined.

Clinoptilolite-based mixed matrix membranes for the selective recovery of potassium and ammonium

A clinoptilolite-based mixed matrix membrane (MMM) was developed and studied for the selective recovery of ammonium and potassium. Adsorption of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and ammonium (NH4+) was investigated with single salt and equimolar salt solution under static and dynamic conditions. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite was investigated when embedded in the MMM and in clay form. Two conditioning methods were compared: HCl and NaCl. Conditioned clinoptilolite with NaCl gave higher static adsorption capacities than with HCl which alters the chemical structure of clinoptilolite. The adsorption of Na+ was not detected in the static adsorption experiments and results showed that Na+ adsorbed during the conditioning process it was exchanged by K+ and NH4+.The clinoptilolite embedded in MMM reduced the porosity of the MMM so the highest adsorption capacity was reached when the amount of polymer was the lowest: 30 wt% polymer and 70 wt% clinoptilolite. The application of MMM in a dead-end filtration cell (dynamic adsorption) resulted in higher adsorption capacities compared to static conditions and comparable results between synthetic solutions and diluted urine samples. This indicates that MMM is a suitable method for the recovery of K+ and NH4+ directly from a diluted urine matrix. The desorption (recovery) of K+ and NH4+ from MMM was higher using water at 60 °C than using an acidic treatment.

Adsorption of Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium and Zinc from Recovered Base Oil of Used Lubricants Using Chitosan

Adsorption of Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium and Zinc from Recovered Base Oil of Used Lubricants Using Chitosan

Plasmon resonances of Ag(001) and Ag(111) studied by power density absorption and photoyield

This paper models the surface and bulk plasmon resonances in photoabsorption and photoelectron spectra (PES) of the Ag(001) and the Ag(111) surfaces in the region of 2.8–10eV excited with a p or transverse magnetic linearly polarized laser incident at 45°. Using the recently developed vector potential from electron density-coupled integro-differential equations (VPED-CIDE, [1,2]) model, we calculate the electron escaping probability from the power density absorption, Feibelman's parameter d⊥, the reflectance and the Fermi PE cross section. In the PES experiment the work function is lowered from 4.5 to 2.8eV by adsorption of sodium. In our model, this lowering is introduced by adding a phenomenological term to the DFT-LDA model potential of Chulkov et al. [3]. For both Ag(001) and Ag(111), the calculated observables display two plasmon resonances, the multipole surface at 3.70eV and the bulk at 3.90eV, in fair agreement with the experimental PES of Barman et al. [4,5] and the reflectance. Except for the Fermi PE cross section of Ag(001) which does not display the multipole surface plasmon resonance at 3.70eV. This poor result is probably due to a poor calculation of the conduction band wave functions obtained from the Schrödinger equation using the modified DFT-LDA model potential of Chulkov et al.

Evaluation of soil quality on the basis of chemical and microbial health for potential use in agriculture

The present study is a comparison of chemical and microbial status of wheat cultivated and noncultivated soil from different localities. Soil samples were collected randomly and tested for soluble salts, pH, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio and microbial population. Soil samples pH, mostly lied in range between 7.29-7.94 [H + ]. The electrical conductivity (EC) of all soil samples except selected wheat agriculture land, lies within the standard range, that is, <4 ds/l which shows that soluble salts are present in the soils. The specific absorption rate (SAR) value varies greatly in wheat agricultural land due to more adsorption of sodium by roots in rhizosphere. Agricultural land soil samples showed high level of salinity and toxicity as compare to other test samples. Cocci and rod shape bacteria were present in the all soil samples. It has been also found that all the soil samples sites have less pathogenic microbes and have less accumulated salts and toxin and can be used efficiently for other crops cultivation. Uncultivated land was suitable for wheat cultivation but wheat cultivated lands was diverging towards salinity which is quite alarming. Agricultural lands need some amendments for salinity.