Adsorbent For Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Sorption of Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ Ions on Na-enriched Natural Zeolite for Wastewater Treatment Process: A Kinetic Approach

Low-cost and easily available natural zeolite is a promising adsorbent for metal ions removal in wastewater treatment. The possibility of using zeolitic tuff from Serbia in the form of Na-enriched natural zeolite (Na-Z) for the adsorption of Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ ions from wastewater was investigated in the presented paper. The research included Na-Z characterization and determination of adsorption kinetics in individual ion adsorption tests using non-linear pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO) and mixed-order (MO) kinetic models. The results indicate that the adsorption processes of metal ions on Na-Z are complex processes dominated by multiple rate-limiting mechanisms and best defined by the MO model. The mechanisms of ion diffusion and adsorption to active sites are equally represented in the Pb2+ ions adsorption process. The mechanism of ion diffusion is more pronounced in the Zn2+ ions adsorption process, while in the case of the adsorption of Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions adsorption on the active sites is the main kinetic mechanism. Within the MO model, the PFO rate (external/internal diffusion) and the PSO rate (adsorption on the active sites) were calculated and results were applied to a multicomponent wastewater sample in order to determine and explain the adsorption efficiency in wastewater treatment. The results show that the rate of adsorption of individual metal ions and the efficiency of ion removal from a multicomponent wastewater sample are influenced by several factors including the radius of the hydrated ion and the free energy of hydration. The achieved removal of metal ions by Na-Z is Pb2+ (89%) > Cu2+ (72%) > Zn2+ (61%) > Ni2+ (58%) and defines Na-enriched natural zeolite as an effective adsorbent in wastewater treatment.

Activated Carbon and P-Rich Fertilizer Production from Industrial Sludge by Application of an Integrated Thermo-Chemical Treatment

The cost and environmental impact of sludge disposal methods highlight the necessity of new solutions for resource recovery. This study aims at concurrently producing activated carbon while recovering phosphorous by applying an integrated thermo-chemical treatment to a sludge of industrial origin. The sludge was first subjected to slow pyrolysis on a laboratory scale at different temperatures, and the produced chars were processed by leaching to obtain biocoal. Leaching tests enabled us to define the optimal slow pyrolysis temperatures to maximize leaching performances. Then, sludge was processed in a slow pyrolysis pilot-scale plant, and the produced char was subjected to acid leaching and finally to physical activation. Chemical precipitation was then applied to the liquid leachate to recover phosphorous as a salt. Laboratory-scale slow pyrolysis and leaching tests showed that a higher pyrolysis temperature leads to a lower degree of demineralization by leaching. Leaching enabled us to reduce the char ash content by almost 88%, extracting 100% P, Mg, Ca, and Fe and almost 90% Al. Physical activation of biocoal with CO2 at 700 and 800 °C produced materials with a surface area of 353 and 417 m2 g−1, respectively, that make them potentially applicable as adsorbents in wastewater treatment or in industrial emissions processes. Moreover, the activated carbons showed the atomic H/C and O/C ratios of anthracite, which opens a wide range of alternative market applications to fossil coal, such as metallurgy and the advanced material sector. In addition, the high P and K concentrations in the salt obtained by precipitation make it a promising fertilizing product in line with the current regulations.

From Waste to Resource: Valorization of Lignocellulosic Agri-Food Residues through Engineered Hydrochar and Biochar for Environmental and Clean Energy Applications-A Comprehensive Review.

Agri-food residues or by-products have increased their contribution to the global tally of unsustainably generated waste. These residues, characterized by their inherent physicochemical properties and rich in lignocellulosic composition, are progressively being recognized as valuable products that align with the principles of zero waste and circular economy advocated for by different government entities. Consequently, they are utilized as raw materials in other industrial sectors, such as the notable case of environmental remediation. This review highlights the substantial potential of thermochemical valorized agri-food residues, transformed into biochar and hydrochar, as versatile adsorbents in wastewater treatment and as promising alternatives in various environmental and energy-related applications. These materials, with their enhanced properties achieved through tailored engineering techniques, offer competent solutions with cost-effective and satisfactory results in applications in various environmental contexts such as removing pollutants from wastewater or green energy generation. This sustainable approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also paves the way for a more eco-friendly and resource-efficient future, making it an exciting prospect for diverse applications.

PAN/PVP/CD-MOF composite beads for the removal of Crystal Violet and Brilliant Blue G in water

Cyclodextrin metal–organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) have a high surface area and unique coordination chemistry that enable them to be used as a carrier material for various materials. However, it is unstable in water, limiting its application in aqueous solutions. Here, we report the application of CD-MOFs in treating cationic and anionic dyes in water for the first time by forming a composite with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to form composite beads. The composition of the composite beads was optimized through a Box-Behnken design of experiments. The optimum composition of PAN = 5.91 wt%, PVP = 1.89 wt%, and CD-MOF = 2.68 wt% yielded a CV and BB sorption capacities of 50.8109 ± 0.0634 mg/g and 28.5583 ± 0.1296 mg/g, respectively. The composite beads were characterized using SEM, EDX, and FTIR. We showed that CD-MOFs could be used as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

Hemicelluloses hydrogel: Synthesis, characterization, and application in dye removal

Novel materials using biowaste as adsorbents in wastewater treatment have been allocated considerable interest. Herein, we present the synthesis of different hydrogels of crosslinked polyacrylamide in presence of hemicelluloses with/ without bentonite, using a soft reaction condition. The structure of new hydrogels was characterized by spectroscopic, thermal and microscopic experiments. The semi-interpenetrated network with hemicelluloses: 10 %; acrylamide 79 %; bentonite 10 %; N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine: 1 % allows reducing 20 % the use of non-renewable acrylamide, without changing its decomposition temperatures and keeping its water absorption capacity. This hydrogel was applied to dye removals, such as rhodamine B, methylene red and methylene blue in aqueous solutions. In the case of methylene blue, highest removal is observed with maximum adsorption of qmax = 140.66 mg/g, compared to material without hemicelluloses that only a qmax = 88.495 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium adsorption isotherms are in accordance with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The developed hydrogel from hemicelluloses represents a potential alternative adsorbent for a sustainable system of sewage treatment.

The Use of sawdust and sugarcane bagasse as low cost adsorbent in wastewater treatment

The Use of sawdust and sugarcane bagasse as low cost adsorbent in wastewater treatment

Fabrication of porous adsorbent by quinoa husk stabilized foam templates for dye adsorption and carbonization for soil remediation

In this study, a novel adsorbent with a sufficient porous structure was fabricated using a green and highly stable water-based foam template. This template was stabilized with agricultural waste quinoa husk (QH) and applied to remove dye pollutants in wastewater. The porous adsorbent exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 740.95 mg/g for methylene blue and 1022.1 mg/g for methyl violet. The adsorption process was well described by the Langmuir-Freundlich model and the pseudo second-order kinetic model. A sustainable concept for handling the spent adsorbent was also proposed, involving its conversion into biochar and safe return to the soil. An additional benefit was observed, as the biochar effectively adjusted the physicochemical properties of the soil and improved crop growth with the addition of 1 wt%. The potential application of porous adsorbent in wastewater treatment and the reference of sustainable strategy for disposing of other adsorbents are both noteworthy.

The Effect of Surface Treatment/Polymer Type on Formation of 3D-Boron Nitride Foams

In this study, the use of boron nitride (BN) foam composites as adsorbents in wastewater treatment using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and polyester (PE) polymers has been investigated. BN powder has been functionalized by Hummer’s and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) methods to facilitate BN binding with the polymer. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) results show that hydroxyl (-OH) groups are effectively bounded to the BN structure. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation demonstrated the 3D interconnected porous structure of the obtained BN foams using different polymers. It is observed that BN and polymer interaction is better in foams formed with PVA and PVB compared to PE polymers. PVA and PVB structure shows a bridge property to link the layers so that a porous network structure is formed. It has been determined that the foam composite modified with Hummer’s method and using PVB as a polymer (h-BN-PVB-H) reaches an adsorption capacity of 8.843 mg/g in 44 hours and provides approximately 18% Crystal Violet (CV) dye removal. h-BN-PVB-H foam composite removes approximately 26% of Reactive Blue 49 (RB 49) dye with an adsorption capacity of 12.313 mg/g in the first 10 minutes. The 3D BN/Polymer foams showed reasonable absorption capacities for olive oil, cyclohexane and toluene from 200-980 wt% relative to the foam’s dry weight. It shows that the produced composite foams can absorb approximately 2-10 times their own weight.

Bacterial Cellulose Aerogels Derived from Pineapple Peel Waste for the Adsorption of Dyes.

Valorization of pineapple peel waste is an attractive research topic because of the huge quantities of this byproduct generated from pineapple processing industries. In this study, the extract from pineapple waste was collected to produce a hydrogel-like form containing bacterial cellulose fibers with a three-dimensional structure and nanoscale diameter by the Acetobacter xylinum fermentation process. The bacterial cellulose suspension was subsequently activated by freeze-drying, affording lightweight aerogels as potential adsorbents in wastewater treatment, in particular the adsorptive removal of organic dyes. Intensive tests were carried out with the adsorption of methylene blue, a typical cationic dye, to investigate the influence of adsorption conditions (temperature, pH, initial dye concentration, time, and experiment scale) and aerogel-preparation parameters (grinding time and bacterial cellulose concentration). The bacterial cellulose-based aerogels exhibited high adsorption capacity not only for methylene blue but also for other cationic dyes, including malachite green, rhodamine B, and crystal violet (28-49 mg/g). However, its activity was limited for most of the anionic dyes, such as methyl orange, sunset yellow, and quinoline yellow, due to the repulsion of these anionic dyes with the aerogel surface, except for the case of congo red. It is also an anionic dye but has two amine groups providing a strong interaction with the hydroxyl group of the aerogel via hydrogen bonding. Indeed, the aerogel has a substantially large congo red-trapping capacity of 101 mg/g. Notably, the adsorption process exhibited similar performances, upscaling the solution volume to 50 times. The utilization of abundant agricultural waste in the simple aerogel preparation to produce a highly efficient and biodegradable adsorbent is the highlight of this work.

Study on the removal effect and mechanism of calcined pyrite powder on Cr(VI)

Pyrite exhibits considerable potential as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment. However, few pyrite adsorbents are directly obtained from natural pyrite, as most are composite materials that require a complex preparation process. To develop a pyrite-based adsorbent with a simple preparation process, pyrite was processed by calcination at 400, 600, and 800 °C for 4 h and ball-milled into a fine powder. The adsorption properties of the pyrite powder were systematically explored. The calcined pyrite powder was characterized by SEM-EDS and XRD. The results revealed that the pyrite calcined at 600 °C exhibited excellent adsorption properties and was primarily composed of Fe7S8. The optimum conditions for Cr(VI) removal were a temperature of 45 °C, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, an equilibration time of 60 min, and an initial pH of 3. Moreover, the calcined pyrite powder exhibited excellent reusability, and the Cr(VI) removal rate exceeded 65% after three cycles. The Cr(VI) adsorption on pyrite can be well described by the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The calcination temperature is the main factor affecting the adsorption performance of pyrite. Therefore, the calcined pyrite powder is expected to be an excellent adsorbent for Cr(VI) in the wastewater treatment industry.

Chitosan Biopolymer and Its Nanocomposites: Emerging Material as Adsorbent in Wastewater Treatment

Water pollution is a global issue because of potentially lethal toxins. Polymeric nanomaterials are making their way into water treatment processes and are being utilized to efficiently remove a variety of pollutants. Polymeric nanomaterials are a popular option for a solution because they have a high adsorption capacity and a high surface charge. Nanocomposites have recently come to the attention of those working in the field of water treatment in order to more effectively remove contaminants. Polymeric composites are based on biopolymers and are being developed. These all quickly reached the industrial standards because of their low impact on the natural world. Chitosan is one of the biopolymers that are used extensively. Moreover, it is one of the most highly preferred biopolymers. It is simple to scale up and is readily available. The incorporation of nanomaterials into the biopolymer enables better control over the shape, size, and morphology of the particle, as well as an increase in the efficiency with which contaminants are removed. This is an excellent review that examines recent developments in the formation of chitosan-based polymeric nanocomposites and their performance in removing various contaminants including heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, pharmaceutical waste, and radionuclides from water.

Use of iron oxide nanomaterials as adsorbents for wastewater treatment

The dissemination of chemical components into the environment might provoke harm to human health, animal species and the ecosystem. In order to reduce the negative effects of those pollutants, physico-chemical treatment procedures, namely the adsorption technique has been implemented. This study seeks to synthesize manufactured nanomaterials throughout a co-precipitation process such as nanoparticles (Ferrihydrite (Fh)) and nanocomposite magnetic iron (magnetite / activated carbon) capable of adsorbing certain inorganic species (heavy metals) such as hexavalent chromium Cr (VI). The prepared supports were characterized by IRTF analysis. The influence of the various experimental parameters (the initial concentration and the contact time) have been studied. Various isothermal models have been applied, namely Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and BET. The study of those absorption isotherms has shown that Langmuir’s model describes better Cr (VI) adsorption. It has been also noticed that the adsorption process on the Fh follows a pseudo 2nd order kinetics for the hexavalent chromium. The experimental results have proved that equilibrium is reached after 15 minutes with a better yield of 99.511% and a maximum retention capacity of 40.9157 mg / g.

Bio-Based Polymeric Flocculants and Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment

With the growing demand for clean and safe water, there is a pressing need to explore novel materials for water treatment applications. In this regard, bio-based polymeric materials have emerged as a promising solution for water purification. This article highlights the numerous advantages offered by bio-based polymeric materials, including their biodegradability, low cost, and renewable nature. Moreover, it discusses in depth the two primary applications of these materials in water treatment, namely flocculation and adsorption, showcasing their effectiveness in removing contaminants. Furthermore, this review addresses the future prospects and challenges associated with the development of bio-based polymeric materials for water treatment applications. This review provides valuable insights for researchers in the field, driving further advancements in the utilization of bio-based polymeric materials to ensure clean and sustainable water resources.

Biodegradable tamarind kernel powder/kappa-carrageenan hydrogel for efficient removal of cationic dyes from effluents.

As an adsorbent for wastewater treatment, an eco-friendly biodegradable hydrogel was utilized in an effort to reduce the hydrogel production costs and decrease its negative impact on the environment. The biodegradable hydrogel of natural polysaccharides, tamarind kernel powder (tkp) with kappa-carrageenan (kcg), was employed as an adsorbent to remove cationic dyes from an aqueous environment. The impact of factors such as initial adsorbate concentration, pH, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage on maximum adsorption were investigated. The tkp-kcg hydrogel has a remarkable swelling percentage of 1840%. The high water penetration of the tkp-kcg hydrogel made the internal adsorption sites for safranin (SF) and auramine-O (AO) dye adsorption accessible. The correlation coefficient supported the Langmuir isotherm model's applicability, with maximum adsorption efficiency of 9.372 mg g-1 for SF and 9.225 mg g-1 for AO. The kinetics of adsorption revealed a pseudo-second order process. Adsorption was an exothermic and spontaneous, according to thermodynamic analyses. Furthermore, the adsorbent was effectively used for five consecutive cycles of SF and AO dye adsorption-desorption. The biodegradation of tkp-kcg hydrogel was characterized by percentage of weight loss, Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The composting technique of biodegradation was used in the biodegradation studies. Using the composting process, 92.6% of the synthesized hydrogel was degraded after 70 days. The results demonstrated that the hydrogel has a high microbiological biodegradability. It is believed that the tkp-kcg hydrogel could have excellent wastewater and agricultural applications due to its high water absorption, excellent retention capacities, cost-effective and ecofriendly synthesis. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Microwave assisted tkp-kcg hydrogel was synthesized with the swelling percentage of 1840%. Synthesized hydrogel showed excellent cationic dyes (SF and AO) adsorption capacity with a good recyclability. The synthesized hydrogel showed very good biodegradability of 92.6 % in 70 days by using composite method.

Characterization of solid and liquid carbonization products of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and investigation of the PVC-derived adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds from water

The transformation of plastic wastes into value-added carbon materials is a promising strategy for the recycling of plastics. Commonly used polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics are converted into microporous carbonaceous materials using KOH as an activator via simultaneous carbonization and activation for the first time. The optimized spongy microporous carbon material has a surface area of 2093 m2 g−1 and a total pore volume of 1.12 cm3 g−1, and aliphatic hydrocarbons and alcohols are yielded as the carbonization by-products. The PVC-derived carbon materials exhibit outstanding adsorption performance for removing tetracycline from water, and the maximum adsorption capacity reaches 1480 mg g−1. The kinetic and isotherm patterns for tetracycline adsorption follow the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models, respectively. Adsorption mechanism investigation indicates that pore filling and hydrogen bond interaction are mainly responsible for the adsorption. This study provides a facile and environmentally friendly approach for valorizing PVC into adsorbents for wastewater treatment.

Removal of Colour and COD from vegetable tannery wastewater onto bone char– Effect of process parameters, adsorption mechanism, kinetics and equilibrium modelling

ABSTRACT In this study, bone char derived from head bones of cattle was used as an adsorbent in the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and colour from vegetable tannery wastewater. The char was characterized by proximate analysis, pHpzc, FTIR, BET surface area analysis and SEM-EDX spectroscopy. The effects of operational parameters (pH, contact time, adsorbent mass and temperature), the kinetics and isotherms of the adsorption process were investigated. Optimal conditions for maximum adsorption of COD (77.4%) and colour (98.01%) occurred at pH 2 after 60-minute contact time with 50 g of adsorbent at 25°C. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using Elovich and the pseudo-first and – second-order models. The pseudo-second order model gave the best fit for the kinetic data. Application of the intra-particle diffusion and Boyd models to the kinetic data revealed that COD and colour adsorption onto the bone char were predominantly controlled by film diffusion. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models were applied. The Freundlich model best described the adsorption of COD and colour. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities for COD and colour were 559.61 mg/g and 2011.76 Pt-Co/g, respectively. These results indicate that bone char can be an effective low-cost adsorbent in wastewater treatment.

Recent progress in the preparation, characterization, and applications of modified halloysite nanotubes as adsorbents for wastewater treatment

Recent progress in the preparation, characterization, and applications of modified halloysite nanotubes as adsorbents for wastewater treatment

Conversion of biomass to biochar using top‐lit updraft technology: a review

AbstractThe demand for biochar has increased over time due to its wide range of applications in various industries. Biochar, which is the solid product of the thermochemical conversion of biomass, has been synthesized using different reactor‐based technologies. One such technology is top‐lit updraft (TLUD) technology. This study is a review of published literature that discusses trends in the utilization of the TLUD technology, focusing on biochar production. This study also evaluated the principles of TLUD technology. The properties and applications of TLUD‐based biochar were also discussed. In comparison with other technologies, TLUD technology is characterized by higher thermal efficiency, simplicity of starting the fuel, low smoke emission, and high biochar yield. It was observed that the use of TLUD technology resulted in the production of high‐quality biochar with a variety of characteristics, which has been utilized as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment, in the agricultural sector to increase soil nutrients, and as a solid fuel. The concept of semi‐batch‐fed TLUD technology was also introduced in this study to enhance the efficiency and output of the batch‐fed TLUD configuration that has been in use. Some knowledge gaps in the study could be addressed by future studies on the use of this technology. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Adsorption and Desorption Study of Reusable Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Modified with Justicia adhatoda Leaf Extract for the Removal of Textile Dye and Antibiotic.

The release of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and methylene blue (MB) dye into the aquatic system uncontrollably caused major environmental and health problems; hence, their prevention required serious attention. Adsorption process is now being researched in order to increase adsorption efficiency and reprocess to alleviate environmental issues. The use of magnetic nanoparticle as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment has a lot of prospective. A magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle surface modified by Vasaka (Justicia adhatoda) leaf extract (JA-MIONs) is used to give a fast removal approach for MB dye and TCH antibiotics. Dynamic light scattering, UV–Vis and band gap measurement, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were operated to analyse the formation and size of these magnetic nanoparticles. The impacts of different factors such as contact time (30–150 min), adsorbate concentration (10–50 mg/L), pH (4–10), and adsorbent dose (2–10 mg) were explored. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms show that it follows the pseudo-first-order kinetic and the Freundlich isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacities of 76.92 mg/g for MB and 200 mg/g for TCH at 298 K. The reusability of the JA-MIONs eventually exhibited a decline in the adsorption percentage of MB and TCH after five and four times respectively. After the desorption-adsorption cycles, this adsorbent continued to exhibit significant adsorption capacity. This investigation furnished the significant reference data for the synthesis of JA-MIONs as a novel and auspicious adsorbent for the industrial clean-up of toxic dyes and heavily used antibiotics from water.

Biochar Derived from Palm Waste Supported Greenly Synthesized MnO2 Nanoparticles as a Novel Adsorbent for Wastewater Treatment

Water pollution with dye effluents from different industries is a broadly established environmental and health problem that needs serious attention. In this study, making use of Acacia nilotica seed extract, greenly synthesized MnO2 nanoparticles were loaded on the surface of biochar derived from palm waste (MnO2/PF), with specific surface areas of 70.97 m2/g. Batch experiments were adopted, aiming to evaluate the performance of palm fronds, biochar, and the MnO2/PF adsorbents in methyl orange (MO) removal from an aqueous solution. The feedstock and synthesized biochars were comprehensively characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and BET surface area techniques. Moreover, the influences of the modification of palm fronds, initial dye concentrations, pH, and adsorbent dosage on MO uptake were examined. The results demonstrated that MnO2/PF biochar nanocomposite led to an increase in the removal efficiency by 6 and 1.5 times more than those of palm fronds and biochar, respectively. In addition, it was found that the second-order kinetic model presented the kinetic adsorption very well. This paper demonstrates that the depositing of greenly synthesized MnO2 nanoparticles on the date palm waste biochar forms a novel adsorbent (MnO2/PF) for the removal of MO from aqueous solutions. Furthermore, this adsorbent was easy to synthesize under moderate conditions without the need for chemical capping agents, and would thus be cost-effective and eco-friendly.