Adoptions Research Articles

Parentification Among Young Carers: A Concept Analysis.

There are approximately 1.4 million young carers in the United States alone. Being a young carer can result in parentification, a type of role reversal that occurs when children take on the roles and responsibilities of the adult. The purpose of this concept analysis is to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon of parentification among young carers through a description of its antecedents, attributes, and consequences using the steps of Rodgers' evolutionary method. The databases CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched to identify 25 articles. The antecedents of the concept include the dependency of the care receiver and the child's adoption of a caregiving role. The attributes include fairness, obligation, resiliency, individuation, confidence in performing care tasks, cultural normalcy, family system functioning, support system, family resources, caregiver-care receiver relationship, and awareness of the child's needs. Parentification has both positive and negative consequences that impact the young carer. The antecedents, consequences, and identifiable attributes of the concept are presented through this work to provide a comprehensive picture of parentification among young carers. These findings showcase the multidimensional nature of parentification and the broad impact that it can have on young carers. While these findings do provide greater insight into young carers, the fact remains that little is known about this underserved and underacknowledged population. This concept analysis provides a foundation of understanding that specifies potential targets for intervention development, as well as modifiable outcomes, that can be explored through future research and intervention work.

Considering Family and Child Welfare in Lithuania in Terms of Social Sustainability Pursuant to Observations of Everyday Professional Practice

This article investigates the family and child welfare system in Lithuania in terms of social sustainability, with an emphasis on children’s rights. The conceptual framework of Gilbert et al. (2011a) on child welfare was used as the substance of the research, identifying the problem frame, aim and mode of intervention, and parent–state relationship as the main dimensions for analyzing configurations of the child welfare systems. The analysis in this article focuses on how the family and child welfare system is observed in everyday professional practice in Lithuania by linking it with the social sustainability concept. The quantitative research sample comprised 501 respondents from Lithuania, representing different professionals of the family and child welfare system. An online questionnaire was distributed across regional municipal social services departments and to the national service of the State Child Rights Protection and Adoption Service. Explorative factor analysis and multidimensional scaling were used for data analysis. The research demonstrated that family and child welfare dimensions are meaningfully related to the social sustainability concept through the rights of a child such as the child’s best interests, accessibility to services, the right to be heard, protection against violence, child identity, development assurance, and so forth. The research indicates the need for awareness raising, including education and training for professional actors regarding child and family welfare, as an integral part of the concept of social sustainability.

Perbandingan Prosedur Pengangkatan Anak Menurut Hukum Positif Indonesia Dengan Hukum Islam

There are various law systems in Indonesian civil law system. This kind of condition makes child adoption could use one of the governing law systems. This research is focusing on finding civil law systems that is actively governing in Indonesia and comparing the child adoption law between Islamic law and Indonesian civil law. This research uses normative-comparative approach, descriptive method, secondary data, and qualitative analysis. The result of this research shows that at least there two civil law systems in Indonesia, they are Islamic civil law (which uses Islamic Law Compilation) and Indonesian civil law (which uses various regulations made by the Indonesian parliament and government). Child adoption is regulated in Indonesian civil law and legally implicated to all parties involved. On the other hand, child adoption is not allowed in Islamic law. So that, child adoption in Islamic law will have no legal consequences to every parties involved, except the obligatory testament.

Adopting in the Shadows: False Registration as a Method of Adoption in Postcolonial South Korea

AbstractThis article examines false registration as a method of domestic adoption in South Korea. The article argues that the practice of falsely registering adoptees as natural births in the family registry emerged in response to the highly restrictive adoption laws in South Korea. As adopting agnatic kin for the purpose of family succession was deemed the only legitimate form of adoption, significant hurdles existed for other kinds of adoption in Korea. This article examines the history of domestic adoption in Korea and highlights the legal hurdles to domestic adoption. These restrictive adoption customs first originated during the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) as a prescription for yangban elite; they were then codified as customary law for all Koreans under Japanese colonial rule (1910–45). The ban on non-agnatic adoption continued in the postcolonial period when it was codified in the new Civil Code of 1960. Multiple legal reforms were attempted since the 1970s to promote domestic adoptions, but change was slow. This article argues that the highly restrictive nature of adoption laws in South Korea produced an adoption regime that existed largely outside of the legal realm.

The Adoption of Found Child According to Islamic Law and Law No. 3 of 2006 on Religious Courts in the Perspective of Maqasid Al-Shari'ah

Islam is a religion that regulates everything in the life of Muslims. No exception in the case of adoption, the jurisdiction of the court up to the adoption of a minor. in the case of child adoption. Today, Islam applies limitations in some matters, such as the prohibition of lineage, the establishment of non-mahram relationships to the issue of inheritance and guardianship. In addition to that field, there is the authority of the judge in the Religious Court to be ijtihad to determine the best decision for the child of the findings as the extent of its authority is based on Law No. 3 of 2006 on Religious Justice. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the legal impact on the adoption status of the findings based on the rationale maqasidus syar'i and its relevance to the development of Islamic law. Research methods use the study of literature through its sources of reference through primary law, both derived from religious sources and from positive legal sources that apply in Indonesia. In addition, the researcher used jurisprudence from the relevant judicial decisions used.The results of this research are (1) through the approach of maqasid al shari'ah doruriyah that children (including children of discovery) must be protected their rights, both their right to life (an nafs) and their intellect (al aql), the right of lineage, religion, as well as paying attention to his rights, including his right to obtain the obligatory will/right of inheritance from the parents who raised him (al maal), (2) The legal impact is, the child is found as a person, he is an orphan so the religious treatment is the same as an orphan. While the adopted child then the legal status can be assessed through recognition by the adoptive parents such as the child of guardianship, then the adopted child has the right to be guarded by his adoptive parents due to the absence of a lineage guardian. (3) While the relevance to the development of Islamic law is that in maintenance (other than the issue of lineage and inheritance), then the child has the same protection and education status of both adoptive parents. There is a need for efforts from various related parties to prioritize the benefits to protect from unwanted things and save the lives of children.

Emotional-behavioral problems, attachment and verbal skills in late-adopted adolescents: The role of pre-adoption adversities and adoption variables

BackgroundThere are few studies on late-adopted adolescents' outcomes -e.g., emotional-behavioral problems, attachment and cognitive status- and their possible predictive factors, none from Italy. Objective: This paper aimed to investigate emotional-behavioral problems, attachment representations, and verbal skills in late-adopted adolescents in Italy and to explore the predictive role of pre-adoption adversities and adoption variables for worse adoptees' outcomes. Participants and settingThe study included N = 79 late-adopted (mean age at adoption = 6 years) adolescents, between 11 and 18 years, placed via both intercountry and domestic adoption. MethodsParents provided information about pre-adoption and adoption history and filled the Children's Behavior Checklist 6–18 for measuring participants' emotional-behavioral problems. Attachment representations were assessed through the Friend and Family Interview administered directly to adolescents, like the verbal comprehension index of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th edition) for measuring participants' verbal IQ. ResultsMaltreatment and its interaction with multiple placements were the main predictors of other problems—i.e., social, thought, and identity difficulties (respectively, p = .007 and p = .029)—while intercountry adoption was the unique predictor of both externalizing and total problems (respectively, p = .047 and p = .015). However, domestic adoption was the most important predictor both for higher insecurity and disorganized attachment representations and lower verbal skills (all p < .044); even stronger if domestic adoption interacted with pre-adoptive institutionalization. ConclusionsPre-adoption adversities as well as domestic vs. intercountry adoption, but not the age at placement, contributed to adolescent adoptees' developmental outcomes.

Niños y niñas chilenos adoptados por familias suecas. Proximidad diplomática en tiempos de Guerra Fría (1973-1990)

Objective/Context: This article seeks to understand the characteristics and political implications of the process that allowed the adoption of Chilean children by Swedish parents during the military dictatorship in Chile. Methodology: The research is based on the review of diplomatic documentation corresponding to the Chilean Embassy in Sweden, specifically on reports that described the dissemination of the image of Chile and its children in the Swedish media between 1973 and 1990. In addition, reports, periodicals, and official records were consulted that expressed the reaction of the Chilean authorities to criticism received from the Swedish press for irregularities in the adoptions of children. Originality: The political and diplomatic framework for the regulation of international adoptions in the context of military dictatorships in Latin America has been poorly addressed from the humanities and social sciences since interest has been focused on the search for origins by adopted people and their biological families. Hence, this work’s contribution to the historiography of adoptions lies in its focus on the political and diplomatic dimensions of the phenomenon, on the scope of forced mechanisms in the circulation of children to first world countries, as well as on regulatory policies regarding children and family. Conclusions: Based on the revised documentation, it is feasible to conclude that the adoptions of Chilean children by Swedish families were part of a campaign of the military dictatorship to promote adoption, which worked as a counter-propaganda to stop “anti-Chilean campaign” in Sweden, as well as to recover international ties.

Refusal versus massive investment: Qualitative study of parenthood among adopted adults in France

Adoptees are studied more as children than as adults. While there is nevertheless a large body of research on adopted adults, little of this has focused on the families they build. Adoptees’ parenthood has been particularly neglected. The few studies conducted on this subject up to now all had serious methodological flaws, and were not interested in adoptees who either refuse to become parents or, at the other extreme, invest massively in parenthood. In the present study, our objective was therefore to better understand the experience and determinants of two specific attitudes toward parenthood among adoptees: refusal and massive investment. We carried out semistructured interviews with 13 adopted adults who held just such attitudes toward parenthood. The interview transcripts were submitted to a thematic analysis using QDA Miner 5 software. This analysis shed light on the experiences of adoptees who either refuse parenthood (satisfaction, parenting by proxy, views on child adoption) or invest massively in it (parenting style, desire for children, difficulties encountered), as well as on the determinants of these positions (impact of adoptee status, relationships with adoptive parents and with partners). These results enhance current understanding of the potential distress of adoptees regarding parenthood, as well as the challenges that this life stage can pose for them and their children. We discuss the theoretical and clinical implications.

Abolition, Settler Colonialism, and the Persistent Threat of Indian Child Welfare

Family separation is a defining feature of the U.S. government’s policy to forcibly assimilate and dismantle American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) tribal nations. The historical record catalogues the violence of this separation in several ways, including the mass displacement of Native children into boarding schools throughout the 19th century and the widespread adoption of Native children into non-Native homes in the 20th century. This legacy eventually prompted the passage of landmark legislation known as the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA). ICWA introduced federal protections against the unnecessary removal of Native children and affirmed the role of the tribe as an important partner in child welfare proceedings. To what extent has the federal government honored the commitments of ICWA and reversed the trajectory of Native family separation since 1978? What can be done to reduce the threat of the current child welfare system on the well-being of Native families?&#x0D; In this Article, we use administrative and historical data to statistically evaluate the magnitude of change in AIAN family separation since the passage of ICWA and locate the institutional pathways that funnel AIAN families into the child welfare system. We find that, despite long-standing treaty responsibilities to support the health and well-being of tribal nations, AIAN children remain at incredibly high risk of family separation. In particular, we find that the frequency of AIAN children’s placement into foster care has remained relatively stable since the passage of ICWA and that the post-investigation removal decision by child welfare agencies is a key mechanism of inequality in family separation. We situate these findings within theories about settler colonialism and Indigenous dispossession to illustrate that the continuous removal of Native children from their homes is not an anomaly. Instead, we argue that the very intent of a white supremacist settler-state is to dismantle Native communities. Based upon these findings, we argue that the child welfare system in its entirety must be abolished in order to stop the routine surveillance and separation of Native and nonWhite children from their families by the state. We suggest that ICWA has provided, and will continue to provide, a necessary intervention to protect Native families so long as this intrusive system remains. We conclude by envisioning an abolitionist approach that immediately redirects social and financial resources into the hands of Native families and works cooperatively with tribal nations to promote Indigenous communities of care.

The Perils of Child "Protection" for Children of Color: Lessons From History.

* Abbreviation: AACWA — : Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act Based upon recent investigation rates, as many as 37% of children born this year in the United States may become the subject of a child welfare system investigation. Among Black children, an estimated close to 50% are likely to be subject to such an investigation.1 Although rates of serious physical injury to children are on the decline,2 the number of children reported for neglect has increased. Child maltreatment investigations have become the foremost intervention to safeguard children in the United States. This focus on reporting, investigation, and child removal has a long history.3 Furthermore, the burden of the coercive aspects of the child welfare system is carried disproportionately by Black families. Allegations of maltreatment involving Black children are more likely to be reported to1 and substantiated by child welfare agencies than those involving white children.4 Once investigated, Black children are more likely to be removed from their homes than white children and subsequently less likely to be reunified.5,6 Although some researchers identified race as a significant factor in these disparities,4 others found no significant effect for race when controlling for poverty.7 Yet, regardless of the reasons disparities occur, they represent a significant problem because of the harm they cause Black families. We trace these … Address correspondence Mical Raz, MD, PhD, MSHP, Charles E. and Dale L. Phelps Professor in Public Policy and Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14618. E-mail: micalraz{at}rochester.edu

Coping Strategies and Health-Seeking Behavior of Women With Infertility at Zamfara

In Africa, the inability to bear children is a stressful situation that affects the self-worth of women socially and psychologically. As a result, women with infertility in Africa use different strategies to cope, which may influence their health-seeking behaviors. The purpose of this study was to explore the coping strategies and health-seeking behaviors of women with infertility in the Zamfara State of Nigeria. A qualitative approach using an exploratory descriptive design was used to obtain information relevant for the study. Twelve women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected using a purposive sampling technique. A semistructured interview guide was used to conduct in-depth individual interviews after the women consented to participate. Content analysis of the data was conducted. The findings suggest that the major coping strategies adopted by these women were religion, social support, child adoption, and distraction activities. In terms of health-seeking behavior, the women sought help for their infertility from both traditional medicine and orthodox treatment. However, they frequently withdrew from treatment or changed the health facility due to perceived reduction in benefits.

Attachment Theory: How Marvelous Mother Guided An Adoption Child

The paper focuses on analyzing a mother who guides an adoption child reflected in The Blind Side movie. The researcher applies descriptive qualitative method in analysing the problem to find the data. The research questions are 1. What problems are faced by Leigh Anne's, as a mother? 2. What are the factors cause those problems? 3. How does Leigh Anne's solve the problems? The first data consisting of texts of the movie which is related to a mother guide adoption children and the second data that support the analysis. The technique of the data analysis is carried out by applying the close of mother and children using attachment theory by John Bowlby. The result shows that Leigh Anne Tuohy creates efforts in her supporting strategy such as adopted Oher to be her family, Mrs. Tuohy’s guide Oher to be an American football player. Part of that emotional funding for Leigh Anne is that finaly Oher can find his potential as a human being and find his identity to be a happy person like everyone else.The result is the power of love a marvelous mother can make Oher to be a successful American football player.

ADOPSI DAN PEMELIHARAAN ANAK DALAM HUKUM ISLAM

Adoption of children is one of the noble ways for couples who have not been blessed with children. The presence of an adopted child is expected to fill the lonely days of husband and wife, even sometimes many couples make their adopted children as a "lure" so that later they will have their own child. In Islamic law, in principle, an adopted child is not prohibited as long as it involves nurturing, educating and caring for him/her, however, the adopted child is not considered to become the heir or obtain inheritance if it is connected or associated with his/her legal position in Islamic law. Child is a person who must be protected from everything that can make it difficult for him/her, to be able to provide a good deed done by his/her parents, and with Hadhanah (the right to custody of a child under Sharia Law), it is very important that this Hadhanah is handed over to the mother because it is a job that requires a lot of responsibility and persistence in doing so.

Distinguishing: Appointment, Recognition of Children and Ratification of Children Based on Law Number 23 of 2006 concerning Population Administration

Article 4 7(1) of Law No 23 of 2006 on the Administration of the Population (Adminduk) provides that the adoption of children is a legal act to transfer the rights of the child from the families of parents, legal guardians and others responsible for the care, education and bringing of children into the families of their adoptive parents by decision of the Court Basing this child acceptance on the concept or limitation of child adoption is a legal act with certain law-controlled goals and aims and inevitable legal consequences, such as the bodily and psychological responsibility of the child he or she accepts. Kid Recognition is a father's recognition of his kid born from lawful marriage with the agreement of the biological mother of the child. Kid acknowledgment is meant to provide the child a biological father/father, as well as legal civil ties. The provisions mentioned in the Elucidation of Article 49(1) of the Adminduk Law are acknowledgments that can only be made by the father/father, in this case there is no mother's acknowledgement; in other words, it is not automatically necessary to prove that the child was not born by the mother concerned. Elucidating Article 50(1) of the Child Legalization Administration Law is the ratification of the status of a child born outside the legal marital bond while registering the marriage of the child's two parents. Article 50(1) of the Administrative Law requires parents to notify the child's ratification to the Implementing Agency no later than 30 (thirty) days after the child's father and mother marry and acquire a marriage certificate. Child Recognition or Child Ratification can be performed for children born outside formal marriage. If the child's acknowledgement is restricted to a disclosure from his biological father, accepted by his birth mother, without being followed by the parents' marriage, yet in the Child Legalization, the child's mother and father are married. When documenting the wedding, the youngster is recognized as their biological kid. And this kid's ratification is a legal endeavor (rechtsmiddel) to offer a position as a legitimate kid through marriage by his parents.

Distinguishing: Appointment, Recognition of Children and Ratification of Children Based on Law Number 23 of 2006 concerning Population Administration

Article 4 7(1) of Law No 23 of 2006 on the Administration of the Population (Adminduk) provides that the adoption of children is a legal act to transfer the rights of the child from the families of parents, legal guardians and others responsible for the care, education and bringing of children into the families of their adoptive parents by decision of the Court Basing this child acceptance on the concept or limitation of child adoption is a legal act with certain law-controlled goals and aims and inevitable legal consequences, such as the bodily and psychological responsibility of the child he or she accepts. Kid Recognition is a father's recognition of his kid born from lawful marriage with the agreement of the biological mother of the child. Kid acknowledgment is meant to provide the child a biological father/father, as well as legal civil ties. The provisions mentioned in the Elucidation of Article 49(1) of the Adminduk Law are acknowledgments that can only be made by the father/father, in this case there is no mother's acknowledgement; in other words, it is not automatically necessary to prove that the child was not born by the mother concerned. Elucidating Article 50(1) of the Child Legalization Administration Law is the ratification of the status of a child born outside the legal marital bond while registering the marriage of the child's two parents. Article 50(1) of the Administrative Law requires parents to notify the child's ratification to the Implementing Agency no later than 30 (thirty) days after the child's father and mother marry and acquire a marriage certificate. Child Recognition or Child Ratification can be performed for children born outside formal marriage. If the child's acknowledgement is restricted to a disclosure from his biological father, accepted by his birth mother, without being followed by the parents' marriage, yet in the Child Legalization, the child's mother and father are married. When documenting the wedding, the youngster is recognized as their biological kid. And this kid's ratification is a legal endeavor (rechtsmiddel) to offer a position as a legitimate kid through marriage by his parents.

Child Welfare Services Response to COVID-19: Addressing Face-to-Face Contacts.

During the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, child welfare case managers faced contradictions in their responsibility to make regular in-person contact with children and families to promote safety, permanency, and well-being while following public health directives to avoid social contact in order to curb COVID-19 infections. In response, federal guidance was issued regarding the use of technology to maintain mandated contacts with children in foster care. States had to make decisions about how to handle other contact types. This study reviewed documentation of state child welfare agency practices regarding face-to-face contact between case managers and child-welfare involved families between March 2020 and May 2020. Using a point-in-time search to obtain publicly accessible documents related to caseworker face-to-face contact and COVID-19, data was located for 49 states and the District of Columbia (n = 50). Documents were analyzed in NVIVO 12 using document analysis. Within the context of face-to-face interactions by child welfare case managers, documents were analyzed in six themes based on the types of services provided to children and families: (1) investigations, (2) family preservation, (3) family team meetings, (4) foster care, (5) adoption, and (6) general child welfare. State decisions about how to manage these contacts varied. In several states case managers were directed to document both virtual and in-person contacts during this time as face-to-face; which may impact future evaluations of child welfare systems during COVID-19. Findings highlight a range of strategies used by state child welfare systems. By reviewing previous practice and hearing what other states are doing, child welfare service agencies have the potential to evaluate appropriately, strengthen their plans and address disparate impacts.

The Impact of Information System on Interactions of Child Welfare Professionals with Managers and Clients

The use of information systems in public child welfare agencies of different countries is challenging primarily for frontline practitioners. This paper unveils how material information system properties are involved in the interactions of child welfare practitioners with their clients and managers. We analyze the properties on their own (functional requirements) and according to the perception of IS users (non-functional requirements). On the basis of the results of systematic literature review and ethnographic study of the use of information system at Lithuanian Child Rights Protection and Adoption Service during the COVID-19 pandemic, we identify the relation between the absence of functionality or its potential failures and data duplication problem. According to our study, data duplication leads to additional time consumption, affects the ecology of the workplace, reduces reliability of information, challenges data protection and finally keeps away practitioners from direct work with clients and exposes them to overcontrol of managers.

Criminalization of Sexual and Gender Minorities and Its Consequences for the HIV Epidemic in Zambia: A Critical Review and Recommendations.

To elaborate the negative impacts of sexual and gender minority (SGM)-related legislation for the HIV epidemic in Zambia, we reviewed Zambian legislation that restricts the rights of SGM people and synthesized its consequences. We retrieved legal documents through the National Assembly of Zambia and the Zambia Legal Information Institute and conducted a critical review based on four academic databases following thematic synthesis methodology. Eighteen literature records and six Zambian laws were included in the review. Existing laws criminalize same-sex sexual behavior and restrict same-sex marriage and the adoption of children. Anti-SGM legislation has limited legal protections for SGM people and increased vulnerability of criminal prosecution and HIV exposure, persistent stigma/discrimination, insufficient public health resources, and lessened access to HIV-related services. We recommend enacting legal protections for SGM people, decriminalizing anti-SGM laws, rectifying misinformation to destigmatize SGM people, targeting health care for SGM people, and including SGM people in the national HIV strategy.

Legal Protection of Child Adoption without Trial by Human Rights Perspective

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This research aims to describe and analyze legal protection issues as regards child adoption without trial from a human rights perspective. It is descriptive-qualitative empirical research. It applies a socio-legal approach and case approach. Results demonstrate that child adoption without trial may breed the following legal consequences: misunderstanding what is permissible and what is not from an Islamic point of view, interfering with family relationships and their rights, and fueling disputes between family members. These legal consequences happen as adoptive parent candidates are not well educated attributed to procedures for child adoption. Child adoption is also mentioned in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 of 1999. The government, state, parents, and society shall not neglect and are obliged to concern about children’s rights by endeavoring to make the legality of the child’s identity status in the form of a birth certificate citation document.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Before Babylift: Female Photojournalists and Vietnamese-American ‘Orphans’ in American Print-media, 1971–1973

President Ford’s announcement of ‘Operation Babylift’, a plan to airlift over 2,000 Vietnamese ‘orphans’ from South Vietnam to the United States in March 1975, prompted a wave of interest in adoption of Vietnamese children by American families. This was the culmination of years of growing interest in adopting Vietnamese ‘orphans’. Contemporary newspaper reports credited television and photographs with motivating potential adopters. Adding to scholarship which explores how photographs create discourses of ‘rescue’ and ‘responsibility’ in humanitarian contexts, this article examines how arguments for transnational adoption as a solution to Vietnam’s ‘orphan problem’ developed in the years leading up to Babylift. It notes stark differences in depictions of white-Amerasian and black-Amerasian children in keeping with racial discourses of early 1970s America. The work of female journalists in Vietnam has historically been marginalized; this article redresses this, arguing that American women photographers offered a specific perspective on the ‘orphan problem’.