Admixture Of Oxide Research Articles

Effect of long-term high-temperature exposure in a controlled atmosphere on mullite-corundum ceramics for advanced applications in nuclear power technology

This work investigates the behavior and properties of corundum and mullite ceramics at high temperatures and during very long exposures in a controlled atmosphere. The motivation of the work lies primarily in advanced applications in nuclear energy technology, specifically in the search for materials for helium-cooled reactors of the 4th generation. The studied ceramic samples Al63, Al70, Al76, Al96, Al100, where the number indicates the mass percentage of Al2O3, were exposed for 1000 h at a temperature of 900 °C in gaseous atmospheres of helium, nitrogen and air. The properties of the exposed and unexposed samples were evaluated by measuring the bending strength at room temperature (CMOR), hot modulus of rupture at high temperature (HMOR), and isothermal creep, BET method, and using electron microscopy. The color changes induced by the reducing atmosphere and temperature were also interpreted using a simple thermochemical model. The CMOR measurement results show that all ceramic samples do not significantly change their properties due to long-term exposure. The detected deviations in the exposed samples from the unexposed ones can be considered random caused by the inherent heterogeneous structure. A similar conclusion also applies in the case of the HMOR measurement results, except for the results for the Al63 sample, where the drop in the strength of the exposed samples by approx. 37 MPa (20 %) may be related with the highest proportion of polyvalent oxide admixtures of all studied ceramics, i.e. 1.01 wt % Fe2O3 and 0.52 wt % TiO2. The change in color indicates that the iron and titanium present are being reduced. However, none of the conducted experiments indicate that changes in the redox state associated with the formation of oxygen vacancies would significantly reduce strength at high temperatures or increase creep in mullite ceramics.

Structural studies of epoxy resin with impurities of carbon nanostructures

In this work, using X-ray diffractometry and optical microscopy, studies of epoxy-based composites containing a small amount of nanostructures (nanotubes and graphene oxide) were carried out. The test substance was used to glue two aluminum plates together, and then they were stretched in different directions until rupture. Using X-ray diffractometry, it was found that the introduction of an impurity does not lead to the formation of crystalline inclusions in the adhesive layer. For samples with an admixture of graphene oxide, the formation of graphene oxide conglomerates with a linear size of the order of 10 μm is observed.

Analyzing the macroscopic/mesoscopic mechanical properties and fatigue damage of graphene oxide/microcapsule self-healing concrete

Concrete materials used in transmission projects in Northwest China require specific properties, such as crack resistance, fatigue resistance, and low impedance. To meet these requirements, microcapsules with repair properties were synthesized using a physical method. Graphene oxide was employed as a conductive medium and reinforcing material to prepare standard concrete composite parts. Furthermore, the stress state and cracking behavior of the microcapsules in concrete were simulated through the Python-based secondary development of ABAQUS. An orthogonal test design was conducted to determine the optimal graphene oxide, microcapsule, and water–cement ratios. Based on the orthogonal test results, fatigue testing was conducted to assess the fatigue strength, fatigue life, and crack development behavior of the concrete under combined dynamic and static loading. The results show that the thickness of the microcapsule wall material directly influences the fracture extension and practicability of the concrete. Including a certain amount of graphene oxide can enhance the strength of the concrete, reduce its resistivity, and compensate for the microcapsule-induced early strength loss. The optimal graphene oxide/microencapsulated concrete ratios were determined as 3 % microcapsule admixture, 0.1 % graphene oxide admixture, and 0.45 water–cement ratio. Notably, at low stress levels, graphene oxide and microcapsules act synergistically to enhance concrete fatigue resistance. Graphene oxide/microencapsulated concrete exhibits higher residual fatigue strength than ordinary concrete; however, the difference in their fatigue resistance diminishes as the number of cycles increases.

The problem of oxide admixtures in zinc sulfide as a material for infrared optics (a review)

The paper reports on the main physicochemical properties of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and the features of its application in optics, optoelectronics, and semiconductor technology, as well as the main synthesis methods (synthesis in a solution, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition). The harmful effect of the ZnO admixture on the optical and operational properties of zinc sulfide as a starting material for optical ceramics and in a thin film coating is shown. Possible ways of zinc oxide entering the base material during synthesis, storage in air or subsequent heat treatment are considered. The possibility of detecting and estimating the content of oxide admixture (ZnO) in ZnS by methods of substantial chemical analysis has been established. For the first time, approaches were proposed and implemented aimed at weakening the harmful effect of oxide admixtures by binding them with the help of lanthanide sulfides and sulfofluorides, followed by the formation of lanthanide oxosulfides by exchange reactions. The use of the addition of boron oxide (B2O3) with the formation of complex compounds with significantly lower chemical activity and volatility compared to ZnO is considered more promising. The method developed by the authors implies the complete removal of the ZnO impurity by heat treatment of the material with a sulfurizing agent, Sb2S3, the excess of which is removed by heat treatment in a vacuum. This method seems to be more labor-intensive, but more attractive for consumers of zinc sulfide as a material for interference optics.

Lalombi Tropical Peat Soil Improvement Using Iron Oxide admixture and Cement

Peat soil has a relatively high water content of up to 400%. With a high moisture content, peat soil can hinder construction work. For this reason, in construction planning, an investigation must be carried out on the characteristics and strength of the soil, especially the properties of the soil that affect the bearing capacity of the soil to withstand the load of the construction on it. This study aimed to determine the characteristics and changes in the bearing capacity of peat soil after mixing with cement and iron oxide admixture. The variation of mixing iron oxide is 0%, 4%, 8%, and 16%, while for variation of cement mixture is 5%. This research was conducted on the soil, including testing physical and mechanical properties. Engineering properties tests include direct shear and consolidation tests. This research conducted the elemental chemical content in peat soil and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) test. Based on the classification of peat soil at this location with an ash content-value of 29.41%, it can be classified as High Ash Peat (peat with ash content > 25%). In the direct shear test, the cohesion value and the shear angle continued to increase as the percentage of the iron oxide mixture increased to 16%, where the shear angle changed from 7.60º to 45°. In the consolidation test, the original soil Cc value of 0.00820 decreased with the addition of iron oxide to 16%; the Cc value decreased to 0.00277. The decrease in Cc indicates that the soil becomes easily compacted, and The value of the Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv) on peat soil was 0.00535 cm²/sec. The most significant increase in the original soil with a mixture of 16% iron oxide was 0.01463 cm²/sec. The Chemical results have been given a mixture of 16% iron oxide and 5% cement, the change of C (Carbon), Fe (Ferrum) and Ca (Calcium). The value of O (Oxygen) in peat soil was 48.05% and then decreased to 43.67%, this indicates that the pores in the peat soil are reduced, and when the pores are reduced, the peat soil becomes denser. The value of Si (Silica) also decreased from 30.01% to 21.21%. This occurred because silica reacted with lime. After all, silica is an adhesive that binds lime, making the granules denser. Peat soil’s Fe (Ferrum) value was 3.12%, then increased to 16.72%. This also helped the soil to become stronger because of the higher specific gravity of iron. Peat soil’s Al (aluminium) value was 12.15% after being given a mixture of iron oxide and cement increased to 12.16%.

Influence of Magnesium Oxide on the Structure and Catalytic Activity of the Wustite Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis

The influence of a magnesium oxide admixture on the activation process and catalytic activity of the iron catalyst with a wustite structure was investigated during the ammonia synthesis reaction. The incorporation of magnesium oxide into wustite grains is considered to be a structure-forming and activating promoter. It stabilizes the α-Fe structure and increases the activity of the catalysts in the ammonia synthesis reaction. Moreover, magnesium oxide forms a solid solution with the wustite, which slows down the reduction of a catalyst precursor. Similar to calcium and potassium compounds, magnesium oxide is present on the α-Fe surface of the active form of the catalyst. The optimum MgO concentration in the catalyst structure was determined to be 1.2% wt.

REDUCING THE POLLUTION OF THE AIRSPACE OF THE CITY'S MAIN HIGHWAY AREAS

The article deals with problems of air pollution in large cities and how to solve them. In Europe, road transport produces nearly half of NOx emissions, which ensures urban air quality. Analysis of reference data has revealed scientists' active interest in reducing air pollution in large cities. However, since the objects of territorial planning continue to develop dangerously, one can speak of the absence of a sufficiently compelling concept of architectural and urban planning to ensure the environmental safety of the air basin of urban areas. Therefore, we propose to consider the object of the research and protection as systemic integrity of three entities: areas near trunk roads, air basins, and population. The paper presents an ER model of the research object and determines the main parameters of each entity, their interrelationships, and the action area. We propose an engineering and planning solution for installing special units to remove the most dangerous admixtures of nitrogen oxides and dust from the air basin near the city trunk roads through ozonation and absorption. The basis of the proposed treatment plant is a scrubber with combined processes of wet dust collection and ozonation characterized by high efficiency in removing fine dust and nitrogen oxides. The work presents a process flow diagram of purification and determines the operating conditions of the equipment. To substantiate the unit's operational safety in an emergency with ozone emission, we have simulated the process of ozone dispersion in the surrounding areas.

Effect of micro-magnesium oxide admixture on rheological and compressive strength properties of class G well cement

Rheological property tuning is one key aspect of oil-well cement, not only affecting the cement slurry placement but also indirectly impacting other cementing properties such as the bonding strength and compressive strength. However, the research is scant on the rheological properties of blending magnesium oxide with class G oil-well cement, despite some studies having been conducted on its impacts on shrinkage compensation, compressive strength, bonding strength, and permeability properties of oil-well cement. This work studies the effects of micro-sized magnesium oxide on the rheological properties and compressive strength of the formulated API Class G oil-well cement slurries. Two types of micro-sized magnesium oxide (50 μm and 100 μm) were used as the mineral admixture at different dosages (3%, 9%). The base formulated slurry sample was incorporated with the silica flour and several commercialized additives such as retarder, fluid loss control agent, and defoamer. A batch of flow tests have been conducted by the use of a digital viscometer at two different temperatures, 25 and 88°C. The compressive strength has also been measured after curing the samples with the same formulation and conditions for 7 days. The variations of the rheological properties (plastic viscosity, yield stress, and gel strength), shear stress–shear rate correlations, and shear-thinning/thickening behavior are impacted by the temperature, the type, and dosage of magnesium oxide. The plastic viscosity of the tested slurries decreased by 27.0% (type II, 9%, 25°C) and 15.1% (type II, 3%, 88°C), respectively, and the yield stress increased by 258.5% (type II, 3%, 88°C) and 53.9% (type II, 9%, 25°C). The gel strength generally increases as the magnesium oxide dosage increases. However, all tested slurry samples show shear-thinning behavior and non-Newtonian characteristics. Among the tested slurry samples, it is found that better rheological performance is achieved when incorporating magnesium oxide with a smaller particle size. On the other side, the specimens of mixed magnesium oxide with a bigger particle size and medium dosage outperform their rival with a smaller particle size in compressive strength.

The Size Dependence of Microwave Permeability of Hollow Iron Particles.

Hollow ferromagnetic powders of iron were obtained by means of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. A variation in the conditions of the synthesis allows for the adjustment of the mean size of the hollow iron particles. Iron powders were obtained by this technique, starting from the aqueous solution of iron nitrate of two different concentrations: 10 and 20 wt.%. This was followed by a reduction in hydrogen. An increase in the concentration of the solution increased the mean particle size from 0.6 to 1.0 microns and widened particle size distribution, but still produced hollow particles. Larger particles appeared problematic for the reduction, although admixture of iron oxides did not decrease the microwave permeability of the material. The paraffin wax-based composites filled with obtained powders demonstrated broadband magnetic loss with a complex structure for lesser particles, and single-peak absorption for particles of 1 micron. Potential applications are 5G technology, electromagnetic compatibility designs, and magnetic field sensing.

Калиевый полевой шпат рудных щелочных метасоматитов (Средний Тиман)

Potassium feldspar (Kfeldspar), along with albite, is one of the leading minerals of alkaline ore (rare-metal-rare-earth) fenites of the Kosyu ore cluster of the Middle Timan. In the studied potassium feldspars, the data on an insignificant admixture of sodium oxide (0.19-0.38 wt.%) according to the results of microprobe analysis are confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies, which also indicate a minimal structural admixture of the albite component in KF. As determined by X-ray diffraction, potassium feldspar of ore fenites is a microcline. Several of its varieties have been established: the maximum microcline (Oktyabrskoe ore field), the low microcline (Novobobrovskoe and Verkhne-Shchugorskoe ore fields), and the intermediate microcline (Nizhne-Mezenskoe ore field). Kfeldspars of fenites were formed under the action of alkaline solutions on quartzite sandstones in a fairly wide temperature range from 375° to 510°C. The lowest temperature (375°C) is the most ordered maximum microclines of the Oktyabrskoe ore field. For low microclines, temperatures of 420°C and 455°C have been determined for the Novobo¬brovskoe and Verkhne-Shchugorskoe fields, respectively. The least ordered intermediate microcline of the Nizhne-Mezenskoe ore field was formed in the range of 485-510°C.

MINERAL COMPOSITION AND ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF PRECIPITATES FORMED DURING OZONATION OF RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED WATER FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS TOWARDS 137Cs

The mineral composition and sorption properties of precipitates formed during ozonation of a model solution simulating nuclear power plant wastewater (total mineralization 7 g/dm3, pH = 11.5, T = 60°C, t = 2 hours) 137Cs were studied. The precipitate is represented by finely dispersed spherical particles of metal oxides ranging in size from 20 to 30 nm, forming microaggregates and their associates of various shapes. The composition of the precipitates, along with X-ray amorphous phases, includes Fe(II)-Fe(III) layered double hydroxides (Green Rust), as well as LDH of mixed composition, in particular Fe-Co, and iron oxyhydroxides — goethite and lepidocrocite. The precipitates also contain manganese-containing phases represented by manganese (IV) hydroxide and manganese (II) carbonate with an admixture of manganese oxides, such as Mn2O3∙H2O, MnO, Mn3O4 (gaussmanite). In the process of ozonation, organic compounds that are part of the solutions undergo destruction, co-precipitation with other components of the solution, which is accompanied by the sorption of 137Cs radionuclides on the surface of mineral particles. An increase in the concentration of Fe2+ and Mn2+ cations by 10 times (up to 50 and 100 mg/dm3, respectively) in wastewater reduces the concentration of 137Cs in the initial solution by 50.5%.

SYNTHESIS OF NANOSIZED ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE, COBALT OXIDE AND RELATED PHASES IN SUPERCRITICAL CO2 FLUID

This study is devoted to obtaining nanoscale zirconium dioxide, cobalt oxide and related phases by SAS method in supercritical carbon dioxide. The synthesized compounds were characterized by a complex of physico-chemical analytical methods: infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental parameters for obtaining the nanoparticles were: pressure 10 MPa, temperature 40 °C, carbon dioxide supply rate 35 g/min, the initial solution supply rate 0.5 ml/min. Individual phases containing zirconium and cobalt, and also samples with zirconium to cobalt molar ratios 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 1:3 were obtained. The use of zirconium and cobalt acetylacetonates as initial components leads to formation of stable products – nanoparticles of acetates of the corresponding metals in the X-ray amorphous state. When heated to 340-350 °C, the destruction of organometallic complexes to oxides occurs with formation of a continuous series of X-ray amorphous solid solutions in the ZrO2-CoO system. At temperatures above 600 °C, the phases crystallize with the decomposition of solid solutions into ZrO2 and Co3O4. When temperature is above 900 °C, further oxidation of cobalt occurs. Thus, cobalt oxide oxidation into Co3O4 proceeds in two steps, at 600 and 900 °C. For samples of zirconium dioxide with cobalt oxide admixture at a temperature of 700 °C stabilization of the cubic modification is observed which is probably due to the entry of cobalt into the cubic structure of zirconium oxide, which prevents transition to tetragonal and monoclinic modifications.

Electrical properties of Ni-doped CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics

Samples of Ni-doped CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics with the compositions of CaCu3Ti4-4хNi4хO12-δ and CaCu3-3хNi3хTi4O12 (x ≤ 0.06) were synthesized by the solid phase method. X-ray phase analysis revealed the trace amounts of copper oxide (II) admixture in the samples. Electrical properties of the samples of both compositions were studied in the temperature range of 25–400°С. The minimal dielectric loss tangent 0.07 and the maximal dielectric constant 6.0·103 (at 1 MHz) were exhibited by the CaCu3Ti4-4хNi4хO12-δ (х = 0.03) ceramics at room temperature. The equivalent circuit was created based on the modeling of impedance spectra that well describe the electrical properties of the samples. It was proposed that the ionic charge transfer predominated in the studied samples at room temperature. This mechanism allows to explain the giant values of dielectric permeability and the high values of impedance phase at low frequencies. The electrical properties of Ni-doped CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics were analyzed and discussed.

Calcium silicate phosphate cement with samarium oxide additions for neutron shielding applications in nuclear industry

A simple method to obtain calcium silicate phosphate with samarium oxide (Sm2O3) admixtures is presented. Samples were produced by mixing mineral wollastonite (CaSiO3) and Sm2O3 powders with an aqueous acidic formulation of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at room temperature. Microstructural, mechanical, and neutron attenuation properties of phosphate pastes with Sm2O3 additions between 1 and 10 wt% were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the composites were made of remaining CaSiO3 and Sm2O3 and newly created silica (SiO2) and brushite (CaHPO4⋅2H2O) phases. The highest compressive strength (37 MPa) was achieved for phosphates pastes with 1 wt% Sm2O3 loading, representing 15% improvement over the reference sample (32 MPa). Composites with 10 wt% Sm2O3 (27 MPa) showed a reduction of 15% in compressive strength over the reference paste. Finally, the effect of Sm2O3 concentration on the neutron shielding properties was studied. For additions of 10 wt % Sm2O3 an improvement of more than 1000% in linear attenuation coefficient for thermal and epithermal neutrons was measured. Based on the overall results from this study, it is concluded that the optimum interval of Sm2O3 content in wollastonite phosphate cement for neutron shielding in nuclear systems ranged between 1 and 5 wt%.

Influence of Graphite Oxide Addition on the Properties of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Composites

Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) is as an eco-friendly construction material used in industrial as well as in residential applications thanks to its better performance in comparison with Portland cement (PC) considered. Magnesium oxychloride cement composites formed during the reaction between light-burned magnesium oxide powder and magnesium chloride solution, belong to non-hydraulic materials and offer the advantage of high early strength and low porosity. These performances could, however, be further improved by incorporating of selected nanomaterials. This paper therefore presents an experimental investigation of magnesium oxychloride cement paste with graphite oxide admixture. The chemical composition of raw light-burned magnesium oxide powder was analysed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and the morphology of graphite oxide was characterised using High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). Graphite oxide (GO) was added into the mixture in a concentration of 0.5 wt. %. Subsequently, the influence of GO on the properties of hardened MOC paste was analysed in terms of its bulk density, specific density, open porosity and compressive and flexural strength measurement. The characterisation of studied pastes using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was done as well. It was found that the presence of GO significantly enhanced the flexural strength, decreased the open porosity and slightly improved the compressive strength compared to the plain MOC paste. The obtained results suggest that with the addition of graphite oxide to magnesium oxychloride cement, MOC-based nanocomposites intended for civil engineering can be developed. These are characterised by high strength and low porosity, which is particularly important for reduction of moisture related damage.

Quantifying maximum temperature in 17 mass concrete cube specimens made with mixtures including metakaolin and/or slag

Abstract An experimental study is designed to quantify temperature rise in mass concrete mixtures. Cement is partially replaced on a weight basis by three different metakaolin, two slag, and a Class F fly ash products. Polymer modified and phase changing materials are also studied. The mixtures contain 422 kg/m3 (711 lb/yd3) of cementitious materials and have a water-to-cementitious material ratio of 0.43. Paste and mortar samples are prepared for heat of hydration (HoH) measurements using an isothermal calorimeter. Seventeen cube (0.61 m × 0.61 m × 0.61 m or 2 ft. × 2 ft. × 2 ft.) specimens are prepared for temperature measurements. Finally, experimentally quantified and predicted maximum temperature measurements are compared. It is concluded that the addition of 10% polyvinyl acetate or 3.5% barium oxide admixture has insignificant effect on HoH. Ternary replacement (45% by weight) mixtures with slag and metakaolin significantly reduce HoH. These mixtures yielded the maximum temperature that is equivalent to that of a mixture with 30% fly ash (Class F) replacement. The maximum temperature measured in binary mixtures agree well with the temperature predicted by existing equations. Existing models do not account for the co-presence of slag and metakaolin in ternary mixtures and thus overpredict the maximum temperature.

Examination of the surface layer composition formed on ML19 magnesium alloy during melting at protective gas atmospheres

Currently the most common method of the magnesium alloys flux free melting is the melting under the gas protective atmosphere. This atmosphere consists of inert carrier gas with low addition of active gas. The ML19 casting magnesium alloy contains Y and Nd that enough active. The interaction of such alloys with gas protective atmospheres is poorly studied and has serious practical importance. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has a great influence on the global warming and because of that its application is limited. As a result, the number of countries cross over to HFC-R134a as the active gas. This paper presents the investigation of the effect of gas protective mixtures consisting of carrier gas (argon of nitrogen) and active gas (SF6 or HFC-134a) on the composition of protective layer formed on the surface of ML19 magnesium alloy melt. It was developed a special laboratory setup providing the contact of the protective gas mixture with the alloy during heating, melting and solidification of the samples and preventing the influence of the surrounding atmosphere. The loss of the alloying elements was negligible but in the case of using nitrogen as a carrier gas the Y and Nd content in alloy was lower than if the argon is used. If SF6 is used as an active gas, the Zr content in alloys was lower. Composition and thickness of oxide film that formed in both SF6 and HFC-R134a protective atmospheres are mostly the same. The surface film is consist of magnesium fluoride (MgF2) with admixtures of oxides, fluorides and nitrides of zirconium, yttrium and magnesium. The key difference of protective layer phase composition if HFC-R134a used as an active gas is presence of the large amount carbon in the form of compounds and in a free state. Additionally, it was established that using of HFC-134a in protective atmosphere requires more careful dosage given the fact of its percentage in the gas mixture of more than 1 vol.% leads to severe corrosion of the crucible inner surface during the melting.

Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate by C3S Carbonation.

The effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is explored in this paper. Precipitation of CaCO3 was carried out by bubbling carbon dioxide (CO2) through tricalcium silicate (C3S) hydration solution with different graphene oxide admixture contents (0.2%, 1% and 2% mass ratios based on C3S). The polymorph, morphology, crystal size and particle size of CaCO3 were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), an environmental scanning electronic microscope (ESEM), and laser particle size analysis. The results showed that addition of GO was able to promote the conversion of CaCO3 to a calcite crystal phase with higher thermal stability and crystallinity than the control. However, as the dosage of GO increased, the growth of the calcite crystal particles was somewhat suppressed, resulting in a decrease in the crystal particle size and a narrow particle size distribution. When the amount of GO was 0.2%, 1% and 2%, the crystal size of the calcite was 5.49%, 12.38%, and 24.61% lower than that of the sample without GO, respectively, while the particle size of the calcite also decreased by 17.21%, 39.26%, 58.03%, respectively.

Bioactive Membranes from Cellulose with a Graphene Oxide Admixture

Bioactive Membranes from Cellulose with a Graphene Oxide Admixture

An investigation of green diesel produced through hydro-processing of waste cooking oil using an admixture of two heterogeneous catalysts

ABSTRACTEnergy crisis, global warming, and rapid depletion of fossil fuel reservoirs are knocking the door for alternative fuel. This study explores the hydro-processing of waste cooking oil using mixtures of two heterogeneous catalysts (admixture of calcium oxide and biomass-based thermal power plant fly ash (​BBTPFS)) in different proportions (10, 20, 30, and 40% of CaO in BBTPFS by wt%) to analyze the effect on the yield of bio-crude, organic liquid fraction (OLF), and acidity index. The high-pressure high-temperature reactor was used for hydro-processing, and True Boiling Point (TBP) distillation unit was used for fractional distillation of the bio-crude obtained within the boiling range, 35–140°C, 140–180°C, 180–370°C, and 370–482°C as per ASTM D2892 and ASTM D5236 specification. The yield of bio-crude and OLFs and their characterization have been analyzed and compared with literature work. It was observed that 20 wt% of CaO in BBTPFS catalyst was the optimized admixture to obtain the maximum yield of bio-crude (93.85 vol%) and OLFs (66.29 vol%) with lower acidity index.