Effect of long-term high-temperature exposure in a controlled atmosphere on mullite-corundum ceramics for advanced applications in nuclear power technology

Abstract

This work investigates the behavior and properties of corundum and mullite ceramics at high temperatures and during very long exposures in a controlled atmosphere. The motivation of the work lies primarily in advanced applications in nuclear energy technology, specifically in the search for materials for helium-cooled reactors of the 4th generation. The studied ceramic samples Al63, Al70, Al76, Al96, Al100, where the number indicates the mass percentage of Al2O3, were exposed for 1000 h at a temperature of 900 °C in gaseous atmospheres of helium, nitrogen and air. The properties of the exposed and unexposed samples were evaluated by measuring the bending strength at room temperature (CMOR), hot modulus of rupture at high temperature (HMOR), and isothermal creep, BET method, and using electron microscopy. The color changes induced by the reducing atmosphere and temperature were also interpreted using a simple thermochemical model. The CMOR measurement results show that all ceramic samples do not significantly change their properties due to long-term exposure. The detected deviations in the exposed samples from the unexposed ones can be considered random caused by the inherent heterogeneous structure. A similar conclusion also applies in the case of the HMOR measurement results, except for the results for the Al63 sample, where the drop in the strength of the exposed samples by approx. 37 MPa (20 %) may be related with the highest proportion of polyvalent oxide admixtures of all studied ceramics, i.e. 1.01 wt % Fe2O3 and 0.52 wt % TiO2. The change in color indicates that the iron and titanium present are being reduced. However, none of the conducted experiments indicate that changes in the redox state associated with the formation of oxygen vacancies would significantly reduce strength at high temperatures or increase creep in mullite ceramics.