Administrative Cadres Research Articles

System Lag: Re-Building the Collective Governance of Information Technology

Building on the history of how information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) are governed in higher education, this article situates the adoption and implementation of information technology in relation to the on-going corporatisation of the university ??? a trend entailing both the growth of the administrative cadre and a reduction in power of collegial governance. Tracing the appropriation of processes and concepts from the study and implementation of IS in the private sector, it is argued that the adoption of IS has supported new technology in a manner that evades formalised collective deliberation and decision-making on campus. In the conclusion, it is argued that the history of collegial IT governance ‐ now mostly forgotten ‐ should be recovered with the aim of developing an effective mechanism for the sharing of information about, and development of an effective strategy for responding to, how new technologies affect the varied constituencies present on campus.

The mitigating consequences of perceived organisational support on the influence of worker morale in a distributed work landscape

The object of this research is the influence of a distributed work methodology on worker morale in the milieu of perceived organizational support. This paper aims to explore the influence of a distributed work methodology on worker morale in the milieu of perceived organizational support. One of the most challenging aspects of distributed work methodology is recognized and adapting to an unanticipated and novel work approach which is unchartered territory for many. During this research, a mixed methodology is used with a hypothetico-deductive approach, which enabled the testing of a working hypothesis through a sample in the administrative cadre in the public health sector, Cape Town, South Africa. As a result of the research, it is shown that mental health with continued well-being was confirmed as primarily well supported and mitigated by numerous organizational support incentives and therefore, work outcomes are found to be positively related to the influence of worker morale. As worker morale influences worker commitment and engagement levels, which has organizational behavior and productivity implications, it is clear from the findings that conceptualizing multi-dimensional well-being at work is vital to an in-depth comprehension of the relationship between living meaningfully and being content at work. Consequently, in terms of application, it befits management cadres to look at the evidence and ponder the best approach for the future of work. The supposition of a shifted and adapted management-subordinate control that relies primarily on the monitoring of remote outputs is supported, and therefore a proposed approach for future research should be focused on the role of organizational control in flexible work practices. More diverse sampling, representative of various corporate entities and inclusive of private entities, is recommended.

The role of spiritual leadership in achieving organizational commitment An exploratory study in the Najaf Health Department

The research seeks to reveal the nature of the impact that spiritual leadership can play in achieving organizational commitment. The researchers used the questionnaire as a tool for data collection. The target sample was a group of medical، health and administrative cadres working in the Najaf Health Department. The electronic questionnaire، the number of respondents was (71) ، and the valid ones were for analysis (60) questionnaires. The data was analyzed using the Smart PLS program، using the structural modeling method to test the research relationships، and that the originality and value of this research came to fill a knowledge gap represented by the scarcity of Arabic studies or foreign، to the knowledge of the researchers، which dealt with the relationship between the study variables in a single hypothetical model and their application in the Najaf Health Department. With several recommendations، including the necessity of applying the method of spiritual leadership in the Najaf Health Department، which is positively reflected in building an inspiring spiritual leader for workers who draws inspiration from high values that are equal m in the sustainability of health work. Keywords: Spiritual leadership، organizational commitment، Najaf Health Department، Smart Pls.

An Analytical Study of Administrative Deviations (Functional and Field Guidance) For Volleyball Coaches in Iraq from the Players’ Point of View

The study was concerned with functional deviation and field guidance, which does not use administrative and leadership positions correctly, and their decisions come unlike the public and private interest and come negatively at the level of the players. The study aimed to measure volleyball coaches' administrative and guiding administrative deviation and determine the standard levels of job administrative deviation and thereby the guidance for volleyball coaches. The research problem came with a weakness of the administrative cadres working in the sports sector and the administrator of the volleyball game and increased administrative deviations and field guidance among members of the Central Volleyball Federation. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method due to its suitability for the current nature of the study. The research sample community was chosen by volleyball players from the Premier League clubs (Elite), and the number (114) players by (8) teams, and the research sample was chosen in a random way. The overall sample was divided into two parts, the first was the building sample, with numbered (27) players, and the second section is to the application sample, which numbered (81) players. The conclusions were released, the most important of which was the presence of differences in the levels of functional deviation and field guidance.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Learning Empowerment for Primary School Students in Republic of Yemen: A survey of Experts' Opinions at Sana'a University

Primary school students in the Republic of Yemen face many problems as a result of the educational system's inability to single out education and adopt the principle of individual differences and the theory of multiple intelligences. This was due to the scarcity of experts specialized in artificial intelligence in Ministry of Education who could have an active role in solving problems. This has led to students' negative attitudes towards learning; hence, this study aimed to identify the role that artificial intelligence could play in empowering students learning and increasing their desire for learning. The study adopted the descriptive approach and the questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 26 experts and specialists in artificial intelligence at Sana'a University in Computer College, the College of Engineering (Communication Department), and the College of Education (Educational Technology Department) to collect data about their opinions of the role that artificial intelligence could play in empowering primary school students learning in the Republic of Yemen. The findings revealed that the degree of artificial intelligence importance in empowering primary school students learning was high at the level of the four dimensions: (smart content, smart systems, student, teacher). The study recommends the establishment of a center for artificial intelligence in the Ministry of Education for qualifying schools, and technical and administrative cadres in artificial intelligence. The study also recommends the Ministry to grant an award for students who produce programs and applications of artificial intelligence, as well as an award for schools that use artificial intelligence in education.

Coming to terms: Teaching systemic racism and (the myth of) white supremacy

ABSTRACT Teaching about systemic racism and the myth of white supremacy to the next cadre of public administrators is critical as it supports students’ abilities to challenge dominant paradigms and center counternarratives; both serve a purpose in advancing toward a more just and equitable society. This paper offers insight into the development and implementation of course content – across two universities in two different sociopolitical contexts – that helps students define, examine, and apply social justice terms that advances training for public service. Exposure to such content challenges students to consider ways in which social, economic, and political factors influence life chances and allows students to better understand how power and privilege perpetuate status quo inequities for marginalized populations.

De-Russification of Government as a Factor in the Disintegration of the USSR

Abstract In the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1990, the political inequality of the nationalities’ representation in institutions of governance was overcome, non-Russians’ participation in the power structures increased, and Russians’ role in administration correspondingly decreased. The increased non-Russian percentage in governance was mainly due to the introduction of the democratic principle in government formation, according to which ethnicities should participate in proportion to their number. By 1990 in the USSR overall, Russians had a slight majority in all power structures, corresponding roughly to their higher share in the country’s population. In the union republics, however, the situation was different. Only in the RSFSR did all peoples, Russian and non-Russian, participate in government administration in proportion to their numbers, following the democratic norm. Elsewhere, Russians were underrepresented and therefore discriminated against in all organs of power, including the legislative branch. Representatives of non-Russian titular nationalities, who on average filled two-thirds of all administrative positions, predominated in disproportion to their numbers. Given these representatives’ skill majority in legislative bodies, republican constitutions permitted them to adopt any laws and resolutions they desired, including laws on secession from the USSR; and the executive and judicial authorities, together with law enforcement, would undoubtedly support them. Thus, the structural prerequisites for disintegration were established. Thereafter, the fate of the Soviet Union depended on republican elites and the geopolitical environment, because of the Center’s purposeful national policy, aimed toward increasing non-Russian representation among administrative cadres and the accelerated modernization and developmental equalization of the republics.

Creating common sense: getting NATO to Afghanistan

This article raises the question of how NATO became bogged down in Afghanistan. I scrutinise how the alliance became involved in Afghanistan and how it formulated its strategy. In doing this, I follow the general premises of practice theory. However, instead of the common focus on diplomats and their everyday doings, this article suggests an approach that pays more attention to the structure of the field of positions. I demonstrate that the actions of permanently seconded representatives of member states and of NATO’s administrative cadre were crucial in drawing the alliance into Afghanistan. I argue that their actions significantly contributed to the creation of a fatal common sense: namely that the alliance had to become and remain engaged even in the absence of clear political goals. This provided the basis for a means-focused and endless mission.

Contracting without contracting institutions: The trusted assistant loan in 19th century China

This paper documents the emergence of a large bank loan market in the absence of contracting institutions: the trusted assistant loan market in 19th century China. These loans were legally unenforceable, one-shot loans to poor scholars that funded the costs of assuming lucrative administrative appointments offering ample opportunities for corruption. The trusted assistant loan’s distinguishing feature was a legally unenforceable stipulation that the borrower incorporate an agent of the creditor into his administrative cadre. We model the enforcement of these loans through expertise leverage and test the model’s predictions using data from officials’ diaries and a bank loan book.

Obstacles facing the application of the law of protection from abuse, from the point of view of workers in the Social Protection Department in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Region

The aim of the research is to uncover the obstacles facing the application of the law of protection from abuse, in the face of domestic violence, from the workers' point of view, using the case study approach. For collecting data, the study relied on the interview and simple observation tool. The research community consists of specialized workers in the three cities during the study period, as their number reached (41) employees. The most important results were an increase in the volume of reports of domestic violence and a steady increase, with the total number during the three years (2107, 2018, and 2019), respectively (4748, 25375, and 33085). The results showed that the Social Protection Unit in the three cities plays a good role in handling reports of domestic violence and dealing with them. It also showed the weakness of the work environment in all its details, in terms of offices, devices, electronic system and means of communication, the lack of transportation, the absence of a shelter in Makkah Al-Mukarramah and the need for many cases to enter the home and the difficulty of accepting cases in other regions. The lack of a cadre of social workers, psychologists and administrators, the lack of financial incentives, the lack of a cadre of social workers on par with the psychologists, the poor knowledge of some employees about the role of social protection, the absence of a task guide for the employees, the lack of specialized training courses, as well as the new psychological measures, the female employees assigned to the role observers inside the home are not qualified to deal with cases of protection and social work, the weak role of the authorities in cooperation with social protection, and the lack of awareness of the importance of their work, and the weak response of the police. In light of these results, a number of recommendations were developed to reduce these obstacles.

Counter-Elite Populism and Civil Society in Poland: PiS’s Strategies of Elite Replacement

This article shows how Poland’s ruling party, Law and Justice (PiS), is attempting to apply its general strategy of “elite replacement” in a modified way to civil society. Since independent civil society organizations are not subject to arbitrary state control of appointments (unlike public institutions), this strategy has required a more complex dual approach of pressure and promotion. Organizations perceived as hostile to the party and its values have been subject to the withdrawal of state support and smear campaigns. By contrast, organizations that are politically or ideologically linked to the party have found support in the form of new public funds and other institutional assistance. This article examines the practical functioning and consequences of these processes through two main examples: (1) a state-sponsored campaign against one of Poland’s largest independent charity organizations, the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity and (2) the funding of multiple right-wing NGOs friendly to PiS by the newly established National Freedom Institute. The article shows how PiS’s dual strategy in civil society reinforces its political narratives through support of the broader right-wing cultural narratives that underpin them. At the same time, it demonstrates how funding of friendly organizations directly strengthens party structures by fostering the development of new political and administrative cadres. By analysing PiS’s specific methods of pressure and promotion in the sphere of civil society, the article shows the intertwining of political and cultural narratives and goals within a right-wing populist framework.

The Role of Transfer prices in the Segmental reports

The companies that have branches needs to follow the activities of its various branches, and one of the activities that the administration follows is segmental reports, as an income statement is prepared for each branch of the unit and in a way that helps in assessing the performance of the work of each branch and provides information on the extent of their contributions in Achieving profits for the company, and for segmental reports to be prepared. The transfer pricing method must be followed to transfer products from one branch to another. The transfer price provides the branches a degree of autonomy for making their administrative decisions. An appropriate transfer price must be used to achieve the objectives’ balance of the transferor and the transferee branches, consequently the goals of the company as a whole are achieved. The problem with the study is that do the administrative cadres in the company aware of modern policies for pricing the products transferred between the branches of the company? And does the transfer prices contribute to evaluating the performance of the company branches through segmental reports? The study aims to know the transfer prices and their application as a tool to evaluate the performance of the branches in the companies that have branches. And knowing the extent of applying the transfer prices policy in the research sample company. As well as determining the role of its contribution in evaluating the performance of the branches of the research sample company through preparing segmental reports. The researchers concluded that the best way to price transfers that achieve the goal of the company as a whole, is the transfer price based on the market price. As for the purchasing branches (Erbil and Sulaymaniyah), the best way to price the transferred products is the variable cost method. Thus, the market price mayn’t be desirable for the managers of the purchasing branches, if their performance is evaluated. Conversely, the variable cost method may be desirable by managers because it increases the branches’ operating income. This leads to goals’ conflict between the company and its subsidiaries, as the company sells to its branches. Among the most important recommendations of the research is the necessity of preparing segmental reports in detail for each branch and following the use of transfer prices to transfer products between them, which show the performance of each of the company’s branches, follow-up and evaluating of the performance of branch managers in appropriate manner to the company’s goals.

My experience as an educator, motivational, and collaborative dental professional in India.

The oral health delivery strategies are taking back seat in the universal health coverage scheme in India. This paper highlights the personal experience of a dental professional from India as an educator, motivator, and collaborator to nullify or minimize social policy challenges faced by medical health providers in the administrative cadre to strengthen the oral care delivery model in the health services department in Kerala state. The author has nevertheless persisted with positive educational, motivational, and collaborative approaches with medical health providers in the administrative cadre, general cadre, and specialty cadre in the health services department in Kerala state to change the current climate.

Management of Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) and Sustainability of University Education in Cross River State, Nigeria

The study assessed the management of internally generated revenues (IGR) and sustainability of University education. The area of the study was Cross River State. Survey research design was adopted for the study. The study population was the principal officers in the management and administrative cadre of the Universities. Census sampling approach was used to select all the principal officers of the Universities because the population was manageable. A total number of fifty (186) management staff was used. Management of Internally Generated Revenue and Sustainability of University Education Questionnaire (MIGRSUEQ) was used to elicit information from the respondents. The instrument consisted of two parts: Part one was used to gather the demographic data of the respondents. Part two sought information on the major sub-variables of the study. A draft of the research instrument was presented to experts in Educational Administration, Measurement and Evaluation for validation. They made useful corrections and suggestions which were carefully effected to give the content and face validity of the instrument. A prior study was carried out to ascertain the level of reliability of the research instrument. The internal consistency index using a Cronbach Alpha test was thus computed and established at 0.89. This was considered reliable enough for the study. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multiple Linear Regression statistics were used to analyse the data collected for the study. Findings revealed that the management of internally generated revenue significantly influenced the sustainability of University education. It was also found that investment income, school charges and consultancies were significant predictors of sustainability of University education in Cross River State. The study recommended that each University management should create an automated IGR management system to prevent fraud and maintain privacy & secrecy during revenue remittent using customized fee automatic backup & upgrades for sustainability of University education in Cross River State. Also, the University managements should electronically make attractive the profit sharing formula between the central administration and the departments where IGR is generated. Keywords: Management, Internally Generated Revenue, Sustainability, University Education DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-5-11

Cambio y continuidad, riesgos y oportunidades: efectos de la circulación del personal en el sistema político-administrativo, un análisis de redes

The constant turnover of political and administrative cadres poses strong challenges for the management of public affairs in Mexico. Among the most visible effects of this social fact, the literature lists the limited specialization and professionalization of public personnel, the discontinuity of government actions and the low levels of accountability. The objective of this work is to illustrate the structural characteristics of the system derived from this constant circulation of personnel. This transit is not random, but presents certain structural regularities; to this end, the profile and professional trajectories of the holders of three federal delegations are analyzed using the network approach.

Improving the programs of “practical education” according to comprehensive quality standards, and the possibility of applying them from the perspectives of university teachers

This study aimed at recognizing:
 
 the improving the programs of “practical education” according to comprehensive quality standards, and the possibility of applying them from the perspectives of university teachers.
 the differences in their opinions according to the variables of the study.
 The obstacles that hinder the possibility of improving and applying the programs of “practical education” according to comprehensive quality standards.
 The requirements that help to improve and apply the programs of “practical education” according to comprehensive quality standards from university teachers’ perspective.
 
 The researcher used the descriptive approach. He designed a set of standards that formulated a questionnaire of 29 items. He verified the validity and reliability of this questionnaire. Then he applied it on research population (30) university teachers in education college: (18 male/ 12 female).
 Using the suitable statistical processes, the researcher induced the following results:
 
 Item 22 [the dean seeks to observe supervisors and students for the sake of avoiding errors and adapting the plans] had the highest percentage of responses 93.3%.
 Item 10 [making use of the reports and studies executed by directorates of education about local schools] had the percentage of 80% of responses.
 Both item 20 [the dean gives students the opportunity to express their success and creation] and item 26 [evaluation includes objectives and its appropriateness] had the percentage of 33.3%.
 There were statistically significant differences between male and female teachers’ opinions in depending on comprehensive quality standards for improving “practical education” and applying them for female teachers.
 There were no statistically significant differences in the mean of population opinions about improving “practical education” and the possibility of applying them according to the variable of years of expertise.
 
 University teachers mentioned several obstacles that hinder improving “practical education” program according to comprehensive quality standards. Some of these obstacles were: (lack of necessary knowledge about comprehensive quality culture in teaching process; inadequacy of administrative cadre equipped with skills and information about comprehensive quality in educational organizations). University teachers stated the requirements of improving “practical education” program by applying comprehensive quality standards. From their perspective, these requirements were: (training administrative and cadre and university teachers in the field of comprehensive quality management in educational organizations, continual improving of standards because quality culture does not stop at a certain stage or period.

Blurring Boundaries and Changing University Staff: The Case of the University of Hong Kong

In the changing higher education environment, universities increasingly engage in areas outside the traditional teaching and research missions. The new missions extend over wide yet specialized areas, such as technological advancement, internationalization, entrepreneurship, and enhancement of teaching and learning. To effectively handle these areas, universities require specific talents that may not be found in conventional academic and administrative cadres. The transformation highlights blurred boundaries between academic and non-academic spheres of the university. Situated in the University of Hong Kong (HKU), this paper explores how the university utilizes new professionals and administrative staff in new missions. Qualitative interviews with university staff reveal their profiles and perceptions in evolving organizational structures. By examining understudied subjects in Hong Kong, it discusses implications of changing university staff and how universities may optimize their new talent.

ANALYSIS OF INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

The government which statutorily bears the costs of public universities in the country now faces tight budget constraints, hence, the diversification of income streams is a very complex process. The study populations are the principal officers in the management and administrative cadre of the Universities in Ondo State Purposive random sampling method was used to pick the two oldest universities out of the three public Universities in Ondo State. A total number of fifty (50) management staff was used. An inventory tagged ‘Inventory on Internally Generated Revenue in Ondo State Public Universities (IIGROSPU) was used to gather data. Two research questions were raised and one hypothesis tested. Centre for Diploma and Pre- Degree Studies got the highest percentage (49.04%)in AAUA and (44.23%) in FUTA of the total IGR obtained on average for the ten years under consideration. A negative and significant relationship between Internally Generated Revenue and Amount Spent on Infrastructural in public universities in Ondo State in the study period. (r = -.038, P< 0.05). The study concludes that, each university management should create an IGR coordination centre and university managements should make attractive the profit sharing formula between the central administration and the departments where IGR is generated.

Issues in Reforms of Union Taxes in India

The correction of fiscal imbalances in India should focus on the root cause of disequilibrium – the government not being able to balance its consumption outlays with revenue receipts. Restructuring of public expenditure seems to be very difficult under the present circumstances. Hence, significant improvement will hinge increasingly on improvement in revenue collection through direct and indirect taxes. There is need for comprehensive reforms in direct and indirect taxes through decisive action in many crucial areas rather than marginal improvement on all fronts. Broadening of the tax base is necessary to ensure growth of revenue. In direct taxes, there is a need to analyse the extent to which taxpayers actually belong to the higher slabs than they reveal in their tax returns and non-filers should be brought into the tax net. In the case of central excise and service tax, there is need to build a strong mechanism to ensure filing of returns by all registered taxpayers. To improve tax collections, it would be desirable to ask firms and companies to pay tax in equal instalments and adopt ‘family’ as a unit of assessment. The exemption/threshold limit should not be raised from the present level and Indian tax system should have smooth progression The Indian tax system incorporates a number of tax preferences/incentives to promote different activities which result in huge tax expenditure in case of both direct and indirect taxes. Tax expenditures, despite their drawbacks, need to be retained in the Indian tax system. However, they should be well targeted and be linked to performances. There is also a need to check the problem of increasing tax avoidance and evasion through stricter imposition of penalties and following of vigorous prosecution policy. Efficient tax administration calls for building up of a professional cadre of administrators who may implement the tax system more equitably and efficiently. It is desirable that voluntary compliance be encouraged and non-compliance be penalized. There is need to minimize arrears of assessment and collection, pendency of appeals, issue quick refunds, and so on. The main challenge at the present juncture is to integrate the large number of Central and State taxes to address the problem of multiplicity of taxes. The introduction of the Goods and Service Tax would be a significant step in the field of indirect tax reform in India and pave the way for a national common market.

A Study on Job Satisfaction

Background: A study was carried out to assess the job satisfaction of medical officers of the armed forces. Methods: Medical officers having a minimum of five service, stationed in a large cantonment having a tertiary care service hospital were administered anonymously the scale developed by bray field and Roth to assess job satisfaction. A total of 64 medical officers (22 administrative cadre, 26 specialists), participated in the study. Results: Overall there was a low level of job satisfaction among the medical officers. There was no significant difference in the level of job satisfaction in the three groups. Only 3 each of administrative cadre and specialist officers were in the higher satisfied group. The most common factor stated (91.5% of the respondents), as contributing towards job satisfaction was an opportunity for self-development. Others in decreasing frequency were job security (51.6%), prestige of organization (38.5%), nature of work (28.8%).