Administrative Allocation Research Articles

Do refugees impact crime? Causal evidence from large-scale refugee immigration to Germany

Does large-scale refugee immigration affect crime rates in receiving countries? We address this question based on the large and unexpected refugee inflow to Germany that peaked in 2015–2016. Arriving refugees were dispersed across the country based on a binding dispersal policy, yet we show that systematic regional sorting remains. Our empirical approach examines spatial correlations between refugee inflows and crime rates using the administrative allocation quotas as instrumental variables. Our results indicate that crime rates were not affected during the year of refugee arrival, but there was an increase in crime rates one year later. This lagged effect is small per refugee but large in absolute terms and is strongest for property and violent crimes. The crime effects are robust across specifications and in line with increased suspect rates for offenders from refugees’ origin countries. Yet, we find some indication of over-reporting.

Free land, heavy burden: Industrial land administrative allocation and local fiscal imbalance in China

AbstractUsing data from 285 Chinese cities for the years 2005–2018, this study analyzes the relationship between industrial land administrative allocation and local government fiscal imbalance in China. We find that the administrative allocation of industrial land significantly increases excessive fiscal expenditures and exacerbated fiscal imbalances. The increases in relevant government investment and transportation construction cost are the mechanisms by which industrial land administrative allocation aggravate government's financial imbalance. Further analysis indicates that land administrative allocation in medium cities, highly industrialized cities, and highly marketized cities have more significant impacts on local government' fiscal excess expenditures and deficits.

Does Rural Construction Land Marketization Inhibit State-Owned Industrial Land Transactions? Evidence from Huzhou City, China

The market-based allocation of rural construction land is conducive to the revitalization of rural land resources, influences urban and rural land planning, and facilitates urbanization. The rural collective operating construction land entering the market (COCLEM) is a key measure for China’s rural construction land marketization reform, while its impacts on the existing land supply pattern have received little attention. Taking Huzhou City as an example, this paper investigates the impacts of COCLEM on state-owned industrial land (SIL) transactions with Difference-in-Differences (DID) regression models. The results show the following: (1) Given the natural conditions, enterprises’ preferences, and government forces, COCLEM has failed to inhibit the SIL transaction scale. (2) COCLEM contributes to industrial agglomeration and significantly increases the value of SIL. These findings altogether imply that currently, in China, market-based rural construction land transfer is the complement of land administrative allocation. Policy implications are drawn from this analysis to advance further reforms for China’s urban–rural integrated construction land market.

Spectrum Administration for Mobile Services in India: Need for a Regime Change

ABSTRACT India’s spectrum management policies have transitioned from administrative allocation of spectrum to market-based assignment methods through auction, technological neutrality of licenses, and stronger ownership rights. Yet, the mobile service market in India has experienced financial distress, exit of operators, and growing concentration. 5G technologies will require wider access to spectrum resources, capital investment, and business innovation. This article examines how regulatory policies for availability and pricing of spectrum have impacted India’s mobile markets. Based on a comparative analysis of international spectrum policy trends, it concludes that India’s spectrum regime would require essential policy changes to meet the requirements of 5G.

Impacts of land market policies on formal credit accessibility and agricultural net income: Evidence from China's apple growers

Ambiguous and uncertain structure of farmland property rights resulting from imperfect land market policies restricted the growth of agricultural net income in China. Thus, impacts of land market policies on formal credit accessibility and agricultural net income were analyzed in this paper. The data set from 1467 China's apple growers was used, and the results indicated that: (i) owing to damage the signal transmission function of farm size, administrative allocation reduced significantly formal credit accessibility at the 10% level; (ii) farmland registration and confirmation increased significantly output at the 1% level, and agricultural net income was significantly improved at the 10% level. Further, farmland registration and confirmation was conducive to enhancing the development of farmland rental markets and improving the expectation of tenure security, which boosted significantly agricultural net income. According to our findings, we suggest that central and local governments should continue to deepen market-oriented reforms and decrease unnecessary administrative intervention to develop the rural factors markets such as farmland rental markets and formal credit markets.

Corruption in University Admissions and the Administrative Allocation of Scarce Goods

The Varsity Blues investigation uncovered a seamy side of university admissions. Multiple wealthy parents were indicted for securing their children’s admission to selective institutions through bribery. Despite the publicity the indictments and guilty pleas received, and the public schadenfreude over the sight of celebrities being arrested, the investigation is most notable for what it did not do: it did not deploy the federal government’s arsenal of anti-money laundering and anti-corruption tools against the universities involved. This represents a significant missed opportunity to address the serious problems that arise from rationing access to selective institutions via opaque, easily manipulated admissions processes designed to benefit university constituencies. Without deploying the same tools used routinely against other for- and non-profit organizations, the chances for real reform are significantly reduced. We call for universities and their boards to be held to the standards applied to other institutions with respect to corruption and money-laundering in their oversight of admissions programs.

Implementation of the German Prevention Act: Municipal Public Health Units as a Bottleneck?

BackgroundThe German Prevention Act (PrävG) came into force in 2015. As a federal law, it remains vague with regard to municipal structure. The municipalities, as those public health units that have direct access to the living environment, play a central role in the implementation of health promotion and prevention. The evaluation by the National Prevention Conference in 2019 showed that the involvement of the municipal public health services (ÖGD) has not yet been sufficiently achieved. A major problem is the heterogeneity of ÖGD units in Germany's federal structure, about which little information is available.MethodsIn order to fully capture this heterogeneity for the first time, a systematic online screening was carried out. For this purpose, the websites of all 358 ÖGD units were screened independently of two researchers according to structural conditions.Results70% of all municipal ÖGD units are located at district level, 18% at city district level and 12% cumulatively. Population varies from 35,000 to about 1.5 million inhabitants. The allocation of the ÖGD units to youth service planning and social welfare varies in the federal states from 18.7% to 94.4%, within regulatory agency and veterinary office from 27.8% to 79.2%.ConclusionsThe heterogeneity makes the establishment of municipal standards difficult. Due to the diverse administrative allocation, different levels of policy-making must be considered on the way to health in all policies. The political classification reflects in roughly equal parts an ÖGD orientation towards health protection or social determinants of health, as recommended for the PrävG. A one-sided orientation towards health protection was shown by the temporary suspension of the use of financial resources for prevention in the course of the 2nd pandemic law to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. For the announced reform of the German ÖGD it is necessary to homogenize essential structural characteristics and to prevent a one-sided orientation.Key messages The heterogeneity of municipal health services makes it difficult to implement the German Prevention Act.In the course of the upcoming ÖGD reform, essential structural characteristics should be homogenized and a one-sided orientation of the municipal ÖGD units towards health protection should be avoided.

The Return of State Control and Its Impact on Land Market Efficiency

Urban land reform in China aims to build an efficient land market. However, it has led to a dual land supply system that consists of both market-based leasing and administrative allocation. In recent years, the control by local municipal government over land supply has strengthened substantially. This has caused concerns over whether the land reforms can achieve efficiency goals given the constraints imposed on market instruments. This paper addresses this important question by studying whether market instruments introduced by urban land reforms improved the efficiency of land supply and new housing supply after state control was tightened from 2002. We propose a theoretical framework that incorporates the interactions between land and housing supply and facilitates analysis at both the macro and the micro levels. We find that the return of state control has caused a general decline of the marketization level in China’s first tier cities. The land marketization level in new first tier and second tier cities has improved significantly over the last decade, but the trend has already slowed down. The overall trajectory of land marketization in China is a clear downward trend since 2002. Meanwhile, we have found consistent evidence that higher levels of land marketization lead to more efficient land and housing supply. As a result, the cost of increased state control has offset the benefits of market-oriented supply methods, and the overall effect is a decline in land market efficiency. These findings have important implications in understanding the role of government interventions in supporting market-based activities in China’s land and housing markets.

The return of state control and its impact on land market efficiency in urban China

Urban land reform in China aims to build an efficient land market. However, it has led to a dual land supply system that consists of both market-based leasing and administrative allocation. In recent years, the control by local municipal government over land supply has strengthened substantially. This has caused concerns over whether the land reforms can achieve efficiency goals given the constraints imposed on market instruments. This paper addresses this important question by studying whether market instruments introduced by urban land reforms improved the efficiency of land supply and new housing supply after state control was tightened from 2002. We propose a theoretical framework that incorporates the interactions between land and housing supply and facilitates analysis at both the macro and the micro levels. We find that the return of state control has caused a general decline of the marketization level in China’s first tier cities. The land marketization level in new first tier and second tier cities has improved significantly over the last decade, but the trend has already slowed down. The overall trajectory of land marketization in China is a clear downward trend since 2002. Meanwhile, we have found consistent evidence that higher levels of land marketization lead to more efficient land and housing supply. As a result, the cost of increased state control has offset the benefits of market-oriented supply methods, and the overall effect is a decline in land market efficiency. These findings have important implications in understanding the role of government interventions in supporting market-based activities in China’s land and housing markets.

Research on the Path of Innovation for University-Enterprise Cooperation under the Background of Agricultural Reclamation Reform

With the development of collectivization and farm enterprise in reclamation area, the separation of government and enterprise, society and enterprise, and management and management will be deepened gradually. The relationship between reclamation and universities will also change. The relationship between higher and lower levels of administrative management and fund allocation has become a parallel cooperation relationship. How to build a new type of cooperation relationship has become a new problem for universities and enterprises. Under the background of agricultural reclamation reform, how to adapt to the situation of agricultural reclamation reform, and how to build a new school enterprise cooperation relationship with Beidahuang group are studied. With the promotion of the reform of state-owned enterprises, the gradual deepening of the separation of government and enterprise, the separation of society and enterprise, and the separation of management and management, enterprises focus on the specialized operation of enterprises. After the separation of their universities, the financial support and policy support obtained in teaching, scientific research and school running funds will be greatly reduced. For local universities with limited school running resources, it is necessary to deal with learning well. The relationship between school, government and enterprise is very important to improve the quality of school running.

Housing Inequality in Urban China: Theoretical Debates, Empirical Evidences, and Future Directions

Within three decades, the urban housing reform in China has changed access to housing from a system of socialist administrative allocation to that of more market-dominated housing development and consumption. Researchers have studied the socioeconomic and spatial consequences of these profound transformations. This review focuses on China’s housing inequality literature in relation to the changing origins, spatial patterns, and recent policy responses. The article reveals the unique features of China’s transitional economy along with massive urbanization, in which housing inequalities are rooted in socialism and strengthened by institutional changes of a state-led market economy.

АГЛОМЕРАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В СИБИРИ: С ЧЕГО НАЧИНАТЬ

<p align="justify">В современных условиях вопросы эффективности развития территорий приобретают все большую актуальность. Агломерационные процессы позволяют вовлечь дополнительные ресурсы в развитие экономики, повысить управляемость территорий и улучшить качество жизни населения. Параллельно идут два процесса: фиксация и финансирование агломераций сверху и постепенное формирование агломераций снизу. Возникает проблема распределения усилий (финансов и административных рычагов) между этими двумя уровнями. В статье исследуются механизмы взаимодействия территорий на региональном и муниципальном уровнях, анализируются критерии оценки эффективности создания агломераций. Автор фиксирует принципиальные различия между двумя подходами к созданию агломераций: сверху и снизу и приходит к выводу, что более эффективным следует считать построение агломераций снизу в форме согласованного внутри себя комплекта межмуниципальных проектов. Развитие данного подхода состоит в анализе синергетического эффекта и систематизации наборов таких проектов. Необходимо также совершенствование нормативной базы формирования наборов межмуниципальных проектов в бюджетном, территориальном и градостроительном законодательстве. </font>

Efficiency Allocation of Provincial Carbon Reduction Target in China’s “13·5” Period: Based on Zero-Sum-Gains SBM Model

Firstly, we introduce the “Zero Sum Gains” game theory into the SBM (Slacks-based Measure) model, and establish the ZSG-SBM model. Then, set up 4 development scenarios for the China’s economic system in “13·5” (The Chinese government formulates a Five-Year Planning for national economic and social development every five years, “13·5” means 2016 to 2020.) period through two dimensions as economic growth and energy consumption structure, and make the efficient allocation in provincial level of carbon reduction target by using the above ZSG-SBM model based on the China’s overall carbon reduction constraint (18%) which is set in “13·5” planning. Finally, we analyze the provincial development path of low-carbon economy by comparing the economic development status with the allocated result of carbon reduction target. Results show that: After the ZSG-SBM model being applied to the efficiency allocation of carbon emission, the input and output indicators of the 30 provinces realize the effective allocation, and the carbon emission efficiency reaches the efficiency frontier. The equity-oriented administrative allocation scheme of government will bring about efficiency loss in a certain degree, and the efficiency allocation scheme, based on the ZSG-SBM model, fits better with the long-term development requirement of low-carbon economy. On the basis of carbon intensity constraint, the re-constraint of energy intensity will force the provinces to optimize their energy consumption structure, thereby enhancing the overall carbon emission efficiency of China. Sixteen provinces’ allocation results of carbon reduction target are above China’s average (18%) in “13·5” period, all the provinces should select appropriate development path of low-carbon economy according to the status of their resource endowment, economic level, industrial structure and energy consumption structure.

Implementierung des Ökosystemleistungs-Ansatzes in deutschen Biosphärenreservaten

To safeguard ecosystem services has been defined as a central goal for large protected areas in several international agreements. This study investigates the importance of the ecosystem services approach for biosphere reserves in Germany. The ecosystem services approach can be useful in various fields for large protected areas, e. g. as approach in communication, fundraising, monitoring, planning and management. The analysis of the evaluation reports of the currently 15 UNESCO biosphere reserves in Germany shows a high variation in the degree of implementing the ecosystem services approach. The biosphere reserves at the North Sea coast are leading, possibly as they are subject to the trilateral agreement on the Wadden Sea, as the evaluation reports are fairly new, and they have better equipped management, being biosphere reserves and national parks at the same time. Important barriers of the implementation of the ecosystem services approach may arise from limited resources and from the administrative allocation of reserve management to environmental ministries, which is in conflict with the cross-sectoral character of the ecosystem services approach.

Endringer i tildeling av ytelser fra NAV

Changes in NAV's allocation of benefits During the period 1993 to 2007, a distinct change in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration's allocation of welfare benefits took place. The inflow of new recipients of health-related benefits increased, whereas the inflow of new unemployment benefit recipients decreased. We investigate whether this was caused by a change in the composition of recipients by estimating a model for benefit receipt. We find evidence of only parts of this shift being explained by changes in the composition of benefit recipients. Other potential explanations are explored.

The historical evolution of China's tourism development policies (1949–2013) – A quantitative research approach

Starting from the multi-dimensional analysis of the 379 tourism policy documents issued by Central Government and related departments and ministries from 1949 to 2013, this article analyzes the evolution of China's tourism development policies since the founding of China using a perspective. The research results show that (1) Tourism policy in China has evolved from being based on the administrative allocation of resources to a market-based allocation of resources constrained by administrative powers. (2) The targets for tourism policy have always been developed with the strategic objectives of national economic and social development in mind. These can be divided into four stages: servicing foreign affairs, developing the business economy, providing a new growth point in the economy, and becoming a national strategic pillar industry. (3) Tourism policy is mainly used for micro-supervision. Tourism policy formulation lacks the ability to macro-control the factors of production such as capital, land, technology and talent. (4) Increasing numbers of government departments are becoming involved in formulating tourism policy, but policy efforts have become more stable. Recent studies suggest that the effective operation of the tourism economy is highly dependent on the institutional arrangements within the wider social economic system. Thus, when the Tourism Law was enacted, the development of the Chinese tourism industry entered a new stage. In this new stage, technological advances, market demand, and the competition and cooperative relationships among companies will jointly lead innovation in the tourism industry. Innovation, such as new products and new business models will in turn be the base for tourism industry development. Furthermore, industrial macroeconomic regulation and public service will become the basic elements of government tourism management under the new law.

Factor Exploration and Hierarchical Analysis of Spectrum Pricing: Exploratory Framework

Radio spectrum, a scarce resource, refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that corresponds to radio frequencies. These frequencies of up to 300 GHz are known as radio waves and used for radio communications. Telecom and broadcast services industries along with government agencies utilize this spectrum and create infrastructure that allows the emergence of information- driven societies. This makes radio spectrum a crucial resource for any economy. Given its importance in the development of a nation, it is of critical importance to effectively manage this resource. If spectrum policies are formulated carefully, it would not only lead to sustained growth of information broadcasting and communication technology industries, thereby promoting social welfare, but also maximize the revenues generated for the government. This paper explains about three important effects on the scarce radio frequency spectrum. Spectrum management and the need for a valuation framework are being discussed. We looked at three allocation methods (Auction, Beauty Contest and Administrative Allocation) in greater detail. The aim of this study is to develop a total interpretive structure modelling (TISM) framework for spectrum pricing index. The primary objective of the study is to identify the generic factors influencing Spectrum Pricing and subsequently develop the linkages and hierarchy of factor for Spectrum Pricing by using interpretive structure modelling (ISM) and total interpretive structure modelling (TISM) and also subsequently develops the framework. The exploratory framework for spectrum Pricing is not available for regulators, Policy Planner and Industry. This study fulfils that gap.

Critically Analyse the Role of Senior Managers as Barriers to Organizational Change and Explore How this can be Addressed

In this research papers is analyse the critically role of senior managers on organizational change and how their role can be addressed in the best and appropriate way in organizational change. Organizational change can achieve through effect of behaviour on organizational performance as well as role and responsibility that senior managers have on motivation within organizational changes. In some cases senior managers during process of organizational change create barriers for any group of interest within organisation. The managerial decisions in the process of organizational change are associated with conflict and it can be from internal and external environment. Managerial decisions may affect the interest of internal groups in organization and senior managers need to their authority to resolve the conflict situation in organization. Internal conflict usually is associated with poor decisions, administrative allocation and latent roles while most of external conflicts are from technology and environment change. In modern economy, the nature of organizational change and behaviour has their impact from different factors, such as: rapid change of technology, competitions, market change and environment change.

Potential gains from water rights trading in the Aral Sea Basin

Increasing water demand due to population growth, irrigation expansion, industrial development, and the need for ecosystem improvement under mounting investment costs for developing new water sources calls for the efficient, equitable and sustainable management of water resources. This is particularly essential in the Aral Sea Basin (ASB) where ineffective water management institutions are the primary reason of intersectoral and inter-state water sharing conflicts and lack of incentives for improving water use efficiency. This study examined market-based water allocation as an alternative option to the traditional administrative allocation to deal with water scarcity issues in the ASB. Potential economic gains of tradable water use rights were analyzed based on a newly constructed integrated hydro-economic river basin management model. The analysis differentiates between inter-catchment and intra-catchment water rights trading. The results show that compared to a baseline with fixed water use rights, inter-catchment water rights trading can increase basin-wide benefits by US$ 373–476million. Under intra-catchment trading, gains are still US$ 259–339million, depending on relative water availability. Gains from trade are larger under drier conditions. However, water rights trading carries a series of transaction costs. We find that in case transaction costs exceed US$ 0.05/m3 of water traded there is no additional economic gain from water rights trading. Enforcement of the rule of law, infrastructural improvements, participation of representatives of key water stakeholders in decision making processes, and mutual trust and cooperative relationships among the riparian countries are suggested as means for reducing transaction costs of water rights trading contracts.

Using a market-type allocation system to confront water scarcity: an inter-district approach in Greece

<div> <p>This study examines the implication of a market-based system to allocate water regionally in one of the most intensively irrigated areas of Greece. The proposed approach combines elements from administrative allocation and tradable water rights in order to assess several water supply scenarios under growing water scarcity conditions. In this framework, irrigation water demand functions were derived by means of an optimization model that maximizes the expected annual net benefits from water use in agriculture. Then, an inter-district water market model is developed to compute the most effective water allocation at the basin-level. An institutional reform is suggested, that is linked with the creation of effective water users’ associations. The aim of this reform is to achieve a functioning and low-cost trading system at the basin level. The results show that significant volumes of water would be traded under various deficit scenarios, mainly due to the spatial heterogeneity in water use and availability.</p> </div> <p> </p>