Police Administration Research Articles

Transcriptomic analyses of black women in neighborhoods with high levels of violence

Chronic stress threatens an individual's capacity to maintain psychological and physiological homeostasis, but the molecular processes underlying the biological embedding of these experiences are not well understood. This is particularly true for marginalized groups, presenting a fundamental challenge to decreasing racial, economic, and gender-based health disparities. Physical and social environments influence genome function, including the transcriptional activity of core stress responsive genes. We studied the relationship between social experiences that are associated with systemic inequality (e.g., racial segregation, poverty, and neighborhood violence) and blood cell (leukocytes) gene expression, focusing on the activation of transcription factors (TF) critical to stress response pathways. The study used data from 68 women collected from a convenience sample in 2013 from the Southside of Chicago. Comparing single, low-income Black mothers living in neighborhoods with high levels of violence (self-reported and assessed using administrative police records) to those with low levels of violence we found no significant differences in expression of 51 genes associated with the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity (CTRA). Using TELiS analysis of promoter TF-binding motif prevalence we found that mothers who self-reported higher levels of neighborhood stress showed greater expression of genes regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). These findings may reflect increased cortisol output from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, or increased GR transcriptional sensitivity. Transcript origin analyses identified monocytes and dendritic cells as the primary cellular sources of gene transcripts up-regulated in association with neighborhood stress. The prominence of GR-related transcripts and the absence of sympathetic nervous system-related CTRA transcripts suggest that a subjective perception of elevated chronic neighborhood stress may be associated with an HPA-related defeat-withdrawal phenotype rather than a fight-or-flight phenotype. The defeat-withdrawal phenotype has been previously observed in animal models of severe, overwhelming threat. These results demonstrate the importance of studying biological embedding in diverse environments and communities, specifically marginalized populations such as low-income Black women.

Understanding of the professional reliability of officers of the National police of Ukraine

Based on the results of the expert assessment, the police officers were divided into three groups in terms of professional reliability, including the level of subjective professional experience, the development of professionally important qualities, work experience and personality characteristics.
 Materials and Methods. The SACS Questionnaire - "Strategic Approach to Coping Scale" (S. Hobfoll), Coping test by R. Lazarus, Multi-level personal questionnaire "Adaptivity", by A.H. Maklakov (1993), Life meaning orientations test The test of life meaning orientations is an adapted version of the test "Purpose in life" by J. Crumbaugh and L. Maholic, Questionnaire of the motivational structure of the personality by V. Milman, Questionnaire of the level of self-actualization by A. Maslow, The personal orientation questionnaire by V. Smekalo and H. Kucher. The 1 group (optimal level of professional reliability) included 54 police officers aged from 23 to 38 years old. The 2 group (sufficient level) included 57 people aged 24 to 37 years old. The length of service is from 2 to 8 years. The 3rd group (critical level) included 55 police officers aged 24 to 33 years old. The length of service is from 2 to 7 years.
 Based on the obtained results of experimental work, the program for developing the professional reliability of the administrative police officers is presented. The main tool for the implementation of the program is professionally psychological training - a comprehensive educational technology that allows you to realize the professional self-development and self-improvement of the policeman personality in the form of a continuous process. This training includes a system of methods, techniques and exercises that ensure the effective formation, development and correction of the main components of professional policeman reliability: axiological-semantic, motivational, cognitive, emotional-volitional and behavioural.

Police Officers’ Preferences for Gender-Based Responding to Domestic Violence in China

This study examines Chinese police officers’ preferences for different formations of responders to domestic violence. Specifically, it assessed the connections between Chinese officers’ gender and gender-based attitudes and their perceptions of whether female officers, male officers, or mixed-gender officers are more suited for responding to battered women, offenders, and domestic violence overall. Survey data were collected from 1052 officers, including 278 females and 774 males from four provinces in China. Frequency distributions, cross-tabulations, and multivariate regression were used as data analysis methods. Chinese officers, in general, were more likely to believe that female officers are more suited to work with battered women, the male officer is more apt to handle offenders, and a combination of male and female officers are more adapted to deal with “domestic violence overall”. Female officers preferred male officers over themselves in investigating “domestic violence overall.” Officers who have more support for gender equality or more tolerance for domestic violence are more likely to believe that, compared to male officers, female officers are more suitable to work with batter women, and a combination of male and female officers is better to provide service to battered women and to respond to “domestic violence overall.” Policymakers and police administrators should strive to promote the value of a more gender-balanced police force and involve more female officers to work in responding to domestic violence.

THE MENTAL IMAGE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE POLICE OFFICERS INDIVIDUALS AND THE COMMUNITY AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIETAL STABILITY

The experiences a person is going through plays a significant role in forming his mental image. In fact, a person retrieves these experiments and all that perceived by his senses. So, the mental image is affected by a person's perception and experiences either they are positive or negative. The study 's objective is crystallized in identifying the mental image exchanged between police members and community members and its impact on societal stability. The study sample is selected randomly, divided into two groups, the police sample that consists of (50) items and the other society's divergent categories and consists of (200) items. The study belongs to the descriptive (qualitative) type of studies using the social survey approach. The study tools are embodied in the scale, observation and some other statistical approaches as for instance, T. Test, Frequencies, Percentages, and Coefficient Correlations. The study comes to the following results: Results indicate that the nature of the mental image overwhelmed by citizens towards the police members is positive, as they consider the police as a national institution with positive situations towards the Egyptian people despite the existence of some shortness. Results also indicate the image that the research population carry about the police authority is positive, particularly, after the 30 June revolution. This image is built by media and personal experiments. The most important study recommendations: Cooperation between media and police members in diffusing security awareness in all mass communications for all different classes' citizens. Simplify procedures in police administrations in which the audience are dealing with such as Traffic, Passports and Civil Status. Intensify training and use up-to-date weapons and equipments in police authority administration to ensure keep in line with present era, the organized crime, and including the computer in all works. Concerning more with raising morals of police officers and workers, secure their present and future for achieving optimal performance. Improve services presented to citizens using modern techniques.

Influence of education level on the relationship between human resource practices and employee performance among the administration police in bungoma county, Kenya

Influence of education level on the relationship between human resource practices and employee performance among the administration police in bungoma county, Kenya

Obavljanje policijskih poslova u kontekstu načela kojima je uređeno delovanje organa državne uprave

Police duties represent a part of the internal affairs performed by the Police, by applying the police authority, measures and actions. The new concept of combating crime is based on the preventive activities of the police and judiciary. In this sense, the police affairs can be approached from different aspects. The primary role of the police is in the criminal and misdemeanor procedure, but, as it can be concluded in the text of this paper, the administrative activities of the police in preventing, detecting, and solving criminal acts, misdemeanors, and other crimes are also very important. So, the paper deals with the issues that significantly helped the main topic of this research paper to be analyzed in the best possible way. This paper analyzes the issues related to the affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the organization and competence of the police, the principles of operation of the state administrative bodies, police affairs and criminal and misdemeanor procedure as well as administrative activities of the police in preventing, detecting and solving crimes and other offenses. The primary legal texts being consulted were the Law on Police and the Law on State Administration, in addition to consulting two important rulebooks in this area - the Rulebook on police powers and the Rulebook on the manner of performing individual police duties.

Разработка методики изучения механизмов становления профессионального самосознания у сотрудников полиции

The article describes the developing and testing procedure of the authors' psychodiagnostic methodology aimed at studying the mechanisms of establishing the professional self-awareness of a police officer. In accordance with the goal and objectives of the research, the experiment involved 579 police officers, with 172 people being students and cadets of educational organizations of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and 407 people were acting law enforcement officers of transport police administrations of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (Northwestern and Ural Federal Districts). The age range of the subjects was 18-52. The ‘Limit – Experience’ inventory we developed has 5 scales reflecting essential aspects of the problem in question. The reliability coefficient for ‘life awareness’ scale is 0.82; for ‘self-realization’ scale it is 0.73, for ‘value of time’ scale it is 0.72, and for scales ‘self-determination’ and ‘general’ the coefficient is 0.69 and 0.8 respectively. The validity of this methodology has been tested by comparing its results with those of other methods for measuring similar parameters. The questionnaire can be used in operation of the psychological service of Russian internal affairs bodies, and also for further applied research in this area.

Do IT Tools Help Develop Community Policing? Lessons Learned from the Implementation of The National Security Threat Map in Poland

In many countries, the police, as a part of public administration, have witnessed many changes during the last few years. This article explores the process of the reform of the Polish police force, which took place between 2015 and 2017. Doing so examines in detail the process of implementing an IT tool – The National Security Threat Map – by paying particular attention to the mechanism of engaging external stakeholders. This study is conceptual but empirically focused. The paper posits that, despite the hierarchical nature of the police administration structure, it is possible to build an engagement of external stakeholders.

Analyzing the Relationship between Citizen Report and Local Crime Occurrence Tendency Using Broken Windows Theory

Municipalities are required to prioritize and solve local problems effectively under human and financial constraints. Preventing local crime is an important challenge among them. One of the major theories of crime prevention is the “broken windows theory,” which states that if a minor crime or a rule infringement is left unaddressed, it may lead to more serious crimes. This theory affected police administrations in some areas, but it was not widely accepted due to problems such as difficulty in verifying its validity and identifying effective measures. There is a possibility that these limitations can be overcome by using data obtained from the citizen report system, which was introduced in municipalities in recent years. This study examines the relationship between local problems and local crimes based on the broken windows theory using citizen report data.

Use of employee assistance programs to manage stress in policing: the effects of perceived adequacy of assistance and opportunity for promotion

PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between police officer's willingness to use Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and their perceptions about stress and help-seeking in policing, considering the effect of gender and ethnicity in this association.Design/methodology/approachA survey of 431 Illinois police officers is used to measure officer's perceptions about help-seeking and organizational stressors. The conditional PROCESS modeling (Hayes, 2012) was employed to analyze the hypothesized mediation model. The ANOVA test was used to determent the effect of gender and ethnicity on organizational stressors in policing.FindingsFindings suggest police officer's willingness to use EAP is shaped by the perceived negative effect of stress on promotion through the mediator, confidence in their departments to receive adequate assistance, with noticeable gender and ethnic differences. The analysis demonstrated that female police officers feel stressed because of unfair promotional opportunities and poor relationships with supervisors. Female police officers are less willing to apply for the EAP services to mitigate stress than male police officers. The findings reveal that ethnicity is a significant predictor of the police officers' willingness to apply for EAP services to mitigate stress.Research limitations/implicationsThe current study is limited by its focus on only one police department located in the Illinois, USA. This may limit the generalizability of the results. The cross-sectional nature of data used to draw conclusions and variation in departments' characteristics and compositions could influence results.Practical implicationsThe research has practical implications for those who are interested to understand organizational stressors and perceptions on help-seeking in policing. This study provides suggestions for police administrators to make effort in creating more sensitive working environment to reduce stressors for female police officers and representatives of ethnic groups.Originality/valueThe research unveils the significance of officer's confidence in their departments in modifying their willingness to use EAP, revealing the effect of organizational stressors on confidence. The study adds empirical evidence to existing research on impact of gender and ethnicity on their willingness to use EAP.

Improving policing through better analysis: an empirical assessment of a crime analysis training and enhancement project within an urban police department

ABSTRACT The ability to conduct sound crime analysis has become a necessity in contemporary policing. This is due to the central role that analysis plays in modern police practices, as well as improved technological capabilities. Yet, many police departments struggle with the development of their inhouse analytical abilities; and existing evaluation literature offers little guidance given the void of scholarly attention on this topic. This study represents one of the first outcome assessments of an effort to improve crime analysis functions within an urban police department. Pre and post analyst knowledge tests surrounding training sessions indicated a 25 to 53% improvement. Further, an approximated before-after assessment of police administrator behavior found that use of analytical work products significantly increased, to being used ‘about 1 to 2 times per week’ on average. This signified a demonstrable improvement in the integral use of data derived information in the performance of policing operations.

Overcoming the Impasse 2: Assessing the Quality of Recent Australian Applications of a Privacy-Preserving Record Linkage Method (PPRL-BLOOM)

IntroductionWhile the quantity and type of datasets used by data linkage projects is growing, there remain some datasets that are ‘not available’ or ‘hard to access’ by researchers and linkers, either due to legal/regulatory constraints restricting the release of personally identifying information or because of privacy or reputational concerns. Advances in privacy-preserving record linkage methods (e.g. PPRL-Bloom) have made it possible to overcome this impasse. These techniques aim to provide strong privacy protection while still maintaining high linkage quality.
 PPRL-Bloom methods are being used in practice. The Centre for Data Linkage (CDL) at Curtin University has been involved in several PPRL linkage and evaluation projects using real-world data. As the methods are relatively new, published information on achievable linkage quality in real-world scenarios is limited.
 Objectives and ApproachWe present and describe several real-world applications of privacy preserving record linkage (PPRL-Bloom) where the quality of the linkage could be ascertained. In each case, data was linked ‘blind’; that is, without linkers having access to the original personal identifiers at any stage, or having any additional information about the records. Evaluations include a linkage of state-based morbidity and mortality records, a linkage of a number of general practice datasets to morbidity and emergency records, and a linkage of a range of state-based non-health administrative data, including education, police, housing, birth and child protection records.
 ResultsThe privacy preserving record linkage performed admirably, with very high-quality results across all evaluations.
 Conclusion / ImplicationsPrivacy preserving linkage is a useful and innovative methodology that is currently being used in real world projects. The results of these evaluation suggest it can be an appropriate linkage tool when legal or other constraints block release of personally identifying information to third party linkage units.

Do policy and training changes influence patterns of police use of force? An interrupted time-series analysis

PurposeThe current study examines the effect of changing a specific use-of-force policy coupled with de-escalation training implementation on patterns of police use of force.Design/methodology/approachAn interrupted time-series analysis was used to examine changes in police use-of-force incident records gathered from a large, southwestern US metropolitan police department from 2013 to 2017 based on a TASER policy change and de-escalation training implementation mid-2015.FindingsResults demonstrate that changes to use-of-force policy regarding one type of force (i.e. use of TASERs) coinciding with de-escalation training influence the prevalence of use-of-force incidents by increasing the reported police use-of-force incidents after the changes were implemented. This finding is somewhat consistent with prior literature but not always in the desired direction.Practical implicationsWhen police departments make adjustments to use-of-force policies and/or trainings, unintended consequences may occur. Police administrators should measure policy and training outcomes under an evidence-based policing paradigm prior to making those adjustments.Originality/valueThis study is the first to measure the effects of changing use-of-force policy and implementing de-escalation techniques in training on patterns of police use of force and shows that these changes can have a ripple effect across types of force used by police officers.

Officer and Organizational Correlates With Police Interventions in Domestic Violence in China.

Although domestic violence has long been identified as a serious social problem in China, little is known about police officers' attitudinal and behavioral tendencies toward such incidents. Drawing upon survey data collected from police officers in two Chinese provinces, this study assesses whether officer and organizational factors are correlated to police inaction and intervention in resolving family violence. More than a quarter of Chinese police officers often and sometime did not take any action when responding to domestic violence. Chinese officers favored most the least punitive approaches of mediation and separation, with the most punitive actions, written warning and criminal sanction as the least preferred interventions. We found that Chinese officers with low levels of knowledge about the domestic violence law, higher degrees of tolerance of violence and less supportive attitudes toward an active police role in handling domestic violence are less willing to take any action against the offenders. Chinese police officers who perceived stronger supervisory support and expressed better knowledge about China's new domestic violence law are more likely to intervene in domestic violence, whereas police officers who expressed greater degrees of tolerance of violence and believed in gender equality in society are less inclined to intervene. Policy makers and police administrators ought to pay greater attention to frontline supervisors' attitudes and behavior toward proper responses to family violence. If active intervention is preferred, then measures and programs should be put into place to improve police officers' legal knowledge and communication and problem-solving skills pertaining to conflict resolution.

Effect of public housing redevelopment on reported and perceived crime in a Seattle neighborhood

Although research indicates that developing new public housing typically does not increase neighborhood crime, little is known about the impact of revitalizing existing public housing properties, also known as redevelopment. This study evaluates the effect of a multi-component physical and social redevelopment project on reports and perceptions of neighborhood crime in Seattle, Washington. We compare administrative police data with findings from a community survey to assess trends during early-to-mid redevelopment. While perceptions of safety improved over the study period, most crime-specific trends were not significantly different at the redevelopment site relative to comparison sites where no redevelopment occurred. Results suggest that this project did not have obvious adverse effects on crime rates. Although this redevelopment may have had a positive effect on perceptions of crime and safety in the short-term, it may take longer to realize beneficial effects on actual experiences or reports of crime.

Boundary objects and technological frames: officer’s’ perceptions and experiences using mental health screeners on the frontline

ABSTRACT Police officers play a key role in determining the result of incidents that involve people in mental health crisis given their role as first responders and gatekeepers to services. In this paper, we ethnographically study one Canadian, mid-size municipal police service’s integration of an electronic mental health screener (MHS). The screener was designed to assist officers in undertaking risk assessment, as well as facilitate collaborative action between police and emergency department staff by providing a tool that uses a shared medical language. Drawing on the theoretical concepts of ‘boundary objects’ and ‘technological frames’, we explore: (1) how the technology worked in practice and, what, if any, perceived impact it had on police decision-making; and, (2) how the technology was perceived to affect information sharing and collaboration among the criminal justice and health systems, and subsequently, the outcome of mental health calls for service. From our analysis, we argue that frontline officers and police administration hold differing, and at times, incongruent technological frames towards MHS. Specifically, we argue that frontline officers do not perceive the screener as providing a shared understanding that facilitates risk assessment, but instead perceive it to be a performance management tool used to track officer decision-making, enable the collection and sharing of health information within the criminal justice system, and demonstrate accountability to police service boards. Further, our analysis illuminates the power of experiential knowledge in resisting technological adoption and organisational reform.

A Practice of Humanities Convergence Education in the period of the 4th Industrial Revolution

이 논문의 목적은 4차 산업혁명 시대의 대학교육으로서의 인문융합 교과의 수업설계, 그리고 교수학습법과 그에 따른 수업 만족도 조사의 사례를 제시함으로서 인문융합 교육과 학제간 연구에 관한 하나의 제안을 하고자 함에 있다. 연구의 대상은 본 연구자가 직접 개발한 국내의 C대학교의 인문융합 교과목이었다. 본 수업의 기본 설계는 인문학 교수자와 경찰행정학 교수자가 팀티칭으로 진행하는 것이었다. 이에 따른 교수 학습법은 온라인과 오프라인 수업을 결합하는 블랜디드 러닝과 강의토론식 학습법을 사용하였다. 블랜디드 러닝과 강의토론식 학습법의 수업 구성단계는 동일하였으며, 교수학습법에 따른 수업 만족도의 결과 역시 유사하게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해서 교수학습법에 따른 수업 만족도는 학습 대상자가 바뀜에 따라 변할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 무엇보다 중요하게 생각해야 할 점은 수업이 시작되기 전 수업에 관한 설계 단계에서부터 면밀한 과정을 거치게 되면 학습자들이 수업에 대한 만족감을 얻을 수 있다는 점이다.The purpose of this paper is to present a practical example of humanities convergence curriculum design as a type of college education in the period of the 4th Industrial Revolution, teaching-learning methods, and a survey of class satisfaction. The target of the study is a humanities convergence class developed by the researcher at C University in Korea. The basic design of this class is conducted as a team with professors who studied humanities and police administration. We used blended learning, which combines on- and off-line learning, and lecture discussions as teaching-learning methods. The steps in the class were the same in the blended learning and lecture discussion teaching-learning methods, and the results of class satisfaction according to the teaching-learning methods are similar. Results of this study show that the class satisfaction can change when learners change. The most important thing to think about is that if you undertake a careful process starting with the design stage of the class before the class starts, learners can derive satisfaction with the class.

CIÊNCIA POLICIAL E A SÍNDROME DA RAINHA VERMELHA

O artigo se propõe a analisar a possibilidade do exercício pleno das atribuições correlatas às polícias militares por força da Constituição Cidadã de 1988, em especial no que pertine o poder de polícia administrativa como tratamento profilático à denominada “Síndrome da Rainha Vermelha”, expressão cunhada pelo sociólogo brasileiro Marcos Rolim como signo distintivo de ineficiência da atuação policial – em uma dicotomia entre o excesso de energia estatal gasto na repressão aos ilícitos penais e a inexistência de resultados práticos a demonstrar a diminuição de índices criminais. O trabalho foi desenvolvido através de pesquisa exploratória de abordagem qualitativa lastreado em pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais. O estudo demonstrou que atualmente existe um espectro de atuação das polícias militares pouco explorado no que tange ao poder de polícia administrativa (poder de polícia ostensiva) e que o preenchimento qualificado do referido vácuo de atuação estatal pode contribuir no âmbito da prevenção criminal, atuando como um bálsamo no tratamento da “Síndrome da Rainha Vermelha”.

US law enforcement’s role in victim compensation dissemination

Victim compensation programs seek to alleviate adverse effects of victimization and repay victim losses. A few studies have concluded that US compensation programs are under-utilized because victims are unaware of such programs and police officers overlook sharing the information. The present study sought to further explore this issue from the perspective of state compensation directors and police executives. Survey respondents were asked their opinions about police officers’ basic knowledge of victims’ compensation programs, reasons for under-utilization of the programs, and the most effective ways to inform victims of their right to compensation. Surveys were administered to 38 state compensation directors and 23 law enforcement executives from across the US. Survey results confirmed the belief that many eligible victims are not receiving compensation and that better training of patrol officers on compensation eligibility and benefits was needed. However, just one in 10 of the state directors implicated police failure to notify victims as a major reason for victims not filing claims. The consensus of both police administrators and state compensation directors was that, while patrol officers should be tasked with providing basic notification of compensation availability, it is important that victim advocates and police detectives follow up with more detailed information in the days following victimization. Policy implications and future directions for research are discussed in light of the findings.

The link between police cadets' field training and attitudes toward police work in China: a longitudinal study

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect and duration of supervised field training on police cadets' worldview of police work in China.Design/methodology/approachThe four-wave longitudinal data were collected from graduate students who were pursuing their master's degree in a national Chinese police university from 2016 to 2018. Independent variables including demographic characteristics and knowledge along with experience gained from the internship were used to explain police cadets' attitudes toward police work. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression models were used in the current study.FindingsFindings derived from multiple regression analyses suggest that police cadets' attitudes toward police work are conducive to the “shock” of the real-world experience after three-month field training. However, the effect of the field training on police cadets' attitudes toward police work is temporary, not enduring.Research limitations/implicationsThe data for this study were collected from one national police university, and the findings reported here may not be generalized.Practical implicationsPolice field training is important for cadets to develop positive view of police work. It provides practical knowledge for police training and socializes cadets before entering into the law enforcement filed, avoiding the financial cost of resignation. However, the influence of field training is temporal. Hence, it is more appropriate for police administrators to arrange police cadets' field training close to their graduation date, the third year of their college education.Originality/valueThis study can be considered as an extension of relevant research on law-enforcement-related field training reported in the United States. However, it goes beyond the existing literature by using longitudinal data to answer a long-overdue question: Does supervised field training change the worldview of cadets concerning police work?