Administration Of Potassium Iodide Research Articles

A NEW RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL FOR PLACENTOGRAPHY.

Radioisotopic placentography requires accurate localization of the maternal component of placental circulation by detection of a circulating radionuclide confined to the maternal intravascular space. Sodium-24 chloride was the tracer first employed in placentography (2) but its rapid extravascular diffusion was disadvantageous. In 1957, iodine-131 labeled human serum albumin was found a preferable agent (5) and is presently the most widely used tracer. Inorganic I131 is released by metabolic degradation of radioiodinated albumin, however, and may also be present in small amounts in preparations of this radiopharmaceutical. Consequently, the administration of potassium iodide is mandatory to minimize radiation to fetal and maternal thyroid tissue. Subsequently, iodine 132 was recommended as the label for human serum albumin since the maternal and fetal radiation doses were thereby reduced (3). More recently, chromium-51 labeled erythrocytes have been employed in placentography (4). Chromium-51 labeled human serum albumin has recently become available; its chief use has been in studies of albumin metabolism and transenteric protein loss. An investigation was undertaken at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center to determine the possible function of this material as an agent for placental localization. Materials and Methods 1. Sterile, hepatitis-free human serum albumin2 labeled with chromium-51 in high specific activity was diluted with normal saline to a concentration of approximately 20 μc per ml. Under sterile conditions 35 μc of this material was administered intravenously to each of 12 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. It was thought that placental localization in these cases would prove useful in clinical management. 2. After an intravascular mixing time of ten minutes a series of external counts was obtained with a collimated 2-in. scintillation crystal-decade scaler system. a. The point of maximum precordial radioactivity, corresponding to the cardiac blood pool, was located on the anterior thorax and the one-minute net count rate was measured. b. The anterior abdominal wall was divided into 10 and each flank into 2 counting areas. One-minute net counts were sequentially obtained over each counting area. The surface of the collimator was placed normal to the skin except in the flank areas, where it was angled slightly posteriorly. On completion, the precordial area was again counted for one minute. 3. Each abdominal and flank net count was expressed as a percentage of the mean precordial net count. The abdominal or flank areas showing the highest percentage counting rate were considered to correspond to the placental site. 4. In 2 cases, samples of maternal and cord blood were obtained immediately after delivery, the cord first being washed and the initial milliliter of cord blood being discarded.

Thyroid function in rats selectively bred for emotional elimination. III. Behavioural and physiological changes after treatment with drugs acting on the thyroid.

SUMMARY 1. The effect has been studied of propylthiouracil, thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) and potassium iodide on the behaviour of rats from the Maudsley Reactive and Non-reactive strains bred for emotional defecation. 2. In Reactive, high defecating rats treated with propylthiouracil, the defecation scores increased significantly, and the ambulation score decreased slightly; in the Non-reactive, low defecating rats, no significant change occurred in the defecation score. 3. After the injection of TSH, the behavioural scores did not change significantly, although the defecation scores were decreased and the ambulation scores increased in the majority of cases. 4. No significant changes were found in response to the administration of potassium iodide. 5. Differences in adrenal weight were found between the two strains, the gland being significantly larger in the high defecating strain than in the low defecating one. 6. The ovaries of the high defecating females were significantly smaller than those of the low defecating ones. 7. No marked difference was found in the weight of the pituitary and testes. 8. The weight of the kidneys was significantly lower in the high defecating than in the low defecating strain. 9. Treatment with propylthiouracil and TSH altered the size of the thyroids, the serum protein bound iodine and the weight of the adrenals. Injections of pituitary extracts containing TSH also affected the weight of the kidneys.

The metabolism of thiourea-S35 by the thyroid gland of the guinea pig.

The metabolism of thiourea- S35 was studied in the thyroid gland of thyrotropin- stimulated and control guinea pigs. The gradient of radioactivity between thyroid and plasma (T/P) was increased by treatment with thyrotropin. Chromatographic analysis of the thyroid homogenates showed that the sulfate-S35/thiourea-S35 ratio was considerably greater in the thyrotropin-treated animals than in the controls, indicating that the thiourea-S35 was degraded more rapidly in the former than in the latter. Analysis of the plasma radioactivity disclosed that the thiourea- S35/sulfate-S35 ratio was appreciably lower in the thyrotropin-treated groups, suggesting that the turnover of thiourea-S35 was more rapid in the latter. The administration of potassium iodide to the thyrotropin-treated group of guinea pigs partially prevented the degradation of the thiourea-S35. These results suggest that the antithyroid compounds may be metabolized more rapidly in the hyperactive thyroid gland and that the iodide ion and thiourea may compete for common pathways during their metabolism by the thyroid gland.

The Concentration of I131 in the Bronchial Tree after Oral Administration of Tagged CaI2 and KI

A group of 12 patients having various bronchopulmonary diseases for which repeated bronchoscopy was indicated were given orally 5 ml. of aqueous solution containing radioactive calcium iodide and two weeks later the same group of patients received 5 ml. of solution containing an equal dose of iodine in the form of radioactive potassium iodide. The concentration of radioactive iodine in bronchial samples, the total urinary drug excretion, and the thyroid uptake were determined following the administration of radioactive iodine in each of the two forms. In each instance, the excretion in detectable amounts in bronchial aspirates was found at a 15 minute period following administration. The excretion appeared to continue for a period of four hours on the basis of the continued detectability of radio-iodine in aspirates at that time. The highest level of concentration of radioactive iodine was found at an interval of 30 minutes after administration of each drug. Throughout the period of study a higher concentration in bronchial secretion was found after the administration of calcium iodide than after the administration of potassium iodide. Total urinary drug excretion and thyroid uptake during the first 24 hours following the administration was not different following administration of the two drugs. These studies suggest that calcium iodide administered orally results in a rate of bronchial secretion greater than that which follows the administration of potassium iodide. Calcium iodide may be a preferable expectorant drug on this basis, even apart from the possible dangers of the administration of potassium salt for the same purpose.

10 Cases of Sporotrichosis

In the last 3 years 10 cases of sporotrichosis were observed, 9 cases healing from the Tokyo Metropolis and 1 case from the Saitama Prefecture neighboring on the Tokyo Metropolis. The disease is now no more rare incidence in Japan, especially in the Tokyo district. In 3 of 10 cases the infection should have followed the preexisting injury. In 7 cases the upper extremity was involved, 2 cases presenting so-called lymphangial form of the disease. In 3 cases the ear, upper lip or nose was a site of the lesions. Sporotrichin reaction was positive in 9 cases having been diseased 3 weeks to 3 years and negative in 1 case 2 months after the onset of the disease. In all 10 cases administration of potassium iodide, orally and in addition topically as an ointment, led to a prompt healing, Sporotrichum Schenckii was cultivated from all these 10 cases. Histologically, in 3 cases spores were found in giant cells and in 2 cases asteroid bodies in the following cell agglomerations. In 4 cases, in the granulomatous tissue round circumscribed cell proliferation consisting mainly of polynuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes was found. Scattered in the granulomatous cell infiltrate, the cell agglomerations are well-defined and sometimes encircled by rings made of spindle-shaped cells resembling endothels of blood vessels. These endothel-like rings seem to be completed with the destructive process going on in the inner cell masses. In some of these cell agglomerations there were asteroid bodies extracellularly within the cell masses. Although they are situated somewhat eccentrically and the cell masses seem not to concentrate on them, these cell proliferations should be regarded as small reactional foci having some relation to the causative organisms.

The Effects of an Iodine Deficiency on Embryo Development and Hatchability ,

MANY investigators have demonstrated a direct relationship between the iodine content of the dam's diet and the concentration of this element in the egg (Hercus and Roberts, 1927; Simpson and Strand, 1930; Wilder et al., 1933; Asmundson et al., 1936; Wilgus and co-workers, 1953). The first evidence that hatchability was affected by this relationship was reported by Hollander and Riddle (1943 Hollander and Riddle (1946) who, working with goitrous adult pigeons, noted a delay in hatching by one or more days, frequent deaths at pipping, and failure to completely draw in the umbilicus. Thyroid histology of the weak young showed hypertrophy of the epithelium, hyperemia, and a lack of colloid. The administration of potassium iodide to the adults corrected the goitrous condition and resulted in the production of normal, vigorous offspring.In extensive studies over three generations using practical type rations, Wilgus et al. (1953) indicated that the lowest level of iodine used …

PAROTID SECRETION OF IODIDE

Parotid juice from normal human subjects was collected by means of suction cups over the parotid papillae. The iodide content of the secretion was determined at various flow rates with and without the oral administration of potassium iodide, ammonium thiocyanate, and methimazole (Tapazole, Lilly), as these drugs are known to influence iodide metabolism in the thyroid gland. An inverse curvilinear relationship was found between the concentration of iodide and the rate of parotid secretion. Potassium iodide by mouth increased the concentration of parotid juice iodide in the same proportion as the increase in blood level of iodide. The amount of iodide secreted by the parotid glands was depressed by the administration of thiocyanate but was not influenced by the administration of methimazole.

PAROTID SECRETION OF IODIDE

Parotid juice from normal human subjects was collected by means of suction cups over the parotid papillae. The iodide content of the secretion was determined at various flow rates with and without the oral administration of potassium iodide, ammonium thiocyanate, and methimazole (Tapazole, Lilly), as these drugs are known to influence iodide metabolism in the thyroid gland. An inverse curvilinear relationship was found between the concentration of iodide and the rate of parotid secretion. Potassium iodide by mouth increased the concentration of parotid juice iodide in the same proportion as the increase in blood level of iodide. The amount of iodide secreted by the parotid glands was depressed by the administration of thiocyanate but was not influenced by the administration of methimazole.

ACTION OF SULFONAMIDE COMPOUNDS ON BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS IN VITRO

An attempt has been made to test in vitro the efficacy of several drugs of the sulfonamide series against Blastomyces dermatitidis. The drugs used included sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine (2-[paraaminobenzenesulfonamido]-pyridine), sodium sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole (2-[paraaminobenzenesulfonamido] -thiazole), sodium sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine (2-[paraaminobenzenesulfonamido]-pyrimidine) and sulfaguanidine (sulfanilylguanidine). It is known that blastomycosis (Gilchrist's disease) can be treated effectively when involvement is limited to the cutaneous form 1 through the use of desensitization of the patient to the organism followed by administration of potassium iodide and roentgen therapy. Systemic blastomycosis, on the other hand, is not as responsive therapeutically. 2 It is this fact which prompted the present experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Satisfactory experimental use of the sulfonamide compounds is limited to some extent by the fact that some are only slightly soluble. 3 Clinically they should be effective with concentrations in the blood of 10 mg. per hundred cubic centimeters or less, since higher concentrations not

INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT (AGE), DIET AND DOSAGE ON RESPONSE OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS OF MALE GUINEA PIG TO POTASSIUM IODIDE; EFFECT OF THIS SUBSTANCE ON ADRENAL GLAND1

THE RESPONSE OF the thyroid gland to the administration of potassium iodide has been a matter of controversy for many years. It has been maintained by Marine and his co′workers (1−3) that, when the iodine intake is lessened below the normal level, the thyroid gland tends to undergo hyperplasia, and, conversely, that the administration of iodine diminishes the activity of this gland, causing the production of hard colloid and low epithelium. Similarly, Levine, Remington and von Kolnitz (4) and also Chapman (5) have reported that hypertrophy of the thyroid of rats results from a low iodine intake. On the other hand, Loeb and his associates (6‒13) have reported, in a large series of investigations, that the administration of KI primarily results in a stimulation of the thyroid gland, which is characterized by an increase in mitotic activity of the acinar epithelium associated with a softening of the colloid, an increase in the number of phagocytes in the colloid, and an in′crease in height of the cells linin...

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL OF RABBITS IN RELATION TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS

1. The action of potassium iodide in preventing a significant rise in the blood cholesterol of rabbits fed cholesterol was temporary. After about 4 months it lost its effectiveness and the blood cholesterol rose. 2. In rabbits with hypercholesterolemia resulting from long continued cholesterol feeding, the administration of potassium iodide caused a marked rise in the blood cholesterol. 3. On the other hand, dried whole thyroid given to such animals produced a sharp fall in the blood cholesterol. This fall was temporary and was followed by a rise to new high levels. 4. In thyroidectomized rabbits fed cholesterol and potassium iodide, both thyroid and thyroxin delayed but did not prevent a rise in blood cholesterol. Even with the hypercholesterolemia in these animals, however, the incidence of atherosclerosis was low. 5. Age apparently played a part in determining the response of the blood cholesterol to cholesterol feeding. In a group of old rabbits when compared with a younger group the rise in the cholesterol of the blood was greater and the subsequent return toward normal was slower when the feeding was stopped.

ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO THE THYROID-STIMULATING AND PSEUDOLUTEINIZING HORMONE OF CATTLE ANTERIOR PITUITARY*

Former investigations [Gray and Loeb (1), and Rabinovitch (2, 3, 4)] have shown that administration of potassium iodide to guinea pigs and rats increases considerably the mitotic activity of the acinus cells of the thyroid gland and may produce a slight softening of the colloid, as well as a very slight increase in the size of these acinus cells. The number of phagocytes which invade the colloid becomes much increased. If the oral administration of potassium iodide is interrupted, the gland soon returns to its normal state; the number of mitoses approaches the normal count within three to seven days and after two to four weeks the proliferative activity seems to fall even below normal. However, it was noticed furthermore in our experiments that, when the administration of iodide was continued over a longer time, the phase of maximum stimulation was followed by a period in which the proliferative activity of the acinus cells declined again very markedly, notwithstanding the continued administration of the ...

Modification of Skin Sensitivity to Neoarsphenamin in Rabbits Treated with Potassium Iodide and Bromide

It has been demonstrated1, 2, 3 that a nonspecific positive luetin reaction can be produced in the human subject and animals by the administration of potassium iodide. The object of the present study was to ascertain whether or not potassium iodide and bromide are capable of exerting a similar influence on the skin hypersensitiveness to neoarsphenamin in rabbits.This work included 2 experiments, involving 76 adult male albino rabbits. Twenty-four of these animals which had been inoculated with Treponema pallidum from 5 to 8 months previously, were distributed in both experiments and were all in the latent stage of the infection at the time of the experiments. The neoarsphenamin solution was prepared and the rabbits were shaved according to the methods described previously.4 The brand of neoarsphenamin used was that prepared by Hoechst Company, Germany, and the ampoules employed were always from the same batch. The rabbits were sensitized and tested with 0.2 cc. of freshly prepared 0.15% neoarsphenamin in ...

Is Ant. Pituitary Hormone Demonstrable in Urine of Graves Disease, in Urine of Guinea Pigs Injected With Ant. Pituitary Extract?

Loeb and Bassett1 have shown that an acid extract of cattle anterior pituitary produces hypertrophy of the thyroid gland of guinea pigs. They noted that this experimentally produced hypertrophy characterized by an enlargement of the acinar cells, softening and absorption of colloid, and an irregular and often slit-like shape of the acini, and by the formation of papillary ingrowths into the acini resembles the pathological change in the thyroid gland in Graves disease. In a series of papers from this laboratory this similarity between the effects produced by the injection of extracts of the anterior pituitary gland of cattle and the symptoms of Graves disease has been further emphasized. Loeb and Friedman2 have produced exophthalmos in guinea pigs by repeated intraperitoneal injections of acid extract of the anterior pituitary. Siebert3 showed that this extract produced a rise in metabolism which was counteracted by the administration of potassium iodide, observations which accorded with the depressing ef...

THE EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF POTASSIUM IODIDE ON THE PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE THYROID GLAND IN RATS

Loeb (1) has shown that oral or intraperitoneal administration of potassium iodide to guinea pigs does not prevent the compensatory hypertrophy which occurs after extirpation of the greater part of the thyroid gland. Gray and Loeb (9), Rabinovitch (2), McCordock (7), and Silberberg (3) have subsequently observed that the administration of potassium iodide orally or by intraperitoneal injections to normal guinea pigs for a certain length of time results in a very pronounced increase in the mitotic proliferation of the thyroid epithelium. It also leads to a slight increase in the size of the epithelium, to a slight softening of the colloid and to a marked increase in the number of phagocytes within the colloid. Marine (4) on the other hand maintains that the intraperitoneal injection of KI to guinea pigs previously subjected to partial thyroideetomy always prevents the onset of compensatory hypertrophy. Des Ligneris (5) had previously found that feeding KI in dogs causes an increase in the amount and hardne...

Effect of Hormones of Anterior Pituitary on Thyroid Gland in the Guinea-Pig.

In former investigations Loeb1,3 and Loeb and Kaplan2 have shown that feeding of tablets of anterior pituitary substance (Armour & Co.) prevents, in the guinea pig, compensatory hypertrophy which otherwise occurs in many cases after the greater part of the thyroid has been extirpated. H. A. McCordock4 through feeding of these tablets prevented the marked cell proliferation which occurs in the guinea pig after administration of potassium iodide. There are also prevented the slight changes in colloid and in the size of the acinus cells caused by iodine. These experiments proved that in Armour's Anterior Pituitary preparation there is present a substance which prevents growth processes (hypertrophy and hyperplasia) in the thyroid of the guinea pig.However, in larvae of amphibia, it has been shown that removal of the anterior pituitary may cause atrophic changes in the thyroid gland (B. M. Allen,5 P. E. Smith6) or, conversely, that injection of acid extracts of anterior pituitary may stimulate the thyroid gla...

Effect of Potassium Iodide and Desiccated Thyroid Substance on Metabolic Rate of Guinea Pigs.

A study was made of the changes in the basal metabolism of guinea pigs under the influence of the administration of potassium iodide, thyroid substance, and of a combination of potassium iodide and thyroid. All determinations were made with an apparatus devised by Foster and Sundstroem, and the results are expressed as calories/kilo guinea pig/hr. Our purpose was to correlate the metabolic changes, or their absence, with previous microscopic studies made in our laboratory on the thyroid gland of guinea pigs under the influence of iodine, and of the other substances mentioned. Loeb has found that oral administration of thyroid substance to guinea pigs in which a considerable part of the thyroid gland had been removed, prevents compensatory hypertrophy from taking place, depressed activities in the gland, and mitotic activity is diminished. On the other hand, administration of KI does not prevent hypertrophy, it favors the solution of the colloid, and the hypertrophy is, on the whole, apparently greater in the gland of those animals which have received this drug. In a similar way. Gray and Loeb found KI to increase very markedly the proliferation of the gland and also slightly to increase the size of the epithelium and to soften somewhat the colloid. In view of these structural changes, it was of interest to determine whether there was a corresponding alteration in the basal metabolic rate. It should be expected that alteration of so pronounced a character in a gland which largely controls the metabolic rate of the organism would affect that rate. Thirty-six guinea pigs, weighing between 350 and 500 gm., were used. During the experiment which in the majority of cases extended over a period of thirty days, repeated metabolic studies on each animal were made and a careful record of changes in weight was kept.

THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES WHICH TAKE PLACE IN THE THYROID GLANDS OF GUINEA PIGS DURING THE PROCESS OF COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF IODINE ADMINISTRATION

In two previous publications (1) we have studied the effect of iodine administration on compensatory hypertrophy of the thyroid gland in guinea pigs; in a more recent, not yet published, series, we have extended these observations. In this paper we wish to correlate the facts thus established concerning the effect of iodine on the growth processes taking place in the thyroid gland with structural changes associated with these growth processes. In addition we shall refer more briefly to more recent experimental studies of Gray and Loeb (2) and of Rabinovitch (3) from our laboratory in which a marked effect of the administration of potassium iodide on the mitotic proliferation in the normal thyroid gland of the guinea pig was established. Furthermore, we wish to point out some of the problems still to be solved and to suggest some way in which previous observations concerning the effect of iodine on the thyroid gland might perhaps be harmonized with results obtained by Gray and Loeb, and by Rabinovitch.

The treatment of transient ventricular standstill with barium chloride

1. 1. Barium chloride administered early in the course of the disease, even in as small daily amounts as 120 mg. was sufficient to prevent an attack for a period of twenty-five days. 2. 2. The continued administration of barium chloride resulted in complete restoration of normal sinus rhythm for ten months. 3. 3. The continued administration of barium chloride, 40 mg. three times a day, was not associated with any deleterious effects. 4. 4. Our experience confirms the idea of Herrmann and Ashman that barium chloride should be given continuously. 5. 5. Adrenalin injected subcutaneously gave no permanent relief. 6. 6. Atropine did not relieve or check the syncopal attacks, except in two instances just before death. 7. 7. The administration of potassium iodide in small doses seemed to aggravate the frequency of attacks. 8. 8. The studies pursued would indicate that the etiological factor in this case was associated with a depression of irritability of the ventricle, and that the vagus apparently through stimulation via the gastrointestinal tract also played a rôle. 9. 9. The patient died without developing complete heart-block. We believe that the lesion was in the ventricle below the bundle of His, possibly at the junction of the Purkinje fibers and the ventricular muscle.

Report of a case of tuberculosis of the tonsil, with remarks on the administration of potassium iodide in tuberculosis

The LaryngoscopeVolume 18, Issue 4 p. 297-300 Original Communication Report of a case of tuberculosis of the tonsil, with remarks on the administration of potassium iodide in tuberculosis† Norton L. Wilson M. D., Norton L. Wilson M. D. Elizabeth, N. J.Search for more papers by this author Norton L. Wilson M. D., Norton L. Wilson M. D. Elizabeth, N. J.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1908 https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-190804000-00010 † Read before the Eastern Section of the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Boston, January 4, 1908. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume18, Issue4April 1908Pages 297-300 RelatedInformation