Administration Of Oxytetracycline Research Articles

Oxytetracycline Pharmacokinetics After Intramuscular Administration in Cows with Clinical Metritis Associated with Trueperella Pyogenes Infection.

Systemic therapy with oxytetracycline is often used for treatment of clinical metritis although data about its penetration into the uterus and uterine secretion are lacking. Uterine secretions and milk from six cows with clinical metritis were collected for microbiological assay. The animals were treated intramuscularly with long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) and samples of plasma, milk and uterine secretions were collected for determination of the antibiotic concentrations by HPLC-PDA analysis. Pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic and in silico prediction of its penetration into the uterus were described. Trueperella pyogenes with MIC values of 16–64 µg mL−1 was isolated (n of cows = 4) from uterine secretions. Oxytetracycline showed fast absorption and penetration in the uterine secretions and milk. No change of withdrawal time for milk was necessitated in cows with clinical metritis. Maximum levels in uterine secretions and predicted concentrations of oxytetracycline in the uterus were lower than MIC values. Systemic administration of long-acting oxytetracycline did not guarantee clinical cure and was not a suitable choice for treatment of clinical metritis associated with Trueperella pyogenes. The appropriate approach to antibiotic treatment of uterine infections of cows requires knowledge on penetration of the antibiotics at the site of infection and sensitivity of pathogens.

Studi Kasus: Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis) disertai Infestasi Caplak yang Berat pada Anjing Gembala Jerman

Babesiosis is a parasitic disease in red blood cells due to protozoan infection of the genus Babesia which is transmitted through tick vectors. A 5-years-old male German shepherd had decreased appetite, weakness, and infestation of ticks throughout his body. Clinical examination showed Capillary Refill Time (CRT) <2 seconds, pale mouth mucosa, erythema throughout the body, philtrum was dry and slow skin turgor. The results of a complete blood examination of the dog had hyperchromic microcytic anemia and lymphocytopenia, while the results of blood smear showed the existence of intraerythrocyte inclusion bodies. The dog was diagnosed with Babesiosis and treated with Ringer Lactate fluid therapy, administration of Clindamycin (25mg/kg BW; PO), Oxytetracycline (15mg/kg BW; PO), Anti-inflammatory Dexamethasone (0.5-1mg/kg BW; PO) and Hematodine (1ml/5kg BB; IV) given for seven days. After treatment, the dog has increased appetite and after 14 days shows improvement in clinical signs.

Evaluation of intramuscular injection of oxytetracycline for use as an experimental model to induce pain and assess the efficacy of pain mitigation strategies in dairy cows.

To evaluate IM injection of oxytetracycline as an experimental model to induce pain and assess the analgesic efficacy of flunixin meglumine (FM) in dairy cows. 15 healthy nonlactating Jersey (n = 10) and Holstein (5) cows. In the first of 2 experiments, 5 Jerseys were administered oxytetracycline (10 mg/kg, IM), divided between the right side of the neck and left hind limb. The left side of the neck and right hind limb received sham injections. Cows were also randomly assigned to receive FM (2.2 mg/kg, IV; n = 3) or an equal volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.044 mL/kg, IV; control; 2) once daily for 5 days. The mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) was measured before oxytetracycline administration and at predetermined times after each injection of the assigned treatment. Experiment 2 was similar to experiment 1 except it involved 5 Jerseys and 5 Holsteins, oxytetracycline was injected only in a hind limb, and the assigned treatment was administered for 10 days. For both experiments, mean MNT for the oxytetracycline injection site was consistently less than that for the sham injection site in the hind limbs, and mean MNT at the hind limb oxytetracycline injection site for FM-treated cows was greater than that for control cows beginning on day 3. IM injection of oxytetracycline in a hind limb reliably induced signs of pain in dairy cows and, with validation, might be useful as an experimental model for assessing pain mitigation strategies in cattle.

Toward Antibiotic Stewardship: Route of Antibiotic Administration Impacts the Microbiota and Resistance Gene Diversity in Swine Feces.

Oral antibiotics are a critical tool for fighting bacterial infections, yet their use can have negative consequences, such as the disturbance of healthy gut bacterial communities and the dissemination of antibiotic residues in feces. Altering antibiotic administration route may limit negative impacts on intestinal microbiota and reduce selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) persistence and mobility. Thus, a study was performed in pigs to evaluate route of therapeutic oxytetracycline (oxytet) administration, an antibiotic commonly used in the U.S. swine industry, on intestinal microbial diversity and ARG abundance. Given that oral antibiotics would be in direct contact with intestinal bacteria, we hypothesized that oral administration would cause a major shift in intestinal bacterial community structure when compared to injected antibiotic. We further postulated that the impact would extend to the diversity and abundance of ARG in swine feces. At approximately 3 weeks-of-age, piglets were separated into three groups (n = 21–22 per group) with two groups receiving oxytet (one via injection and the second via feed) and a third non-medicated group. Oxytet levels in the plasma indicated injected antibiotic resulted in a spike 1 day after administration, which decreased over time, though oxytet was still detected in plasma 14 days after injection. Conversely, in-feed oxytet delivery resulted in lower but less variable oxytet levels in circulation and high concentrations in feces. Similar trends were observed in microbial community changes regardless of route of oxytet administration; however, the impact on the microbial community was more pronounced at all time points and in all samples with in-feed administration. Fecal ARG abundance was increased with in-feed administration over injected, with genes for tetracycline and aminoglycoside resistance enriched specifically in the feces of the in-feed group. Sequencing of plasmid-enriched samples revealed multiple genetic contexts for the resistance genes detected and highlighted the potential role of small plasmids in the movement of antibiotic resistance genes. The findings are informative for disease management in food animals, but also manure management and antibiotic therapy in human medicine for improved antibiotic stewardship.

A vibriosis outbreak in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei reared in biofloc and clear seawater

In May and June 2015, moderate and severe lesions were observed in Litopenaeus vannamei reared in clear seawater while, at the same time, lesions in shrimp reared in biofloc were considerably fewer. The signs of disease included anorexia, lethargy, melanization, expanded chromatophores, luminescence and necrotic areas in the uropods, suggesting a possible vibriosis. However, lesions observed in shrimp reared in biofloc disappeared after a certain time and without mortality in tanks, whereas mortality and severe signs continued to be observed in shrimp reared in clear seawater. To treat the possible vibriosis, oxytetracycline was administered only in clear seawater tanks, but the results were not successful. Bacterial cultures from hepatopancreas tissues of shrimp from both rearing systems confirmed a vibriosis outbreak only in the clear seawater system. Subsequently, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio rotiferianus, Photobacterium sp. and Photobacterium damselae were identified from bacterial culture previously isolated for both rearing systems by molecular methods. Shewanella sp. was isolated and identified only in biofloc. To understand the possible pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms of the Vibiro strains for both rearing systems, pathogenicity (toxR) and oxytetracycline resistance-related genes (tet(B), tet(D), tet(G)) were determined. Although these genes were expressed for both rearing systems, biofloc proved to have the ability to control the development of the disease, in comparison to clear water, where the vibriosis was evident regardless of the administration of oxytetracycline as a treatment.

Shifts in the nasal microbiota of swine in response to different dosing regimens of oxytetracycline administration

The impacts of antibiotic treatment and dosing regimen of an antibiotic on the swine respiratory microbiota are poorly defined. To begin to address this, this study characterized the impact of oxytetracycline administration, given either parenterally or in feed, on the diversity of the nasal and tonsil microbiotas of post-weaned pigs over a two-week period. One group received a single intramuscular injection (IM) of oxytetracycline, the second was treated with oxytetracycline mixed in feed (IF), and the control group received non-medicated (NON) feed. Nasal samples were collected on days 0 (before start of treatment), 4, 7, 11, and 14. Tonsil tissue samples were collected from a subset of pigs selected for necropsy on days 4, 7, and 14. The results showed that the tonsil microbiota was stable regardless of antibiotic treatment. In contrast, the nasal bacterial diversity decreased for both oxytetracycline-treated groups compared to NON. The IF group also exhibited decreased diversity on more days than the IM group. The nasal bacterial community structures of the antibiotic treatment groups were significantly different from the NON group that persisted from day 4 until day 7 for the IM group, and up until day 11 for the IF group. This included relative increased abundances of Actinobacillus and Streptococcus, and relative decreased abundances of multiple commensal genera. The microbiota of the IF group was also more disturbed than the microbiota of the IM group, relative to NON. This study revealed that short-term exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics like oxytetracycline can disturb the upper respiratory microbiota, and the dosing regimen has differential effects on the microbiota.

The dynamics of the antibiotic resistome in the feces of freshly weaned pigs following therapeutic administration of oxytetracycline

In this study, shotgun metagenomics was employed to monitor the effect of oxytetracycline, administered at a therapeutic dose, on the dynamics of the microbiota and resistome in the feces of weaned pigs. Sixteen weaning pigs were assigned to one of two treatments including standard starter diet for 21 days or antibiotic-supplemented diet (10 g oxytetracycline/100 kg body weight/day) for 7 days, followed by 14 days of standard starter diet. Feces were collected from the pigs on days 0, 8, and 21 for microbiota and resistome profiling. Pigs receiving oxytetracycline exhibited a significantly greater richness (ANOVA, P = 0.034) and diversity (ANOVA, P = 0.048) of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) than the control pigs. Antibiotic administration significantly enriched the abundances of 41 ARGs, mainly from the tetracycline, betalactam and multidrug resistance classes. Compositional shifts in the bacterial communities were observed following 7 days of antibiotic adminstration, with the medicated pigs showing an increase in Escherichia (Proteobacteria) and Prevotella (Bacteroidetes) populations compared with the nonmedicated pigs. This might be explained by the potential of these taxa to carry ARGs that may be transferred to other susceptible bacteria in the densely populated gut environment. These findings will help in the optimization of therapeutic schemes involving antibiotic usage in swine production.

Dose-dependent impact of oxytetracycline on the veal calf microbiome and resistome

BackgroundAntibiotic therapy is commonly used in animal agriculture. Antibiotics excreted by the animals can contaminate farming environments, resulting in long term exposure of animals to sub-inhibitory levels of antibiotics. Little is known on the effect of this exposure on antibiotic resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the long term effects of sub-inhibitory levels of antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition and resistome of veal calves in vivo.Forty-two veal calves were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group (OTC-high) received therapeutic oral dosages of 1 g oxytetracycline (OTC), twice per day, during 5 days. The second group (OTC-low) received an oral dose of OTC of 100–200 μg per day during 7 weeks, mimicking animal exposure to environmental contamination. The third group (CTR) did not receive OTC, serving as unexposed control. Antibiotic residue levels were determined over time. The temporal effects on the gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance gene abundance was analysed by metagenomic sequencing.ResultsIn the therapeutic group, OTC levels exceeded MIC values. The low group remained at sub-inhibitory levels. The control group did not reach any significant OTC levels. 16S rRNA gene-based analysis revealed significant changes in the calf gut microbiota. Time-related changes accounted for most of the variation in the sequence data. Therapeutic application of OTC had transient effect, significantly impacting gut microbiota composition between day 0 and day 2. By metagenomic sequence analysis we identified six antibiotic resistance genes representing three gene classes (tetM, floR and mel) that differed in relative abundance between any of the intervention groups and the control. qPCR was used to validate observations made by metagenomic sequencing, revealing a peak of tetM abundance at day 28–35 in the OTC-high group. No increase in resistance genes abundance was seen in the OTC-low group.ConclusionsUnder the conditions tested, sub-therapeutic administration of OTC did not result in increased tetM resistance levels as observed in the therapeutic group.

Effects of Tetracycline on Ruminal Activity and Blood Calcium in Sheep

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the effects of tetracycline administration on the frequency of ruminal contractions and serum calcium concentrations. Rumen contractions were monitored by auscultation in 23 sheep prior to the administration of oxytetracycline and recorded every 12 hours for 84 hours after the intramuscular injection of the antibiotic. The blood for calcium analyses was collected by venipuncture of the jugular vein before and at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after the administration of oxytetracycline. The serum calcium concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse the time effect of tetracycline treatment on the rumen contractions and serum calcium concentrations. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in ruminal contractions following the application of oxytetracycline, with a maximum decrease at 24 hours following oxytetracycline application and a return to the initial rumen contraction frequency by 60—72 hours following the oxytetracycline application. The oxytetracycline administration resulted in a serum calcium decrease from 2.42 mmol.l–1 to 2.26 mmol.l–1 24 hours after the administration (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the administration of tetracycline in sheep can be associated with a decline in ruminal motility potentially causing production losses, particularly in lactating ewes. Despite the resulting transient production decreases, oxytetracycline remains the antibiotic drug of choice for the treatment of bacterial infections in small ruminants, including foot rot especially.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) maintained at three different salinities

Environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, and salinity of water may affect the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a drug in aquatic animals and in most instances water salinity is ignored in PK studies. This study compared PK profiles of oxytetracycline (OTC) following a single oral dosage of 50 mg/kg in tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) maintained in three aquatic environments: freshwater (FW: 0 ppt salinity), brackish water (BW: 15 ppt salinity) and salt water (SW: 30 ppt salinity). Water quality parameters between the three systems were similar except salinity. Following OTC administration, blood samples were collected at 23 time points: 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24 h, and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38 and 42 days. At each sampling time, six fish from each group were netted, sedated with buffered MS-222, bled and then euthanized. The OTC was extracted from plasma by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and analyzed by Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled by as tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer. The plasma concentration versus time data of OTC for the FW, BW and SW tilapia were subjected to PK analysis using non-compartment methods. Pharmacokinetics of OTC was characterized by rapid absorption and slow excretion in the FW and BW tilapia. Compared to the FW and BW groups, absorption and elimination of OTC was faster in the SW tilapia. The AUC0-∞ of OTC was in order of FW (165 h.μg/mL) > BW (145 h.μg/mL) > SW (55.5 h.μg/mL) group. In SW tilapia, terminal half-life (69 h) of OTC was >2 times shorter than FW (177 h) and BW (155 h) groups. However, AUCs and terminal half-lives of the FW and BW groups were not significantly different. The study indicated that rise in water salinity level increases clearance of OTC in tilapia. It is suggested that OTC residues in tissues will not be the same in tilapia maintained at different water salinity levels. The results confirmed that infectious diseases associated with bacteria having a MIC of 0.5–1.0 μg/mL can be treated with the 50 mg/kg dosage of OTC in the FW and BW group, but the same dosage in the SW tilapia may lead to therapeutic failure and increased risk of resistance emergence.

Evaluation of potential predictor variables for PCR assay diagnosis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in equids in Northern California.

OBJECTIVE To identify clinical or clinicopathologic variables that can be used to predict a positive PCR assay result for Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in equids. ANIMALS 162 equids. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed to identify equids that underwent testing for evidence of A phagocytophilum infection by PCR assay between June 1, 2007, and December 31, 2015. For each equid that tested positive (case equid), 2 time-matched equids that tested negative for the organism (control equids) were identified. Data collected included age, sex, breed, geographic location (residence at the time of testing), physical examination findings, and CBC and plasma biochemical analysis results. Potential predictor variables were analyzed by stepwise logistic regression followed by classification and regression tree analysis. Generalized additive models were used to evaluate identified predictors of a positive test result for A phagocytophilum. RESULTS Total lymphocyte count, plasma total bilirubin concentration, plasma sodium concentration, and geographic latitude were linear predictors of a positive PCR assay result for A phagocytophilum. Plasma creatine kinase activity was a nonlinear predictor of a positive result. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Assessment of predictors identified in this study may help veterinarians identify equids that could benefit from early treatment for anaplasmosis while definitive test results are pending. This information may also help to prevent unnecessary administration of oxytetracycline to equids that are unlikely to test positive for the disease.

Feline Herpesvirus 1 and Mycoplasma spp. Conventional PCR Assay Results From Conjunctival Samples From Cats in Shelters With Suspected Acute Ocular Infections

Signs of ocular infections like discharge and conjunctivitis occur commonly in cats in shelters and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), Chlamydia felis, Mycoplasma spp, and feline calicivirus (FCV) are thought to be the most common causes. While molecular assays are available to amplify nucleic acids of each of these agents as single tests or in panels, additional information is needed concerning whether the assay results can be used to predict response to treatment. The objectives of this study were to report results for conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that amplify nucleic acids of FHV-1, Mycoplasma spp., C. felis, and FCV from cats with signs of acute ocular and upper respiratory infections in an animal shelter and to determine whether the results are associated with treatment responses to topical administration of cidofovir (anti-FHV-1) or oxytetracycline (anti-Mycoplasma spp. and C. felis). Conjunctival samples were collected from both eyes of 60 cats with ocular signs of disease. Total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) were extracted from each sample and assayed for DNA of FHV-1, Mycoplasma spp., and C. felis and RNA of FCV by conventional PCR assays. Cats were randomized to be administered either oxytetracycline ointment or cidofovir drops in both eyes and a standardized ocular disease score system was used to determine a total ocular score for each cat prior to treatment on Day 0 and on Day 7. Nucleic acids of one or more agents were amplified from one or both eyes from 39 of 60 cats (65%). FHV-1 DNA (21 cats), Mycoplasma spp. DNA (25 cats) or FCV RNA (2 cats) were amplified most commonly. After treatment for 7 days, 32 of 60 cats (53.3%) were considered improved with 27 of 32 cats (84.4%) having ocular scores of 0 (21 cats) or 1 (6 cats). When the results of the FHV-1 PCR assay were compared to cidofovir treatment responses, the positive and negative predictive values of the assay were shown to be 29.4% and 60%, respectively. When the results of the Mycoplasma spp. PCR assay were compared to oxytetracycline treatment responses, the positive and negative predictive values of the assay were shown to be 40% and 38.5%, respectively. The predictive value of conventional PCR assay results for FHV-1 or Mycoplasma spp. DNA was low, suggesting that performing these tests to formulate a treatment protocol has minimal clinical utility in cats with suspected acute ocular infections.

Oxytetracycline does not cause growth promotion in finfish.

Until recently, use of antibiotics to enhance terrestrial animal growth performance was a common, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, but controversial practice. There are no FDA-approved production claims for antibiotic drug use in fish, but it is a common misconception that antibiotics are widely used for this purpose in U.S. aquaculture. Antibiotics are not thought to be effective growth promoters in fish, but there is little quantitative data available to address whether there are growth-promoting effects that might incentivize the use of antibiotics in this way, despite legal prohibitions. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine if oral administration of oxytetracycline, an antibiotic with known growth-promoting effects in terrestrial livestock, has a similar effect when applied to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, or rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Oxytetracycline products with production claims are typically applied at doses substantially lower than the approved therapeutic doses for the same products. Medication (0, 0.24, or 1.2 g oxytetracycline dihydrate kg-1 feed) and feeding rates (3% BW d-1) were selected to achieve target daily doses of 0, 16, or 80 mg kg-1 fish representing control, subtherapeutic, and therapeutic treatments. Replicate groups of fish (N = 4) were fed accordingly for 8 wk. Overall, oral administration of oxytetracycline did not affect survival or promote growth of the selected taxa, with no significant differences observed for weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or specific growth rate (P > 0.05 in all cases). Few differences were observed in organosomatic indices and in the frequency of tissue abnormalities; where present, these differences tended to suggest a negative effect of long-term dietary exposure to oxytetracycline. These data demonstrate that there is no benefit to dietary supplementation with oxytetracycline for nontherapeutic purposes in a range of economically important finfish species. As such, our results indicate there is little incentive to misuse oxytetracycline products for purposes of growth promotion in U.S. aquaculture.

Potential efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 against oxytetracycline-induced hepatorenal and reproductive toxicity in male rats

Therapeutic Role of Coenzyme Q10 in Brain Injury during Experimental DiabetesJihan Hussein, Dina Abo El-matty, Zakaria El-Khayat and Yasmin Abdel-Latif

Oxytetracycline depletion and withdrawal time estimation following intraperitoneal administration in three species from Chilean salmon farming

This study was conducted to evaluate the half-time (T½) and withdrawal time (WT) of oxytetracycline (OTC) following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of OTC (24.8–34.7 mg/kg) in three farmed salmonid species, Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mikiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). A detection technique in fish skin muscle through a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detector (DAD) was developed and validated. The depletion studies were carried out in controlled conditions (nine studies) and under field conditions (one study). The T½ and WT estimations from the skin muscle after the i.p. administration of OTC in salmonids appear to be longer than studies where the OTC was orally administrated. Furthermore, the OTC maximum concentration in muscle seems to be also higher in the i.p. treatment. Due to the prolonged WT following the i.p. OTC administration, cautions related to the salmon harvest time should be consider in order to prevent OTC traces in the final product.

Outbreak of anaplasmosis associated with novel genetic variants of Anaplasma marginale in a dairy cattle.

During early lactation, dairy cows may present a transient immunosuppressive state and develop anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale. In this study, clinical anaplasmosis in dairy cattle in the Thrace region of Turkey was investigated with respect to within-herd prevalence, vertical transmission, and genetic diversity. In March and September 2015, thirty lactating cows showed primary clinical signs of anaplasmosis, including fever, anaemia, decreased milk yield, anorexia, and laboured breathing. Symptoms disappeared in most cows after administration of long-acting oxytetracycline, but nine of them (30%) died. Following diagnosis based on clinical signs, microscopy and molecular findings, blood samples were collected from apparently healthy lactating cows (n=184), pregnant heifers (n=39) and newborn calves (n=24). DNA was extracted from each sample and analyzed for the presence of major surface proteins (MSPs) of A. marginale, followed by sequencing to assess diversity of isolates. Microscopic examination of erythrocytes revealed A. marginale inclusion bodies in symptomatic cows. Examination of thin blood smears showed 3.8% of the lactating, clinically asymptomatic, cows to be infected with A. marginale, while nPCR detected 31.0% positive. A. marginale infection was not detected in pregnant heifers by either method. Congenital infection was found in one calf by nPCR. This is the first report of transplacental transmission of A. marginale in Turkey. The MSP4 sequence analyses showed high genetic diversity among the isolates, presenting 97.6-99.6% homology at the amino acid level. The sequences of MSP1a amplicons revealed genetic diversity providing three new tandem repeats.

Identifying and Treating of Uterine Infection in Cows of Basrah city

The present study was conducted from December 2015 to February 2017 on a local breeds and Holstein Friesian with 88 cows (age 4-12). Metritis was diagnosed by clinical examinations using gloved hand and rectal uterine palpation as well as by bacteriological examinations using swabs. Antibiotic therapy was applied for the treatment of metritis in cow followed by one injection of luteinizing hormone. Examined cows were randomly divided into five groups. In group A (n=15), administration of oxytetracycline was used for one day. Group B (n = 18), received lugols iodine for one day. Group C (n = 22), received penicillin with streptomaycin for one day. Group D (n=7) received intramuscular administration of gentamycin for one day. Finally, group E (n=26) received safapirin for one day . All treatment followed by one injection of luteinizing hormone. Different type of bacteria was isolated from the cow uterus including Escherichia coli (40%), Proteus vulgaris (13.63%), Corynebacterium pyogenes (6.81%), Staphylococcus pyogenes (20.45%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.68%), and Streptococcus spp.(7.95%). E. coli was frequently isolated from the cow uterus (40%). Safapirin and penicillin-streptomaycin were the most effective in treating metritis as they represented 84.61% and 81.81%, respectively. Lugols iodine and oxytetracycline, were also considerably effective in treating metritis as they represented 61.11% and 60.00%, whereas gentamycin intramuscularly accounted about 28.57%.

Identifying and Treating of Uterine Infection in Cows of Basrah city

The present study was conducted from December 2015 to February 2017 on a local breeds and Holstein Friesian with 88 cows (age 4-12). Metritis was diagnosed by clinical examinations using gloved hand and rectal uterine palpation as well as by bacteriological examinations using swabs. Antibiotic therapy was applied for the treatment of metritis in cow followed by one injection of luteinizing hormone. Examined cows were randomly divided into five groups. In group A (n=15), administration of oxytetracycline was used for one day. Group B (n = 18), received lugols iodine for one day. Group C (n = 22), received penicillin with streptomaycin for one day. Group D (n=7) received intramuscular administration of gentamycin for one day. Finally, group E (n=26) received safapirin for one day . All treatment followed by one injection of luteinizing hormone. Different type of bacteria was isolated from the cow uterus including Escherichia coli (40%), Proteus vulgaris (13.63%), Corynebacterium pyogenes (6.81%), Staphylococcus pyogenes (20.45%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.68%), and Streptococcus spp.(7.95%). E. coli was frequently isolated from the cow uterus (40%). Safapirin and penicillin-streptomaycin were the most effective in treating metritis as they represented 84.61% and 81.81%, respectively. Lugols iodine and oxytetracycline, were also considerably effective in treating metritis as they represented 61.11% and 60.00%, whereas gentamycin intramuscularly accounted about 28.57%.

Oxytetracycline Delivery in Adult Female Zebrafish by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

Recently, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the aquaculture sector has raised public concern because of possible toxic effects, development of bacterial resistance, and accumulation of residues in individual tissues. Even if several countries have developed regulations about their use, it is clear that long-term growth of the aquaculture industry requires both ecologically sound practices and sustainable resource management. Alternative strategies for better management of antibiotic administration are of primary interest to improve absorption rates and, as a consequence, to reduce their release into the aquatic environment. The present study investigates, for the first time to our knowledge, a new methodology for oxytetracycline (OTC) administration through the use of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) (made of maghemite γ-Fe2O3) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were divided into 4 experimental groups: control; group A exposed to 4 mg/L OTC (through water); group B exposed to the 100 mg/L SAMNs@OTC complex (equivalent to 4 mg/L OTC), and group C exposed to bare NPs. No detoxification processes or anatomical alterations were observed in fish exposed to bare NPs. Exposure of fish to the SAMNs@OTC complex resulted in a 10 times higher OTC accumulation with respect to using water exposure. This new OTC administration method seems much more efficient with respect to the traditional way of exposure and has the potentiality to reduce antibiotic utilization and possible environmental impacts. However, the dynamics related to OTC release from the SAMNs@OTC complex are still not clear and need further investigations.

A study to examine the relationship between metritis severity and depletion of oxytetracycline in plasma and milk after intrauterine infusion.

Metritis is a frequent problem in postpartum dairy cows. Intrauterine therapy with the antimicrobial oxytetracycline (OTC) is often used, although this therapy has not been shown to be superior to systemic therapy. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the plasma and milk concentrations of OTC following intrauterine infusion in postpartum dairy cows with varying degrees of metritis severity; (2) determine the depletion time of OTC in an attempt to provide veterinarians withdrawal guidelines, should they use this therapy; and (3) correlate metritis severity scores with OTC concentrations in plasma and milk. Our hypothesis was that cows with more severe metritis would have higher OTC concentrations in milk following intrauterine therapy. Thirty-two cows were selected to participate in the study after farm personnel had determined that they had metritis based on evaluation of vaginal discharge between 4 and 14 DIM, in accordance with the farm's treatment protocols. Metritis scores (1-4) were assigned based on a published scheme: 1 represented yellow-to-orange thick discharge or translucent mucus with no fetid smell; 2 represented blood-tinged vaginal mucus, slightly watery, with little or no fetid smell; 3 represented red to red/brown watery discharge with moderate fetid smell; and 4 represented red to red/brown watery discharge containing pieces of placenta and an intense fetid smell. Trial cows received a single treatment of 4g of OTC (approximately 6.7mg/kg) via intrauterine infusion. Blood samples were collected over 96h, and milk samples were collected before intrauterine therapy and 3 times a day for 4 d following infusion. Following treatment, OTC rapidly diffused to plasma and subsequently to milk. Maximum OTC concentrations in plasma and milk occurred within the first 24h following intrauterine infusion, and 25 of the 32 cows had detectable OTC concentrations in milk at 4 d after intrauterine infusion. Cows with clinical metritis (metritis severity scores of 3 or 4) at the initiation of treatment were significantly and positively correlated with higher milk OTC concentrations at the second [time (T)9 h; r=0.43], fourth (T25 h; r=0.42), and fifth milking following treatment (T33 h; r=0.38) compared with cows with normal vaginal discharge. We also observed a positive correlation between initial metritis score and milk maximum concentration (r=0.36) and milk area under the concentration curve (r=0.36). Given that intrauterine administration of OTC is an extra-label therapy, dairy producers should consult with their veterinarian to ensure that milk is being tested at or below the established tolerance for OTC. This will ensure that violative drug residues do not enter the human food supply.