Administration Of Garlic Extract Research Articles

Aqueous extract-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: Potential anti-tuberculosis agents.

The emergence of drug-resistant strains in tuberculosis treatment underscores the urgency for novel therapeutic approaches. This study investigates the anti-tuberculosis activity of green-synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) using garlic and astragalus extracts. The physicochemical characterization of the nanoparticles confirms successful synthesis, followed by assessment of their antibacterial properties and safety profile. Rats infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are treated with nanocomposites derived from garlic extract at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight. Evaluation includes the analysis of Early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) expression and confirmation of antibodies through molecular assays. Administration of garlic and nanocomposites demonstrates significant inhibitory effects on tuberculosis progression in rats, validated by safety assessments and antibacterial efficacy. Notably, the 100 mg/kg dosage exhibits pronounced mitigation of tuberculosis-induced oxidative stress and lung damage. In conclusion, the combined administration of garlic extracts and green-synthesized nanocomposites shows promising efficacy in reducing tuberculosis infection, highlighting a potential avenue for anti-tuberculosis interventions.

Lipid Profile and Blood Glucose Levels of Wistar Rats Fed a Non-High Fat Nutriment Supplemented with Black Garlic Extract

Many studies related to the therapeutic effect of black garlic (BG) have been carried out on cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, dyslipidemia and other diseases. This investigation was conducted to examine the effect of BG supplements on the lipid profile and blood glucose of rats fed a customary diet (non-high fat diet). A fermented black garlic product was extracted by a maceration method and its phytochemical components were analyzed using LCMS. Black garlic extract was given to healthy rats with a normal feed for 14 days. Twenty-four rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats. As a control, group A was given aquadest (placebo), and groups B, C, and D were given BG extract at a dose of 15 mg/kg BW, 30 mg/kg BW, and 45 mg/kg BW, respectively. On day 15, blood was taken from the retro-orbital plexus of the rats to measure the total levels of cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C), Triglyceride (TG), Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) and glucose. Black garlic made by fermentation at 80°C for 8 days contained more monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides than fresh garlic. Black garlic contained 32 types of organosulfur compounds, and the 5 most abundant compounds were allicin (5.813%), allin (4.993%), isoallin (3.77%), cycloalliin (3.163%) and (-) S-allyl-L-cysteine (2.022%). Black garlic extract administration was able to maintain blood glucose homeostasis in rats fed a normal diet (non-high fat diet). Levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-C were significantly decreased in groups administered black garlic compared to the control group, whilst the level of HDL-C increased significantly in groups administered black garlic compared to the control group.

THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) AS AN IMMUNOSTIMULANT IN AQUACULTURE

The improvement of fish immunity is a critical factor in successful aquaculture. In recent years, the use of garlic (Allium sativum) as an immunostimulant has attracted researchers and farmers' interest in enhancing fish's health and disease resistance. This abstract discusses an overview of the use of garlic as an immunostimulant in aquaculture. Garlic is widely known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunostimulant properties. Several studies have evaluated the effects of garlic supplementation on various species of cultured fish. The results have shown that the administration of garlic in fish feed can enhance immune responses, such as increased immune enzyme activity and antibody production. Furthermore, active components in garlic, such as allicin and diallyl sulfide, have been proven effective against fish pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However, garlic as an immunostimulant in aquaculture still requires further research. Factors such as the appropriate dosage, interactions with farming conditions, and a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms must be considered. To optimise the use of garlic, further research is required to explore optimal dosages, interactions with environmental factors, and a better understanding of its effects on fish immune responses. In conclusion, garlic as an immunostimulant in aquaculture shows promising potential. The oral administration of garlic extract through the fish feed is capable of preventing infections by Aeromonas sp. and Aeromonas hydrophila in fish species such as Tawes, Catfish, Dumbo catfish, and Nile tilapia, while also enhancing non-specific immunity, such as increased total hematocrit, total haemoglobin, total erythrocytes, and phagocytic activity.

Effect Of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum) Histopathology Description Of The Breast In Female White Rats Sprague-Dawley Strain Induced 7,12 Dimetilbenz(a)antrasen (DMBA)

Background: Cancer is one of leading cause of death number 2 in the world,or one of the six deaths in the 2018. The incidance of breast cancer as much as 11,6% and the number of death are 6,6% in 2018. Medical plant be expacted has potential as an anticancer with minimal side effects when used at the correct dosage, timing and when used it properly.
 Objectives: To determine the effect of garlic extract on the histopathological picture of female Sprague-Dawley rats induced DMBA.
 Methodology: This study used an experimental method with a post test only control group design approach using 6 treatment groups. The number of samples was 30 rats with each group containing 5 rats. All data were analyzed using the Shapiro- Wilk normality test followed by the Kruskal Wallis non-parametric test.
 Results: The results showed that there was no effect on the administration of garlic extract on the histopathological picture of female Sprague-Dawley rats induced DMBA. Group 1 there was no change in the ductal epithel. Group 2 there were changes in the ductal epithelium to hyperplasia with atypia. Group 3, group 4, group 5, group 6 there were changes in the epithelial ducts up to severe hyperplasia. The results of the Kruskall-Wallis statistical test showed that there were no significant differences between groups (p> 0.05). The results of the Mann-Whitney post hoc test in groups 1 and 2 showed a significant difference (p <0.05).
 Conclusion: DMBA induced can cause changes in the histopathological picture of female Sprague-Dawley rats breast. There was no effect of garlic extract on the histopathological picture of the female Sprague-Dawley rats breasts induced by DMBA.

The Effectiveness of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum) against Decreased Serum Levels Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathophysiological process with various etiologies resulting in a progressive decline in kidney function and generally ends in kidney failure. During hemodialysis, inflammation and activation of TNF-α and other proinflammatory cytokines occur. This inflammatory condition causes a decrease in the effectiveness of HD in reducing the mortality of patients with CKD. Garlic has the potential as an anti-inflammatory agent due to its high antioxidant content in garlic. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of garlic extract (Allium sativum) on decreasing serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in chronic hemodialysis patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.
 Methods: This study is an experimental study with a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial crossover design. A total of 40 research subjects participated in this study which was grouped into treatment (garlic extract) and placebo groups. TNF-α levels were measured using the ELISA method. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS univariate and bivariate.
 Results: The results of the study showed that the administration of garlic extract was able to reduce TNF-α levels by 12.5 pg/mL, p<0.05. In contrast, in the placebo group, there was an increase in TNF-α levels of 8.3 pg/mL, p<0.05.
 Conclusion: Garlic extract (Allium sativum) is effective in reducing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) serum levels in chronic hemodialysis patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.

Garlic Extract Enhances the Peripheral Blood Cellular Immune Responses in Male ICR Mice

We investigated the effects of garlic extract on the peripheral blood immune cells in mice treated with the extract for twenty days. The study was carried out on ten male ICR mice. The mice were divided into two groups. The control group received a distilled water and garlic extract group in which the mice received garlic extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg. b.w, for twenty days. Blood samples were collected on day ten and day twenty post inoculation (p.i) for differential leucocytic count (WBCs count and Lymphocytes %) and flowcytometric analysis. In comparison to the control group, garlic extract treatment induced a significant increase in WBCs count and lymphocytes percentage on day 10 and day 20 p.i. Furthermore, garlic extract administration to the experimental mice caused significant increase in the expression percentage of CD4, CD8 and γ-δ T cells when analyzed by flowcytometry on day 10 and increased dramatically on day 20 p.i. The WBCs count and lymphocytes percentage as well as the percentage of the expressed cells increased on day 20 more than their levels on day 10 p.i with a fixed dose of garlic extract. In conclusion, inoculation of garlic extract induced an increase in the immune responses of the cellular immunity in the peripheral blood circulation of mice. Scholars Middle East Publishers

PS-P15-1: EFFECT OF GARLIC EXTRACT SUPPLEMENTATION ON BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS

Objective: Studies have reported intradialytic hypertension and inadequate antihypertension drugs in hemodialysis patients. Garlic and its components like Allicin have biological activities in lowering blood pressure by induction of endothelin nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which leads to calcium channel closure and relaxation, which leads to vasodilation of vessels. This study aims to analyze the effect of garlic extract supplementation on lowering blood pressure in chronic hemodialysis patients at Moh Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia. Design and method: This study was a crossover randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. The subjects were 40 CKD stage 5 patients with chronic hemodialysis, randomly divided into 2 groups, namely the group that received 1000 mg of garlic extract per day (2x500 mg) for 6 weeks and the group that received a placebo, which was then carried out during a washing period for 2 weeks, and then the two groups were crossover. Each group measured the blood pressure before and after treatment. Results: The wilcoxon test revealed that systolic blood pressure before and after garlic extract administration was 144,5 ± 12,1 mmHg and 140 (125–164) mmHg with p = 0,037, respectively (vs placebo, p = 0,55). Diastolic blood pressure before and after garlic extract administration was 80 (70–100) mmHg and 80 (70–100) mmHg, with p = 0,703 (vs placebo, p = 0,9). Conclusion: There was an effect of garlic extract on lowering systolic blood pressure in patients with chronic HD at Moh Hoesin Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.

Effectiveness of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum) to Reduce Level of Malondialdehyde Serum and Improve Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Hemodialysis: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial

Introduction. Study reported that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as an in vivo marker of oxidative stress were increased in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Antioxidants allicin compounds contained in garlic (Allium sativum) are known to have antioxidant activity by inducing antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and inhibiting prooxidant enzymes (nitric oxide synthase, xanthine, NADPH oxidase, and cyclooxygenase). This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Allium sativum to reduce level of MDA serum and improve quality of life in patients with chronic hemodialysis. Methods. This study was a crossover randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The subjects were 40 chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 patients with chronic hemodialysis (HD). Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely the group that received 1,000 mg of garlic extract per day (2 x 500 mg) for 6 weeks and the group that received a placebo, which was then carried out during a washing period for 2 weeks and then the two groups were crossover. Each group measured the levels of serum MDA before and after treatment, also fill in kidney disease quality of life (KDQOL) SF-36 questionnaire. Results. Out of 40 subjects, most of them were male (57.5%) with median of age of 48.6 (range 26-59) years. It was found that serum MDA levels before and after garlic extract administration were 2.423 (SD 0.236) nmol/l and 1.649 (SD 0.26) nmol/l (p<0,001) with a mean change of -0.782 (SD 0.735) nmol/l. Statistical analysis showed a significance difference of MDA serum between the two groups. There was significant improvement in quality of life before and after garlic extract administration from 57.81 (SD 16.95) to 67.62 (SD 13.61) with a mean change of 9.81 (SD 3.34). But there was no significant difference between quality of life and MDA serum. Conclusion. There is effectiveness of garlic extract to decrease serum MDA and improve the quality of life in patients with CKD stage 5 using chronic HD at Mohammad Hoesin Hospital, Palembang.

The Effectiveness of Garlic Extract against Triglyceride Levels of Wistar Rats Induced by 50% Ethanol

Alcohol affects the metabolism of triglycerides. Excessive intake of fat, carbohydrates, and protein can increase triglyceride levels. In addition to fat and carbohydrates, factors that can affect triglyceride levels are age, lifestyle, smoking, alcohol intake, hypertension, and liver disease. Triglyceride levels (&gt; 200 mg/dL) raise the risk of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of triglycerides of Wistar rats before and after induction of ethanol 50% and garlic extract therapy. The method was experimental, with a sample of 25 Wistar rats which were divided into 5 groups. G1, rats were given 50% ethanol from day 9-14, G2, rats were only given distilled water, G3, G4, and G5 treatment groups at doses I, II, and III, after ethanol administration 50% on the 9th – 14th day followed by the administration of garlic extract at a dose of 200 mg/gr BW, 400mg/gr BW and 600 mg/ gr BW, respectively. Rat blood was taken on the 8th day before administration of ethanol and garlic extract and taken again on the 15th day after administration of ethanol and garlic extract, then triglycerides were measured using a photometer. The results showed that there were significant differences in triglyceride levels in G1 with G2, G3, G4, and G5. Triglyceride levels in rats before treatment and after administration of 50% ethanol and garlic extract 200 mg/gramBW increased but were still within normal limits.

Effectiveness of Adding Garlic Extract (Allium sativum) in Commercial Feed to the Resistance of Nilem Fish (Osteochillus hasselti) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila Bacteria

Determining the concentration of garlic extract addition in commercial feeds that are effective for increasing the body's resistance and survival of nilem fish to the attack of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. This study was carried out at the Aquatic animal physiology laboratory of building 2 and the biotechnology laboratory, faculty of fisheries and marine sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, between November and December 2021. This study used the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) method with five treatments and three tests. The treatment used is the addition of garlic extract to commercial feed at doses: 0 g / kg of feed (A), 10 g / kg of feed (B), 20 g / kg of feed (C), 30 g / kg of feed (D), and 40 g / kg of feed (E). The treatment period is carried out for 21 days. Furthermore, nilem fish were tested with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a density of 108 CFU / ml by intramuscular injection. The results showed that the addition of garlic extract to the feed did not produce a noticeable influence on the survival value of fish. However, the administration of garlic extract into the feed of 20 g / kg affects the health of the fish body in the form of a white blood cell count of 12800 cells / mm3.

EFFICIENCY OF USE OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) IN FEEDING YOUNG QUAIL MEAT DIRECTION OF PRODUCTIVITY

It's In the last decade, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics as livestock growth stimulants has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and an increase in the risk of infectious diseases. This situation has caused intensive research efforts to find safe alternative strategies. Of course, plants, vegetables and their derivatives as natural non-hazardous substances can be excellent candidates in this regard. To substantiate and establish the features of the use of garlic in poultry feeding as a substitute for antibiotics to optimize digestion and increase the body's resistance to diseases, as well as to improve feed consumption and increase digestibility by the body became the goal of work. The main tasks of the study have become the main tasks of the study to establish the optimal dose of administration of garlic extract into poultry feed and study the impact of various doses on the meat productivityof quails. A study of the effectiveness of the use of garlic (Allium sativum) in feeding young quails ofthe meat direction of productivity is carried out. The experiment consisted of five periods and lasted 35 days. To do this, 4 quail groups of 100 goals each were formed. The first (control) group was fed complete feed, the second (research) group was 0,3 g/kg of garlic powder, the third (research) group was fed 0,6 g/kg, the fourth (research) group was 0,9 g/kg. It has been experimentally established that feeding dry garlic powder quails in mixed fodder at 0,6 g/kg contributed to an increase in body weight at 35-day age by 5,4 %, the complex at 0,3 g/kg also contributed to a probable increase in poultry body weight at the age of 35 days, namely by 3,5%. The total absolute increase in quails for the entire growth period confirms the impact of garlic use on changes in bird growth. The largest increase was found in quails fed dry garlic powder, namely 0,6 g/kg of mixed fodder. The use of dry garlic powder in quail feeding did not affect their safety.

Ethanol-based garlic extract prevents malignant evolution of non-invasive breast tumor cells induced by moderate hypoxia

BackgroundIn breast cancer, low oxygen availability is associated with a more aggressive phenotype and with malignant evolution of non-invasive cells. Natural compounds have long attracted attention in cancer treatment, and in recent years garlic (Allium sativum) organosulfur derivatives have been shown to negatively affect growth and invasion of tumor cells. MethodsHomemade ethanol-based garlic extract (GE) was administered to MCF7 and MCF10DCIS breast tumor cell lines grown under moderate hypoxia. Cell cycle, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell markers were evaluated. ResultsWe revealed that, in the non-invasive MCF10DCIS cells but not in the post-EMT MCF7 cells, low oxygen availability induced the decrease of E-cadherin and the increase of vimentin and motility, that were prevented by GE administration. In both cell lines, treatment with GE counteracted the up-modulation of CD133 positive cells induced by hypoxia. ConclusionsOverall, our data firstly revealed anti-cancer properties of garlic in non-invasive breast cancer cells. In particular, they demonstrated a protective role of this natural product against the hypoxia-induced increase of molecules that play crucial roles in tumor evolution, suggesting that garlic derivatives can be considered in new approaches for preventing progression of breast tumors from non-invasive to infiltrating lesions.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Garlic Extract against Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)-Induced Liver Injury via Modulation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Hepatocyte Architecture

The current study aims to explore the hepatoprotective mechanisms of garlic extract through in vivo and in vitro assays. The in vitro investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential showed maximum 67.5% of free radical scavenging and 71.36% albumin denaturation inhibition by 600 μg/mL garlic extract. To explore the hepatoprotective activity by in vivo experiments, the animals were orally intoxicated with 150 μL of CCl4 (1:1 v/v in olive oil) and treated with garlic extract (75 mg/kg b.w.) 3 times/week, for eight successive weeks. The administration of garlic extract significantly ameliorated CCl4 induced increment in amounts of serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Aspartate transaminaseas (106.7, 116.3, 136.4 U/L) as compared to disease control which showed increased level (140.5, 156.2, 187.6 U/L). Besides, significant reduction of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidases (GPx), and Glutathione (GSH) (29.3, 48.4, and 25.9 U/mg protein) was noticed in CCl4 induced animals, respectively. Likewise, garlic extract treatment facilitated a significant increment in all tested antioxidant enzymes levels (41.6, 63.3, and 32.5 U/mg protein), respectively. Additionally, Tumor necrosis factor⍺ (TNF-⍺), C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) level (63.79, 580.2, 18.3, 63.74 and 148.4 pg/mL) were increased significantly in CCl4-induced group, while garlic extract treatment decreased these pro inflammatory marker levels (40.24, 460.4, 15.4, 45.14, and 125.3 pg/mL). The animals exposed to CCl4 showed various types of alterations like lymphocytes infiltration, edema and congestion, while the animals treated with garlic extract plus CCl4 showed amelioration of the hepatocytes architectures. Thus, our finding advocates that the consumption of garlic can be a potential therapeutic remedy in the inhibition of liver ailments.

Swimming exercise in combination with garlic extract administration as a therapy against doxorubicin-induced hepatic, heart and renal toxicity to rats

Effect of swimming training is considered on doxorubicin-induced toxicity in the liver, heart, and kidney of rats. Histopathological degeneration could partially be prevented in swimming-trained rats pretreated with garlic extract. Exercise combined with garlic extract reduced the malondialdehyde value and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Doxorubicin treatment enhanced the mean values of blood ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes, as well as hepatic, cardiac, and renal TNF-α and HSP70 (p < .05). Swimming alone or supplemented with garlic extract can protect liver, heart, and kidney against doxorubicin toxicity by increasing antioxidants and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of oral administration of garlic extract in the livers of type 1 diabetic rats.

Background Liver dysfunction is a predominant complication of diabetes. Herbal remedies such as garlic are commonly used for reducing diabetic complications. In this study the effect of garlic extract on glucose level, liver enzymes activities in the serum and nitric oxide (NO) level, oxidative stress status, and histology in the liver tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetes (type 1) was investigated. Methods Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomized and divided into four groups: control rats, diabetic rats, diabetic rats treated with garlic, and garlic-treated normal rats. Glucose level and liver enzymes activities were determined by colorimetric assay in the serum. NO levels by Griess method, oxidative stress parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidative status (TOS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by spectrophotometric method, and histopathological examination by hematoxylin and eosin staining method were evaluated in the liver tissues. Results Glucose level, liver enzymes activities, MDA, TOS, and NO levels were increased and TAC level decreased significantly in diabetic rats in comparison with control rats (p<0.01); whereas, after oral administration of garlic, glucose level, liver enzymes activities, MDA, TOS, and NO levels were decreased and TAC level increased significantly near to the normal levels (p<0.05). Conclusion The results showed the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of garlic in the livers of type 1 diabetic rats.

In vitro And In vivo Molecular Studies On Some Escherichia coli Serovars Isolated From Chicken

A total number of 16 Escherichia coli serovars were recovered from different colibacillosis diseased chicken organs. Characterization of the isolates was performed by biochemical and serological tests, biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility assays, detection of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes by PCR. The biofilm formation (at OD595) of all E. coli isolates showed a similar trend. eaeA gene was detected in 3 serovars O2:H6, O26:H11 and O44:H18 while, hly gene was detected in 2 serovars O2:H6 and O144:H21. The gene encoding for stx2 was detected in 2 serovars (O55:H7 and O146:H21) while the gene encoding stx1 was not detected in any serovars. Furthermore, all serovars were carrying the encoding blaTEM. blaSHV and blaCTX were detected in 75% and 18.75% of isolates respectively, while blaOXA-1 was not detected in all serovars. Although all isolates were multi-resistant against most of B-lactams antibiotics, they were susceptible to 20 to 80 mg ml-1 of garlic extract. Finally, we demonstrated that a five-oral administration of garlic extract to baby chicks colonized with E. coli reduces the mortalities and significantly increase the body weight. The efficacy of garlic extract as the antibacterial natural product was sufficient as a bactericidal alternative against the multidrug- resistant E. coli isolates.

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT ANTIDOTES AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL NITRATE INTOXICATION IN RABBITS

The antidotal efficacy of aqueous garlic extract, methylene blue, and velenium (Vitamin E + sodium selenite) was compared against experimental nitrate intoxication in rabbits. Forty-two, albino rabbits of identical age, gender, and body weight were randomly divided into 7 groups (A to G) and subjected to experimental treatments for a period of 40 days. Rabbits of group A were offered only normal feed and served as negative control, while, rabbits of group B constituted the positive control group and received feed supplemented with sodium nitrate at 400 mg/kg body weight. Sodium nitrate-containing feed and intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight were administered to group C. Rabbits of group D were given sodium nitrate-supplemented feed and aqueous garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight through oral route. Group E was treated with sodium nitrate-added feed, intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight, and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg. Velenium (25 mg of Vitamin E + 2.2 mg of sodium selenite per ml) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 ml/kg body weight to rabbits of group F along with the provision of sodium nitrate-supplemented feed. In addition to being fed with sodium nitrate-containing feed, group G obtained intraperitoneal injection of velenium at 1 ml/kg body weight and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. The efficacy of antidotes was assessed on the basis of changes in blood nitrite level, biochemical profile, and gross pathological lesions manifested by the treated rabbits. The combination of methylene blue and garlic extract was highly effective in treating nitrate toxicity followed by methylene blue, garlic extract, and velenium, respectively. Whereas, the concurrent administration of garlic extract and velenium was least efficacious in terms of antidotal efficacy. In conclusion, aqueous garlic extract can be effectively used either alone or in combination with methylene blue when treating rabbits diagnosed with nitrate toxicity.

Garlic (Allium sativum) exhibits a cardioprotective effect in experimental chronic renal failure rat model by reducing oxidative stress and controlling cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase activity and Ca2+ levels.

Gentamicin (GNT)-induced nephrotoxicity culminates into renal failure with a possible cardiovascular impact. Garlic extract (GE) is a cardiovascular protectant with limited mechanistic data. Therefore, we assessed the disturbance in specific cardiac parameters and the potential protective effect of GE supplementation against them in a rat model of GNT-induced chronic renal failure (CRF). Adult male rats (n = 24) were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 6 each): normal controls (CON), garlic extract controls (GE; 250mgkg-1, orally), GNT-induced CRF (GNT; 100mgkg-1, i.p.), and GNT + GE (GNT and GE in the same previous doses) groups. GNT and GE were given daily for 3weeks. Animals co-treated with GNT and GE exhibited improved renal functions, body weight (BW), and heart weight (HW)/BW ratio; declined blood pressure; lowered plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and total peroxides (TP); and elevated total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. Moreover, the heart tissue contained raised levels of TAC and Na+/K+-ATPase activity and lowered levels of TP and Ca2+. Findings provide evidence that administration of GE in experimental CRF model helped protect the heart through reducing oxidative stress and controlling cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase activity and Ca2+ levels.

The Administration of Garlic Extract on Eimeria stiedai Oocysts and the Hematological Profile of the Coccidia Infected Rabbits

This research aimed to examine the potential of garlic as the coccidiosis control in rabbits either in vitro or in vivo. During in vitro, observed variables were rabbits oocysts that were sporulated, unsporulated, and abnormal in incubation for 3 days with the addition of garlic extract. The treatments were doses of garlic extract administration (0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8%) and sulfaquinoxalline as a standard anticoccidiosis. Meanwhile during in vivo, the variables observed were the hematological profile of the experimental rabbits naturally infected with coccidia. The doses of garlic extract was administered orally to the experimental rabbits infected with coccidia were 0 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, and 80 mg/rabbit. As a standard coccidiosis drugs, the combination of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim was used. The treatments were given for 6 days. The variables observed were the hematological profile of the coccidiosis rabbits, including the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrits, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and thrombocytes. The research employed a completely randomized design, with 5 repetitions. The data were further analyzed using the honestly significant difference test. The results showed that garlic extract administration significantly decreased (P<0.01) both the number of the sporulated and unsporulated oocysts (P<0.05), yet did not significantly influence the abnormal oocysts, but there was no significant difference within the entire hematological variables except in thrombocytes (P<0.05). Garlic extract administration decreased the excretion number of oocysts in the feces either in vitro or in vivo and influenced some hematological variables which provided a new propect for controlling coccidiosis naturally in rabbits.

Garlic extract attenuates immobilization stress-induced alterations in plasma antioxidant/oxidant parameters and hepatic function in rats.

To investigate the oxidative stress induced by 6 h of immobilization stress in Albino Wistar rats. Further, the pre- and post-treatment of aqueous garlic extract was studied to evaluate its preventive and curative efficacy on stress-induced altered oxidative parameters in rats. Albino Wistar rats were exposed to 6 h of immobilization stress, and received garlic extract (100 mg/kg body weight) treatment pre- or post-stress exposure. The oxidative status of plasma after various treatments were evaluated by determining the levels of reduced glutathione, glucose, uric acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase by standardized procedures. Immobilization of rats generated oxidative stress in rat plasma, by decreasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione levels and glucose, while increasing the lipid peroxidation, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, ALP and uric acid compared to the non-stressed controls (P<0.01). The garlic extract administration both pre- and post-stress exposure significantly prevented the rise in the diagnostic liver enzymes and reverted the decrease of antioxidant enzymatic activities compared to the stressed group (P<0.05 or P <0.01). Post-stress treatment of extract was found more effective than pre-stress treatment in reverting the values back to normal (P<0.01). Garlic extract seems promising as a nutritional supplement for scavenging free radicals generated in the plasma and to prevent resulting oxidative stress.