Administration Of Formaldehyde Research Articles

Effect of fish oil supplementation on histological changes, apoptosis and oxidative stress of rat placenta against formaldehyde-induced toxicity

Formaldehyde (FA) as a common organic compound has been shown to cause placental dysfunction and fetal defects. The potential benefits of fish oil (FOil) in protecting placental structures are attributed to its antioxidant properties. This study aimed to explore the preventive role of FOil in mitigating the adverse effects of FA in pregnant rats. Thirty pregnant Wistar rats were randomly categorized into five groups of control, sham (Normal saline; Orally and intraperitoneally), FOil (0.5 ml/day; Orally), FA (5 mg/kg/bw; intraperitoneally), FA+FOil. The treatment period was from day 0–20 of pregnancy. On the 20th day of pregnancy, placental morphometric parameters were measured. The histological and histochemical analyses were performed using H&E and PAS staining, respectively. Also, the placenta tissue was analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers, p-53 protein levels, and the expression of caspase-3 gene. The administration of FA led to a significant decrease in the weight, diameter, and thickness of the placenta, as well as a decrease in the thickness of the decidua layer, junctional and labyrinth zone, and the number of trophoblast giant cells in rat placentas. FA led to a significant increase in placental p-53 protein levels, caspase-3 expression, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Administration of FOil to pregnant rats treated with FA led to a significant decrease in morphometric and histological changes, oxidative stress, and the expression of genes associated with apoptosis. The findings suggest that the administration of FOil to FA-treated pregnant rats can protect placental histopathological changes by enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes.

Ameliorative effects of hesperidin and N-acetylcysteine against formaldehyde-induced-hemato- and genotoxicity.

This study investigated the hemato- and genotoxic effects of formaldehyde (FA) and the possible mitigating role of hesperidin (HP) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), each alone and in combination. Sixty-four adult male albino rats were divided into eight equal groups; the study was conducted for 8weeks; Group I (negative control: received no medication), Group II (positive control: received distilled water), Group III (received HP 50mg/kg/day), Group IV (received NAC 50mg/kg/day), Group V (received FA 10mg/kg/day), Group VI (FA+HP), Group VII (FA+NAC), and Group VIII (FA+HP+NAC). Groups VI, VII, VIII received the same previously mentioned doses and for the same duration. All treatments were given by intraperitoneal administration. At the end of the study, complete blood count, oxidative stress, histopathological changes, immunohistochemical staining of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and genotoxicity by comet assay in the bone marrow of treated rats were assessed. FA administration caused significant hematotoxicity represented by elevated white blood cell numbers and serum malondialdehyde levels and reduced red blood cell numbers, platelets, and serum superoxide dismutase values. Histologically, it induced an increase in fat cell numbers in bone marrow tissue with a widening of marrow spaces and decreased cellularity of hematopoietic cells, megakaryocytes, and granulocytes. FA exposure significantly decreased immunoreactivity for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, whereas the immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide synthase was increased. Genotoxicity, as measured by comet assay, revealed a significant increase in comet% and tail length in FA-treated group when compared with other groups. The cotreatment with HP and NAC revealed their ability to protect against hematological changes, oxidative damage, histopathological, and immunohistochemical changes, and genotoxicity induced by FA.

Shark cartilage (SC) and shark liver oil (SLO) treatment for lung damage via formaldehyde (FA) exposure

Formaldehyde reacts with amino acids in living organisms to form toxic intermediates that cause epithelial cell damage. In past epidemiological studies, a statistically significant relationship was found between FA and leukemia risks and occupational inhalation exposure. As a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) technique or alternative medicine, shark cartilage (SC) and shark liver oil (SLO) are presented as a new and different alternative source in this study. In this study, the toxic effects of formaldehyde (FA) on lung and the protective effects of SC and SLO against these toxins have been investigated. For the experiment, 40 rats were classified as follows: 4, control group (experiment control); 6, the group that received FA but was not treated (treatment control); 15, the group that was given FA and SC for treatment; and the last 15 were the group that was given FA and SLO for treatment. Negative effects of FA on lung were evaluated biochemically, genetically and pathologically. In terms of therapeutic efficacy, SLO appears to be more effective in improving lung injury on the basis of genetic, pathological and biochemical findings, against to FA administration. The toxic effect of FA in lung and the therapeutic effect of SLO and SC were determined and we believe that our experimental model provided the desired goal and success on the basis of our work.

Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Eugenol on Formaldehyde Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats

Over the years, Formaldehyde (FA) has been linked to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and cognitive decline. However limited numbers of studies have shown the effect of eugenol on FA induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Therefore this study aimed at investigating the effects of eugenol on the FA induced toxicity in Wistar rats. A total of twenty male Wistar rats where divided into four groups: (Group I. 150 mg/kg eugenol; Group II, 5 mg/kg FA; Group III, 150 mg/kg eugenol + 5 mg/kg FA; Group IV/control, 2ml/kg distilled water) for thirty days. FA and eugenol were administered orally. Rats were humanely sacrificed under 0.8 mg/kg ketamine anaesthesia administered intraperitoneally. Cognitive tests using Morris water maze and Novel object recognition test were carried out, Oxidative stress parameters, acetylcholine activity and histometric analysis of hippocampal Cornu Ammonis (CA 1 and 3) pyramidal neuronal cells. Administration of FA resulted in significant (p<0.05) increased activity of malondialdehyde (MDA), intra-mitochondrial accumulation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), reduced activity level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholine levels. However co-administration of eugenol and FA resulted in significant (p<0.05) enhancement of cognitive ability and also significantly (p<0.05) reduced MDA and 8-OHdG levels, and increased SOD and acetylcholine levels. Our results indicate that eugenol would provide therapeutic value against FA induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairments.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seeds protect against formaldehyde-induced major organ damages

Exposures to hazardous chemicals including formaldehyde are harmful to human health. In this study, the authors investigate the protective effects of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) extract against formaldehyde-induced major organ damages in mice. Administration of formaldehyde (FA) caused significant elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum creatinine, etc. Histopathological examinations of liver, kidney, and brain tissues showed the degenerations of those organs. Mice pretreated with PSO extract significantly attenuated the FA-induced elevation of SGOT (39.0 ± 1.30 vs 20.5 ± 0.65 IU/L; FA-group vs PSO treatment group), SGPT (91.8 ± 1.65 vs 51.0 ± 1.29 IU/L), serum creatinine (1.05 ± 0.07 vs 0.65 ± 0.07 IU/L), and preserved the normal histology of organ tissues. The FA-induced elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, liver, and kidneys was suppressed by pretreatment with PSO extract. The extract also attenuated the FA-induced reduction of endogenous antioxidant pools. In vitro phytochemical analyses showed that PSO extract possesses free radical scavenging and total antioxidant activities due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Thus, PSO extract has significant protective effects against FA-induced organ toxicities by scavenging oxidative stress and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Serum Amiloid-A'nın Sıçanlarda Formaldehit Kaynaklı Kupffer Hücre Apoptozundaki Rolü ve Astaksantin'in Bu Süreçteki Olası Koruyucu Etkileri

The aim of this study is to investigate the alterations related to Serum amyloid-A in formaldehyde-induced apoptosis in Kupffer cells and to determine whether Astaxanthin has a protective effect against apoptosis. In this experiment, 32 rats were divided into 4 groups (n=8). The first group was named as control group, physiological saline was injected intraperitoneally to this group, and drinking water was given orally. In CH2O group, rats were injected with formaldehyde at a dose of 10 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally. The rats in CH2O+ATX16 and CH2O+ATX32 were injected with formaldehyde daily at a dose of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and respectively 16 mg/kg and 32 mg/kg Astaxanthin were administered orally. Formaldehyde administration was caused by the highest and statistically significant Serum amyloid-A staining intensity (P<0.0125) and apoptotic index (P<0.05) in the CH2O group. Both doses of Astaxanthin administration reduced apoptosis in Kupffer cells but there were no significant differences in serum Serum amyloid-A levels between experimental groups (P>0.05). As a result, oral administration of Astaxanthin has been shown to reduce Serum Amyloid A, which increases due to exposure to formaldehyde, and possibly in this way, Kupffer cells successfully protect against formaldehyde-induced apoptosis. The subject should be examined more comprehensively

Management of radiation-induced proctitis.

The occurrence of chronic proctitis as a side effect among radiotherapy patients is about 5%. Radiation proctitis and consequent development of chronic proctitis are not associated to each other. However, a lot of samples of proctitis that are limited easily could be treated by typical remedial techniques. Improvements in radiotherapy techniques that make possible the delivery of superior doses of radiation could easily reduce both chronic and acute proctitis. The step-by-step remedial procedure for treatment of this disorder starts with conservative remedial management and includes iron substitution as a second-line therapy. For patients who did not receive initial therapies, sucralfate injection, topical corticosteroids, and antidiarrhea therapy were provided as a means of aggressive care. In cases of continuous rectal bleeding, remedial laser techniques and formaldehyde administration should be attempted before surgical therapy. When surgical therapy is required, a descending or transverse colostomy must be carried out. Advanced methods such as intraperitoneal injections of formalin or novel methods of cold therapy and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) provide a wider remedial field. Exceptionally, unanticipated conclusion of neosquamous wound healing via RFA may have additional preponderances in stopping symptoms and may require better assessment through accurate randomized examination. Since aggressive treatments like coloanal anastomosis and colorectal surgery are correlated with remarkable mortality and morbidity, they must be considered as the final course of remedial treatment.

The effect of Melatonin Hormone on Formaldehyde-Induced Liver Injury in adult male albino rats: A Light and electron Microscopic Study

Background: It has been detected that general population is exposed to many products of daily used that contain formaldehyde. Numerous studies revealed that formaldehyde- induced major health problems affecting all the body organs especially the liver. Recent studies have shown melatonin to be an antioxidant substance which has been used for the treatment of liver diseases.Aim of work: This study aimed to investigate histological and biochemical changes in the livers of formaldehyde exposed rats and possible effects of melatonin hormone on these changes.Material and Methods: Eighteen healthy adult male albino rats were studied. The animals were divided into three main equal groups, six rats each:Group I: (control group) rats were given tap water.Group II: rats received 2ml of 0.1% of formaldehyde.Group III: rats received 2ml of 0.1% of formaldehyde with melatonin (25 mg/kg) diluted in 0.9% of Nacl. After 8 weeks all animals of the three groups were sacrificed. Liver functions were assessed both biochemically and histologically using both light and electron microscopes.Results: The present study demonstrated variable degrees of hepatic affection after administration of formaldehyde in rats of group II, manifested as biochemical and histological changes. The plasma level of (SGOT) and (SGPT) showed a significant increase. Rats of group III treated with melatonin showed considerable preservation of the liver histology.Conclusion: Melatonin had a protective role on the liver which may improve the toxic damaging effect of the formaldehyde on the liver cells.

Effect of Shatpuspadya Churna - a classical Ayurvedic formulation on formaldehyde and Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis in rats

Shatpuspadya Churna has been traditionally used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine of India to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We evaluated anti-arthritic activity of ethanol extract of Shatpuspadya Churna (SCE). Arthritis was induced in male rats of wistar strain by administration of formaldehyde (2%v/v) or Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) into sub-plantar surface of the left hind paw. SCE (135,270 and 540 mg/kg) was given by oral route. Joint swelling was measured in formaldehyde induced arthritis. In case of CFA induced arthritis, paw volume, body weight, haematological and histological parameters were measured. In CFA induced arthritic rats, significant (p < 001) reductions in haemoglobin (28.4 %), packed cell volume (30.5 %), HDL(45 %), and significant(p < 001) increases in WBC (28.0 %), platelet count (40.7 %), ESR (52.5 %), rheumatoid factor (274 %), total cholesterol(49.5 %), triglycerides(34.8 %), LDL (106.8 %) and VLDL (35 %) were observed. Treatment with SCE significantly (p < 0.001) reversed these changes in a dose dependent manner. Treatment with 540 mg/kg SCE significantly (p < 0.001) reversed/prevented the decline in Hb, PCV and HDL to only 7.9 %, 19.9 % and 9.8 % respectively. Similarly, the rise in values of various blood parameters was comparatively less in SCE treated arthritic group (540 mg/kg) than that observed in untreated arthritic rats. We noted only a marginal rise in the values of WBC (18.2 %), platelet count (26.5 %), ESR (40.15 %), RF (60.6 %), TC (25.4 %), TG (9.3 %), LDL (49.2 %) and VLDL (9.2 %). Histopathological studies of the ankles revealed significant improvements. The study clearly establishes the usefulness of Shatpuspadya Churna in the treatment of arthritis, lipid imbalance and anaemia associated with it.

Anti-arthritic activity of a classical Ayurvedic formulation Vatari Guggulu in rats

In India, Vatari Guggulu has been traditionally used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The current study was undertaken to evaluate anti-arthritic activity of alcoholic extract of Vatari Guggulu in rats. Arthritis was induced by administration of formaldehyde (2%v/v) or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) into the sub-plantar surface of left hind paw of the animals. The extract was administered to the rats by oral gavages in different doses. Joint swelling was measured in formaldehyde induced arthritis. Various physical, biochemical and histopathological parameters were determined in CFA induced arthritis. Vatari Guggulu extract (VGE) produced significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of joint swelling in both formaldehyde and CFA induced arthritis. The treatment also brought to normalcy the increased white blood cell (WBC) count, rheumatoid factor (RF), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL with an enhancement of haemoglobin (Hb) levels and red blood cell (RBC) count. These effects were found to be dose dependent. These effects were comparable with standard drug indomethacin. Histo-pathological studies of the ankles of VGE treated animals exhibited significant improvements. VGE did not show any toxic symptoms even at a dose of 2000 mg/kg in acute toxicity studies on rats. Thus, Vatari Guggulu, a classical Ayurvedic formulation of the Indian System of Medicine, exhibited significant anti-arthritic activity in formaldehyde and CFA induced arthritis in rats. This study corroborates the claims of Ayurveda on Vatari Guggulu.

Histological study of adult male albino rats’ hepatocytes after formaldehyde administration and the possible protective role of dill oil

Background There have been numerous studies on formaldehyde-induced health problems including the hepatocytes. It has been estimated that the general population is exposed to food and products of daily use that contain formaldehyde in a concentration that is presumed to be safe. Meanwhile, many herbs have been used for the treatment of liver diseases. Dill, for instance, has been potently used for its various biologically active constituents. Aim The present study was performed to investigate, histologically and biochemically, the safety of 0.2% formaldehyde on the hepatocytes of adult male rats. The study was further extended to determine the possible protective role of dill oil. Materials and methods The study was carried out on 20 rats (120–150 g), which were randomly divided into three groups. Group I (the control group) included 10 rats and was further subdivided into two equal subgroups: subgroup Ia and subgroup Ib. Each rat received distilled water (1 ml/kg body weight) and dill oil orally (1 ml/kg body weight), respectively. Group II included five rats, and each received 1 ml of 0.2% formaldehyde. Group III included five rats that received similar dose as group II accompanied by the same dose of dill oil as subgroup Ib. All treatments were given daily by means of gavage for 8 weeks. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last administration. Liver functions were assessed biochemically and histologically using both light and electron microscopes. Results The study depicted that serum levels of hepatic transaminases were significantly elevated in group II compared with group I. However, in group III, they were nearly similar to that reported in group I. This was accompanied by noticeable histological changes in group II. Coadministration of dill oil showed considerable preservation of the histology of hepatocytes. Conclusion A volume of 0.2% formaldehyde caused changes in the hepatocytes that could be prevented by dill oil coadministration.

Effects of intragastric administration of formaldehyde on superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde contents in liver of mice

To study the effects of intragastric administration of formaldehyde on lipid peroxidation in mice. Thirty ICR mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: one control group and two experimental groups. The mice were given formaldehyde (the dose is 0, 5 and 20 mg/kg body weight respectively) through intragastric administration once a day for 5 days , and then they were killed. The activities of SOD and the contents of MDA in liver were measured. The activities of SOD in the 20 mg/kg body weight group were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05), and the contents of MDA in the 20 mg/kg body weight group were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05), and the liver organ coefficient in the 20 mg/kg body weight group is higher than the control group (P < 0.05). A certain dose of formaldehyde can destroy the balance of lipid peroxidation in mice, the ability of antioxidation is reduced obviously, and the liver become compensatory hypertrophy.

Potentiation of allergic bronchoconstriction by repeated exposure to formaldehyde in guinea-pigs in vivo.

Indoor formaldehyde (FA) might worsen allergies and be an underlying factor for the increasing incidence and severity of asthma; the exact mechanism, however, remains unclear. The present study examined the effects of repeated exposure to FA on methacholine- and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs in vivo. First, non-sensitized guinea-pigs were transnasally treated with 0.1 or 1.0% FA or saline three times a week for 6 weeks, and increasing concentrations of methacholine (50, 100, and 200 microg/mL) were inhaled at 5-min intervals. Second, guinea-pigs pre-treated with transnasal administration of FA or saline using the same protocol were passively sensitized with anti-ovalbumin (OA) serum 7 days before antigen challenge. Third, guinea-pigs were actively sensitized with OA and pre-treated with transnasal administration of FA or saline using the same protocol. The lateral pressure of the tracheal tube (Pao) was measured under anesthesia and artificial ventilation. The antigen-induced increase in Pao in actively sensitized guinea-pigs was significantly potentiated by FA exposure in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-response curve of the methacholine-induced increase in Pao in non-sensitized guinea-pigs or of the antigen-induced increase in Pao in passively sensitized guinea-pigs was not altered by FA exposure. Transnasal administration of FA significantly increased the serum anti-OA homocytotropic antibody titre (IgG) as measured by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in actively sensitized guinea-pigs. The results suggest that repeated exposure to FA worsens allergic bronchoconstriction through enhancing antigen sensitization.

Hydatid disease of the liver in childhood.

The records of 100 children with hydatid disease were reviewed retrospectively from 1978 to 1997; 43 were girls and 57 were boys. The mean age was 9.14 years; 61 patients had 124 hepatic cysts. Presenting symptoms were asymptomatic abdominal masses, found masses incidentally during ultrasonography (US), or acute abdomen. Plain X-ray films, US, or computerized tomography (CT) are sufficient for diagnostic evaluation in endemic areas. In the differential diagnosis, laboratory investigations such as the Casoni and Weinberg tests, indirect hemagglutination, eosinophilia, and ELISA were also used. These tests may give negative results, however, in some patients with hydatid disease. The mean follow-up time was 10.5 years (range 1-18 years), the mean duration of hospitalization 7 days. The complication rate was 3.6%. Mortality was 3.27% and occurred after the administration of formaldehyde and hypertonic scolicidal agents. Hydatid disease of the liver can be treated medically in selected patients; conservative surgical approaches that save as much parenchyma as possible, such as partial cystectomy and capitonnage, are indicated in the other cases.

Subacute Immunotoxicity Study of Formaldehyde in Male Rats

Immune functions were examined in male rats following 28 day oral administration of formaldehyde by gastric tube at dose levels of 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg. Routine parameters examined included hematology, clinical chemistry, and body, thymus, kidney, and liver weights. In addition, cellularity of spleen and lymph nodes, histology of spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, liver kidney, small and large intestines, and histochemistry of spleen and lymph nodes were evaluated. Immune parameters evaluated included serum hemagglutinin antibody response; antibody plaque forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes (lymphocyte-dependent antigen); microbicidal activity of Candida albicans; and phagocytic activity by adhesion of microspheric hydrophilic synthetic particles to leukocyte cell membrane. Body weights were slightly decreased at high dose level (80 mg/kg). The difference was significant when compared to the controls. The lymph node weights were significantly increased in rats receiving formaldehyde. The cellularity of lymphoid organs was not influenced after 28 day exposure to formaldehyde.

Oral Toxicity of Formaldehyde and Its Derivatives

Formaldehyde (FA) has been commercially produced since the early 1900s. Its widespread use in a variety of applications is known to result in appreciable exposure of workers and of a section of the general population. Formaldehyde is a normal metabolite in mammalian systems. It occurs in air as a product of the natural photooxidation of automobile exhaust, combustion processes, incinerators; formaldehyde has been found in municipal and industrial effluents and is present in food either naturally (fruits and vegetables, in the order of parts per million), or as a result of its use as a food additive. The use of FA and its derivative, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), which gradually decomposes to FA under acidic conditions as antimicrobial agents in food, raises questions about their potential chronic oral toxicity. Furthermore, since FA is a very reactive compound and reacts with different macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, the safety evaluation of FA as a cheese additive must take into account the toxicity of the reaction products between FA and milk components. Biochemical aspects, acute and short-term toxicity studies including mutagenicity, multigeneration, and reproduction studies, long-term carcinogenicity studies after oral administration of FA and HMT are reviewed in this paper. The results of these studies indicate that repeated oral exposure of a relatively large amount of FA that could overwhelm the normal metabolic capacity of animals to convert FA into formiate, CO2, and water produces histopathological gastric changes. This paper correlates the hazard caused by the exposure to low levels of FA, as far as its carcinogenic potential by oral route is concerned per se or regarding its use as a food additive. Based on the evidence that FA is formed naturally in food and is a normal mammalian metabolite and that a threshold for carcinogenicity exists both after exposure by inhalation and oral administration, it may be deduced that FA is not carcinogenic at low levels of exposure.

Inductions of ornithine decarboxylase and DNA synthesis in rat stomach mucosa by formaldehyde.

Administration of formaldehyde at doses of 11 to 110 rag/kg body weight by gastric intubation to male F344 rats induced up to 100‐fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity with a maximum after 16 hr and up to 49‐fold increase in DNA synthesis with a maximum after 16 hr in the pyloric mucosa of the stomach. These results suggest that formaldehyde has tumor‐promoting activity in carcinogenesis in the glandular stomach.

The effect of a stress upon the glycosuria of partially depancreatized force-fed rats.

The hypothesis that any severe stress should intensify diabetes by activating the adrenal cortices is based upon the following observations: 1. The secretory activity of the adrenal cortices is increased during most if not all types of stress (Sayers and Sayers, 1948); 2. Adrenal cortex extracts and steroids are diabetogenic (Long, Katzin and Fry, 1940) and 3. Activation of the adrenal cortices by the administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone intensifies diabetes (Ingle, Prestrud and Li, 1948). In the present study, the injection of dilute solutions of formaldehyde was used as a stress to partially depancreatized, force-fed rats. In moderately diabetic rats, the administration of formaldehyde was followed by some decrease in the levels of glycosuria in all of the animals. Injections of formaldehyde did not affect the level of glycosuria in severely diabetic rats. methods Male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain of approximately 300 gm. were subjected to partial pancreatectomy by the technique of Ingle ...