Administration Of Chromium Research Articles

Does the peroral chromium administration in young Hariana calves reduce the risk of calf diarrhea by ameliorating insulin response, lactose intolerance, antioxidant status, and immune response?

BackgroundThe reduction in insulin sensitivity during rumen development may predispose dairy calves towards lactose intolerance, which could be the reason behind neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD). Chromium (Cr) results in a range of effects when fed to ruminants, but most studies have shown improved insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Cr supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lactose intolerance, diarrhoea and antioxidant, and immune response in young Hariana calves. MethodsA total of 20 milk-fed Hariana calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments, each consisted of 10 calves: (1) a control group without supplemental Cr and (2) a 0.15 mg Cr as Cr-picolinate (CrPic)/kg BW0.75 supplemented group (Cr0.15). ResultsA more rapid glucose disappearance with unaltered insulin kinetics during intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and oral lactose tolerance test (OLTT) indicates greater insulin sensitivity in Cr supplemented calves. Better insulin sensitivity in Cr supplemented calves was further confirmed by higher values of the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and lower (P < 0.05) values of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose-to-insulin ratio in Cr supplemented calves during IVGTT. Cr supplementation resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) serum cortisol concentration, whereas serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations during IVGTT did not differ among the groups. The rise in serum glucose concentrations within 2 h post lactose infusion during OLTT peaked at more than twice the basal glucose concentration, therefore calves were not considered as lactose intolerant. Within monthly blood samples, concentrations of serum insulin were similar among treatments, whereas the Cr supplemented group had lower (P < 0.05) serum glucose concentration and glucose-to-insulin ratio compared with the control group. No treatment differences were detected in the biomarkers of antioxidant status and immunity. Serum Cr concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in Cr supplemented calves while concentrations of other studied minerals were remained unaltered. The incidence, duration of diarrhea, and faecal score were better (P < 0.05) in calves fed on Cr supplemented diet whereas, no treatment effect was observed on average daily gain (ADG). During the study period, no calves died, and no calves were found to have pneumonia, navel or joint disease. ConclusionFeeding a Cr-supplemented diet improved insulin sensitivity and reduced the risk of diarrhoea in milk-fed young calves, but had no or minimal effects on lactose intolerance, antioxidant status, immune response, and growth performance.

Could nutrient supplements provide additional glycemic control in diabetes management? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of as an add-on nutritional supplementation therapy.

This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the antidiabetic effect of pharmaconutrients as an add-on in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients by pooling data from currently available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Data sources included the PubMed and EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. RCTs reporting changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels following add-on pharmaconutritional therapies for T2DM patients consuming antidiabetic drugs were targeted. Using random-effects meta-analyses, we identified pharmaconutrients with effects on glycemic outcomes. Heterogeneity among studies was presented using I2 values. Among 9537 articles, 119 RCTs with nine pharmaconutrients (chromium; coenzyme Q10; omega-3 fatty acids; vitamins C, D, and E; alpha-lipoic acid; selenium; and zinc) were included. Chromium (HbA1c, FBG, and HOMA-IR), coenzyme Q10 (HbA1c and FBG), vitamin C (HbA1c and FBG), and vitamin E (HbA1c and HOMA-IR) significantly improved glycemic control. Baseline HbA1c level and study duration influenced the effects of chromium and vitamin E on HbA1c level. Sensitivity analyses did not modify the pooled effects of pharmaconutrients on glycemic control. Administration of chromium, coenzyme Q10, and vitamins C and E for T2DM significantly improved glycemic control. This study has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018115229).

Synergistic anti-obesity effects of red cabbage and chromium administration on obese rats

Abstract This research was conducted to evaluate synergistic effects of red cabbage leaves either powder or methanolic extract with or without chromium on obese rats by evaluation nutritional indicators, serum lipids profiles, antioxidant enzymes, and some hepatic marker. After induction of obesity in rats by feed in high fat diet for six weeks, obese rats were randomly classified into six groups (seven rats in each) that include positive control group (basal diet), cabbage powder (15% of cabbage powder in basal diet) group, chromium (basal diet and 4.5 µg/ kg body weight/d chromium) group, cabbage extract (basal diet and 20 mg/kg/ body weight /d of cabbage extract ) group, cabbage powder + chromium (15% of cabbage powder in basal diet and 4.5 µg/ kg body weight /d chromium) group and cabbage extract + chromium (basal diet and 20 mg/kg/d of cabbage extract and 4.5 µg/ kg/d chromium) group. The experiment period was 60 days after induction of obesity. The obtained results recorded that administration of cabbage powder with chromium or cabbage extract with chromium could lower body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) and elevate feed efficiency ratio (FER) compared to positive obese control group. All treated groups showed improvement in both serum and liver lipids profiles and liver function enzymes appeared prominently in cabbage powder with chromium and cabbage extract with chromium groups compared with positive control group. It is recommended to administer red cabbage leaves or its extract with chromium as a diet for patients with obesity التاثيرات التأزرية المضادة للسمنة لتناول الکرنب الأحمر والکروم على الفئران البدينة أجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم التاثير التأزري لأوراق الکرنب الاحمر علي صورة مسحوق أو مستخلص ميثانولي مع وبدون الکروم علي الفئران المصابة بالسمنة عن طريق تقييم المؤشرات الغذائية و دهون السيرم والإنزيمات المضادة للأکسدة و بعض وظائف الکبد. وتم إصابة الفئران بالسمنة عن طريق تغذيتها علي وجبات عالية الدهون لمدة ستة أسابيع. تم تقسيم الفئران المصابة بالسمنة بشکل عشوائي إلى ست مجموعات سبعة فئران في کل مجموعة وهي المجموعة الضابطة الإيجابية المصابة بالسمنة والتي تناولت الوجبة الاساسية والمجموعة المعالجة بمسحوق الکرنب 15٪ من مسحوق الکرنب في الوجبة الأساسية والمجموعة المعالجة بالکروم مع الوجبة الاساسية بجرعة 4.5 ميکروجرام/کجم من وزن الجسم کروم والمجموعة المعالجة بمستخلص الکرنب مع الوجبه الاساسية بجرعة 20 ملجم / کجم من وزن الجسم مستخلص الکرنب والمجموعة المعالجة بمسحوق الکرنب مع الکروم 15٪ من مسحوق الکرنب و4.5 ميکروجرام/ کجم کروم والمجموعة المعالجة بمستخلص الکرنب مع الکروم مع الوجبه الاساسية 20 ملجم /کجم من وزن الجسم لمستخلص الکرنب و4.5 ميکروجرام/ کجم من الکروم. واستمرت الدراسة لمدة 60 يوما بعد الاصابة بالسمنة. اسفرت نتائج الدراسة علي أن تناول مسحوق الکرنب مع الکروم أومستخلص الکرنب مع الکروم اظهر نقص معنوي في الوزن المکتسب والمتناول من الطعام ونسبه کفاءه الطعام بالمقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطه الإيجابية المريضة بالسمنة. کما أظهرت جميع المجموعات المعالجة تحسن معنوي في کل من مؤشرات الدهون في السيرم والکبد وتحسن معنوي في انزيمات کفاءه الکبد ومضادات الاکسده وکانت افضل النتائج في المجموعات المتناولة لمسحوق الکرنب مع الکروم و المتناوله لمستخلص الکرنب مع الکروم بالمقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطه الإيجابية. وتوصي نتائج الدراسة بضرورة تناول الکرنب الاحمرومستخلصه مع الکروم کنظام غذائي لمرضي السمنة لما له من تاثيرات ايجابية علي نقص الوزن وتحسين وظائف الکبد وخفض دهون الدم.

Effects of stress after road transportation and oral administration of chromium and meloxicam on plasma cortisol concentrations and behavior in dairy calves.

ObjectiveThis study was performed to determine the effects of stress after road transportation and oral administration of chromium and meloxicam on growth performance, plasma cortisol, serum metabolites, and behavior in dairy calves.MethodsA total of 50 Holstein heifers (average body weight [BW]: 172±4.19 kg; average age: 5.53±0.12 months) were randomly assigned to five groups including NL (not transported + D-lactose; 1 mg/kg BW), TL (transported + D-lactose; 1 mg/kg BW), TC (transported + chromium; 0.5 mg/kg dry matter [DM] feed), TM (transported + meloxicam; 1 mg/kg BW), and TMC (transported + combination of meloxicam and chromium; 1 mg/kg BW and 0.5 mg/kg DM, respectively). Doses of D-lactose monohydrate, meloxicam, and chromium were prepared for oral administration by suspension in 15 mL of water in a 20-mL dosing syringe. Blood was collected before transportation, immediately after 120 km of transportation (IAT), and at 6, 24, and 48 h after transportation.ResultsNeither transportation nor administration of meloxicam and/or chromium affected (p = 0.99) average daily gain and feed intake. Plasma cortisol concentrations in the NL group (average 0.13 and 0.18 nmol/L, respectively) were lower (p<0.001) compared to the TL group (average 0.39 and 0.61 nmol/L, respectively) at IAT and 48 h after transportation. At 48 h after transportation, cortisol concentrations were lower (p<0.05) in the TC group (average 0.22 nmol/L) than in the TL group (average 0.61 nmol/L), and TC calves had similar cortisol concentrations to NL calves. Lying duration (min/d) was shorter (p<0.05) in the TL group than in the NL group at 2 d after transportation. Lying duration was longer (p<0.05) for the TC and TMC groups than for the TL group at 2 d after transportation.ConclusionTransportation increased cortisol concentrations and affected lying behavior, while chromium administration reduced cortisol concentrations and changed lying behavior. Thus, chromium administration before transportation may be a viable strategy to alleviate stress elicited by road transportation.

Antioxidant Revival of Cucumis melo l. Modulates the Oxidant-antioxidant Status on Chromium VI Toxicity Induced Male Albino Rats

Objective: To assess the natural bio-remediation in Hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) toxicity induced rats. Methodology: Male albino rats were given Hexavalent chromium for 42 days to demonstrate that this carcinogenic compund increased LPO while reducing SOD, GSH, GPx, and CAT levels. Rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups (n=6). Group I was a control group as they were only given with clean water to drink. Potassium dichromate 10 g/kg was given to Group II for 42 days. Group III administered with 500 mg/kg of Cucumis melo L, Group IV was administered with 500 mg/kg of Ascorbic acid and Group V was administered with 1:1 ratio of Cucumis melo L and ascorbic acid, respectively. All results were provided as mean SD for a total of 6 rats/ per each group. The significance of differences between male albino rats was determined using the Student’s t-test. At p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, differences were judged significant. Findings: Cucumis melo L. fruit aqueous extracts significantly protected rats from chromiuminduced oxidative damage. The LD50 was determined to be 500 mg/kg using the DPPH assay. As a consequence, we believe that giving fruit extracts to people can help them recover from oxidative stress-related cell damage.Novelty: The administration of chromium 6 resulted in a substantial reduction in body weight and an increase in the organ to body weight ratio. Chromium administration significantly enhanced LPO while decreasing serum levels of SOD, GSH, GPx, and CAT. Cucumis melo aqueous fruit extract was shown to be a protective agent against chromium-induced oxidative stress at a dosage of 500 mg/kg. Keywords: Chromium VI; Cucumis melo L fruit extracts; antioxidant activity; oxidant antioxidant imbalance and oxidative stress

PSV-40 Effects of regrouping and administrations of meloxicam and chromium on plasma cortisol concentrations and behaviors in dairy calves

Abstract This study investigated effects of regrouping and oral meloxicam and chromium administration on growth performance, blood cortisol concentrations, and behaviors in dairy calves. Fifty Holstein calves (average age 196 ± 24.7 days, average body weight 198kg ± 32.7 kg) were equally divided into five groups: no regrouping with lactose monohydrate administration (NL), regrouping with lactose monohydrate administration (GL), regrouping with Cr administration (GC), regrouping with meloxicam administration (GM), and regrouping with both meloxicam and Cr administration (GMC). Blood was collected before regrouping and at 3h, 9h, 24h, 1w, and 2w after regrouping. Behaviors have been monitored from d1 to d7. Regrouping did not affect average daily gain (ADG), and the administrations of both meloxicam and chromium increased (P &amp;lt; 0.02) ADG compared to NL group during 2 weeks. Regrouping increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma cortisol concentrations in GL group, and both meloxicam and chromium and its combination treatments decreased cortisol concentrations compared to GL group at 24h, but not at other times. Regrouping increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) fight, duration of eating time, head bunt, drinking time, and standing time behaviors in GL group at d1, d2, d2, d3, and d4 respectively. Regrouping also increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) displacement at eating place in GL group from d3 to d6, but this effect was not significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) at d7. In conclusion, regrouping caused elevation of plasma cortisol concentrations and abnormal behaviors. Meloxicam, chromium, and/or its combined administrations improved growth performance and reduced circulating cortisol concentrations in regrouped dairy calves, suggesting a feasible strategy to alleviate regrouping stress.

Influence of Transport Stress on the Adaptation Potential of Chickens

Influence of Transport Stress on the Adaptation Potential of Chickens

The Influences of Chromium Supplementation on Metabolic Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease.

This investigation was conducted to determine the effects of chromium supplementation on metabolic status in diabetic patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in 64 diabetic patients with CHD between October 2017 and January 2018. Patients were randomly divided into two groups to obtain either 200 μg chromium (n = 32) or placebo (n = 32) for 12 weeks. Chromium supplementation significantly reduced body weight (- 0.9 ± 1.6 vs. + 0.1 ± 0.8 kg, P = 0.001), BMI (- 0.4 ± 0.7 vs. + 0.1 ± 0.3 kg/m2, P = 0.002), fasting glucose (β - 11.03 mg/dL; 95% CI, - 18.97, - 3.09; P = 0.007), insulin (β - 1.33 μIU/mL; 95% CI, - 1.90, - 0.76; P < 0.001), and insulin resistance (β - 0.44; 95% CI, - 0.62, - 0.25; P < 0.001) and significantly increased insulin sensitivity (β 0.007; 95% CI, 0.003, 0.01; P < 0.001) compared with the placebo. In addition, taking chromium led to a significant reduction in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (β - 0.49 mg/L; 95% CI, - 0.91, - 0.06; P = 0.02) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (β - 0.22 μmol/L; 95% CI, - 0.35, - 0.10; P = 0.001); also, a significant rise in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (β 84.54 mmol/L; 95% CI, 31.05, 138.02; P = 0.002) was observed in comparison with placebo. Additionally, chromium administration significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β - 5.01 mmHg; 95% CI, - 9.04, - 0.97; P = 0.01) compared with the placebo. Overall, the 12-week supplementation of chromium to diabetic patients with CHD had beneficial impacts on weight, BMI, glycemic control, hs-CRP, TAC, MDA, and DBP.Trial Registration www.irct.ir: http://www.irct.ir: IRCT20170513033941N30.

Modulation of Hormonal, Oxidative Stress and Fatty Acids Profiling in Response to Glutamine and Chromium in Diabetic Rats

Background: Fatty acids profiling of diabetes may be helpful in early diagnosis and management of diabetic. Chromium is a trace element and important cofactor for many anti-oxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase. Glutamine is semi essential amino acid and reported to improve endothelial function, decrease blood pressure, and vasodilator. This study investigated fatty acids profiling in diabetic rats and their response to administration of glutamine and chromium.&#x0D; Methods: Fifty male albino rats were divided into 2 groups as following: GPI (10 rats); Control group. GP II (40 rats) were injected alloxan (75 mg /kg) i.p. for six consecutive days for induction of diabetes. Diabetic rats were divided into four groups: GP II: (Untreated diabetic): GP III: Rats were given orally with L-glutamine (100 mg/kg).GP IV: Rats were given with Chromium chloride (30 µg/ kg) ip. GP IV: Rats were given Glutamine and Chromium. After 6 weeks. Sera were used for the determination of Nitric oxide (NO), malondialdhyde (MDA), total antioxidants, insulin, glucagon, HA1C and fatty acids profile.&#x0D; Results: Data obtained showed that, diabetic rats treated with glutamine and chromium restore the levels of hormones, HA1C, NO and MDA better than individual treatment (p&lt;0.01) compared with untreated diabetic (p&lt;0.001). A significant elevation of saturated fatty acids in diabetic and reduced unsaturated FA compared with control. Combination treatment reversed this ratio. This may explain increased insulin sensitivity in treated rats compared with untreated.&#x0D; Conclusion: It was concluded that, Glutamine combined with chromium increased insulin sensitivity and recovery pancreatic efficacy in insulin production. Administration of glutamine or chromium reduced HA1c, the mechanisms involved explored the potential of these compounds in control fatty acids contents and management of diabetic.

The Influences of Chromium Supplementation on Glycemic Control, Markers of Cardio-Metabolic Risk, and Oxidative Stress in Infertile Polycystic ovary Syndrome Women Candidate for In vitro Fertilization: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of chromium intake on glycemic control, markers of cardio-metabolic risk, and oxidative stress in infertile polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women candidate for in vitro fertilization (IVF). This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was done among 40 subjects with infertile PCOS candidate for IVF, aged 18-40years old. Individuals were randomly allocated into two groups to take either 200μg/day of chromium (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) for 8weeks. Biochemical parameters were assessed at baseline and at end-of-trial. Compared with the placebo, taking chromium supplements led to significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose (- 2.3 ± 5.7 vs. + 0.9 ± 3.1mg/dL, P = 0.03), insulin levels (- 1.4 ± 2.1 vs. + 0.4 ± 1.7μIU/mL, P = 0.004), homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance (- 0.3 ± 0.5 vs. + 0.1 ± 0.4, P = 0.005), and a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+ 0.004 ± 0.008 vs. - 0.001 ± 0.008, P = 0.03). In addition, chromium supplementation significantly decreased serum triglycerides (- 19.2 ± 33.8 vs. + 8.3 ± 21.7mg/dL, P = 0.004), VLDL- (- 3.8 ± 6.8 vs. + 1.7 ± 4.3mg/dL, P = 0.004) and total cholesterol concentrations (- 15.3 ± 26.2 vs. - 0.6 ± 15.9mg/dL, P = 0.03) compared with the placebo. Additionally, taking chromium supplements was associated with a significant increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity (+ 153.9 ± 46.1 vs. - 7.8 ± 43.9mmol/L, P < 0.001) and a significant reduction in malondialdehyde values (-0.3 ± 0.3 vs. + 0.1 ± 0.2μmol/L, P = 0.001) compared with the placebo. Overall, our study supported that chromium administration for 8weeks to infertile PCOS women candidate for IVF had beneficial impacts on glycemic control, few variables of cardio-metabolic risk, and oxidative stress.

Protective Effect of Hypericum perforatum L. Extract on Hexavalent Chromium Induced Toxicity in Rat Adrenal Gland

This study was carried out to test the possibility of hexavalent chromium administration through drinking water to induce the structural damage in rat�s adrenal glands and the possibility of Hypericum perforatum extract to faith against chromium aggression. Chromium induced cellular stress was determined by the expression level assessment of the Bcl2 genes family, known to modulate the apoptotic pathway. Obtained results showed that exposure to chromium altered adrenal glands morphology, by induction of apoptosis. When Hypericum perforatum extract was administered expression level of Bcl2 genes and histological lesions in adrenal glands were significantly reduced.

Effects of the Oral Administration of K2Cr2O7 and Na2SeO3 on Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn Contents in the Heart, Liver, Spleen, and Kidney of Chickens

This study aimed to investigate the effects of selenium on the ion profiles in the heart, liver, spleen, and kidney through the oral administration of hexavalent chromium. Approximately 22.14mg/kg b.w. K2Cr2O7 was added to water to establish a chronic poisoning model. Different selenium levels (0.00, 0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.50, and 5.00mg Na2SeO3/kg b.w.) around the safe dose were administered to the experimental group model. Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were detected in the organs through flame atomic absorption spectrometry after these organs were exposed to K2Cr2O7 and Na2SeO3 for 14, 28, and 42days. Results showed that these elements exhibited various changes. Ca contents declined in the heart, liver, and spleen. Ca contents also decreased on the 28th day and increased on the 42nd day in the kidney. Mn contents declined in the heart and spleen but increased in the kidney. Mn contents also decreased on the 28th day and increased on the 42nd day in the liver. Cu contents declined in the heart and spleen. Cu contents increased on the 28th day and decreased on the 42nd day in the liver and kidney. Zn contents declined in the heart and spleen. Zn contents increased on the 28th day and decreased on the 42nd day in the liver and kidney. Fe contents decreased in the heart and liver. Fe contents increased on the 28th day and decreased on the 42nd day in the spleen and kidney. Mg contents did not significantly change in these organs. Appropriate selenium contents enhanced Mn and Zn contents, which were declined by chromium. Conversely, appropriate selenium contents reduced Ca, Fe, and Cu contents, which were increased by chromium. In conclusion, the exposure of chickens to K2Cr2O7 induced changes in different trace elements, and Na2SeO3 supplementation could alleviate this condition.

Aronia Melanocarpa Antioxidant Potential against Chromium VI Induced Morphological Changes in Endocrine Pancreas

AbstractHexavalent chromium is known as strong oxidizing agent, enters the cells easily and generates reactive oxygen species. It was demonstrated that Cr VI is toxic for liver, kidney, skin, nervous system, female and male reproductive systems. However, chromium effects on pancreas are less studied.Aronia melanocarpa fruits are rich in phenolic constituents: anthocyanins, procyanidins and phenolic acids, which demonstrated to have anti-oxidative, anti-viral, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities.Considering the aforesaid the present study was carried out in idea to see if Cr VI induces structural changes in pancreas, given it’s property of inducing ROS formation in cells, and if aronia extract can play a protective role.The study was carried out on white Wistar rats divided in 5 groups and exposed as follows: C – control –distilled water, Cr group – potassium dichromate, hexavalent chromium compound, in distilled water, 75 ppm for three months; CrA group - 75 ppm Cr VI + extract of A. melanocarpa for three months; Cr2 group - 75 ppm Cr VI for three months followed by one month of distilled water; CrA2 group 75 ppm Cr VI for three months followed by one month of extract of A. melanocarpa. At the end of exposure period pancreas was collected and prepared for histological analysis.Hexavalent chromium administration induced morphological and functional changes in endocrine pancreas cells. Microscopic examination of histological slides from pancreas revealed the size and number reduction of Langerhans islets and presence of degenerative lesions. Experimental group that received Cr VI combined with aqueous extract of Aronia presented almost normal architecture of endocrine cells, even more vascular changes occurred too, probably responsible for repairing phenomena.

Ameliorating Effect of L-Carnitine on Chromium-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Mice

The effect of administration of potassium dichromate to male mice at a dose of 400 ppm in drinking water for 8 weekson the reproductive system was studied. Epididymal sperm count, motility, morphology and viability were investigated. The antioxidant status of testes was also studied. Serum testosterone level was measured and histopathological alterations in brain and testis were recorded. It has been demonstrated that chromium administration reduced sperm count and progressive motility while increased the number of immotile sperm. The percentages of normal sperm morphology and viability were reduced. Testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased while reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration was reduced. The activities of testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) were inhibited. Serum testosterone level decreased as a consequence of chromium intoxication. Histopathological findings revealed chromatolysis and sever loss of Purkinje cells in cerebellum. The cerebrum showed congested blood vessels with perivascular cuffing, increased number of glia cells, neuronophagia and diffuse vacuolation. The testis showed sever necrosis and loss of spermatocytes with wavy basement membrane of seminiferous tubules, sever congested blood vessels with mononuclear cells infiltration in the interstitial tissue, presence of some desquamated cells in the lumen of seminiferous tubule and vacuolation of the remaining spermatocytes. The toxic effects of chromium on the sperm parameters, testis and brain were ameliorated by daily co-administration of L-carnitine orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. This protective effect of L-carnitine may be attributed to its antioxidant activity as indicated by improvement of GSH level and activities of testicular SOD, GR, and CAT together with reduced MDA concentration.

Oxidative Stress and Histological Alterations of Chicken Brain Induced by Oral Administration of Chromium(III)

This experiment was conducted to investigate the oxidative stress in chickens exposed to different concentrations of chromium trichloride (CrCl3) in drinking water. Seventy-two Hylan Brown male chickens were randomly divided into four groups: three experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups were exposed to three different doses (50% LD50, 25% LD50, and 12.5% LD50) of CrCl3 mg/kg body weight for 42days, while the control group was given the equivalent water. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic index (glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide) were measured after obtaining the brain samples. Results suggested that 50% LD50 chromium(III) significantly increased (P<0.05) the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The antioxidant enzyme activities, total glutathione concentration, and total antioxidant capacity decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared with those of the controls and were consistent with the increase in dosage and time. Additionally, extensive histological alterations were observed in the chicken brain, such as the vacuolization and nuclear condensation of the neurons. These results indicated that exposure to high-dose CrCl3 for a certain time could induce the occurrence of oxidative stress and histological alterations.

The Effects of Chromium Supplementation on Endocrine Profiles, Biomarkers of Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Limited data are available indicating the effects of chromium administration on endocrine profiles, biomarkers of inflammation, and oxidative stress among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study was done to assess the effects of chromium administration on endocrine profiles, biomarkers of inflammation, and oxidative stress in women with PCOS. Participants of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial consisted of 60 patients with PCOS who received either 200μg chromium supplements (n=30) or placebo daily (n=30) for 8weeks. Endocrine profiles, inflammatory factors, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were assessed at study baseline and at the end of intervention. After 8weeks of intervention, pregnancy rate in chromium group was higher than that in the placebo group: 16.7% (5/30) vs. 3.3% (1/30), P=0.08. In addition, prevalence of acne (20.0 vs. 3.3%, P=0.04) decreased following the administration of chromium supplements compared with the placebo. Taking chromium led to a significant reduction in hirsutism (-1.8±2.5 vs. -0.2±0.8, P=0.002), serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (-717.0±1496.1 vs. +227.1±1669.6ng/mL, P=0.02), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) (-0.1±0.7 vs. +1.1±1.5μmol/L, P<0.001), and a significant increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) concentrations (+250.7±265.2 vs. +13.0±201.6mmol/L, P<0.001). We failed to find any significant effect of chromium administration on endocrine profiles and nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Overall, taking chromium for 8weeks among women with PCOS had beneficial effects on acne, hirsutism, hs-CRP, TAC, and MDA levels, but it did not affect endocrine profiles, NO, and GSH. IRCT201506105623N44 ( www.irct.ir ).

Effects of Oral Administration of CrCl3 on the Contents of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the Liver, Kidney, and Heart of Chicken.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of trivalent chromium on the contents of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the heart, liver, and kidney. Different levels of 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 LD50 (LD50 = 5000mg/kg body mass) CrCl3 milligrams per kilogram body mass daily were added into the water to establish the chronic poisoning model. Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were detected with the flame atomic absorption spectrometry in the organs exposed 14, 28, and 42days to CrCl3, respectively. Results showed that Cr was accumulated in the heart, liver, and kidney significantly (P < 0.05) with extended time and dose. The contents of Ca and Fe increased, whereas those of Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn decreased in the heart, liver, and kidney of each treated group, which had a dose- and time-dependent relationship, but the contents of Mg and Zn in the heart took on a fluctuated change. These particular observations were different from those in the control group. In conclusion, the oral administration of CrCl3 could change the contents of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the heart, liver, and kidney, which may cause disorders in the absorption and metabolism of the metal elements of chickens.

The Remedial Efficacy of Spirulina platensis versus Chromium-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats.

This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective effect of Spirulina platensis against chromium-induced nephrotoxicity. A total of 36 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 equal groups (Gps). Gp1 served as control, rats of Gps 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to Spirulina platensis (300 mg/kg b.wt per os) and sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD) via drinking water at concentration of 520 mg /l respectively. Chromium administration caused alterations in the renal function markers as evidenced by significant increase of blood urea and creatinine levels accompanied with significant increase in kidney’s chromium residues and MDA level as well as decreased catalase activity and glutathion content in kidney tissue. Histologically, Cr provoked deleterious changes including: vascular congestion, wide spread tubular epithelium necrobiotic changes, atrophy of glomerular tuft and proliferative hyperplasia. The latter was accompanied with positive PCNA expression in kidney tissues as well as DNA ploidy interpretation of major cellular population of degenerated cells, appearance of tetraploid cells, high proliferation index and high DNA index. Morphometrical measurements revealed marked glomerular and tubular lumen alterations. On contrary, spirulina co-treatment with Cr significantly restored the histopathological changes, antioxidants and renal function markers and all the previously mentioned changes as well.

Pengaruh Pemberian Vanadil Sulfat dan Kromium (III) Klorida terhadap Fungsi Ginjal Mencit Putih Diabetes

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari dua logam berat vanadil sulfat dan krom (III) klorida pada tingkat kreatinin darah tikus putih hiperglikemia yang disebabkan oleh deksametason 11mg/kgBB. Hewan-hewan percobaan dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok yang terdiri dari 5 tikus putih. Kelompok I digunakan sebagai kelompok kontrol, yang hanya menerima makanan standar dan suplemen makanan. Kelompok II - V diinduksi dengan dexametason 11mg/ kgBB untuk meningkatkan kadar glukosa mereka. Kelompok III juga diberikan kromium (III) klorida 5,2 ug/ 20g BW. Kelompok IV juga diberi vanadil sulfat pada dosis 0,78 mg/ 20 gBB. Kelompok V menerima kombinasi vanadil sulfat dengan dosis 0,39 mg/ 20 gBB dan kromium (III) klorida pada dosis 2,6 ug/ 20 gBB. Tingkat kreatinin darah ditentukan dengan metode enzimatik yang dilakukan selama 42 hari dan pengamatan dilakukan pada hari ke-7, hari ke-21 dan hari ke-42. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi vanadil sulfat dan kromium (III) klorida secara signifikan mengurangi tingkat kreatinin darah tikus putih (P &lt;0,05).

Systemic allergic dermatitis resulting from oral administration of chromium with a food supplement

Systemic allergic dermatitis resulting from oral administration of chromium with a food supplement