Administrative Areas Research Articles

Qinzhuliangxue mixture ameliorates psoriasis by restraining apoptosis in psoriasis via downregulating the MDA-5 pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevancePsoriasis is characterized by hyperkeratosis that produces the classic silvery scales, and the pathogenesis of psoriasis involves abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes. Emerging evidence supports that apoptosis regulates keratinocyte proliferation and formation of stratum corneum, which maintains the homeostasis of the skin. Qinzhuliangxue mixture (QZLX) is a representative formula for the treatment of psoriasis, which was earliest recorded in the classic Chinese medicine book Xia's Surgery. In our previous clinical studies, QZLX demonstrated 83.33% efficacy with few side effects in the treatment of psoriasis. Furthermore, our published basic research has also proved that the QZLX mixture effectively inhibits the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, thus exerting therapeutic effects on psoriasis. However, whether QZLX mixture can regulate keratinocytes apoptosis requires further clarification. Objective of the studyTo investigate the mechanism of QZLX in the treatment of psoriasis from the perspective of keratinocyte apoptosis. Materials and methodsFirst, psoriasis-like mice with imiquimod (IMQ)-induced were given QZLX intragastric administration and Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores were recored for 11 consecutive days to appraise the efficacy. Then, tissue samples were collected for transcriptome analysis. The DEseq2 method detected significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway databases were used to analyze the functions and pathway enrichment of DEGs. After that, the therapeutic mechanisms of QZLX in intervening with psoriasis were explored using TUNEL, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting. ResultsQZLX ameliorated the symptoms and pathological characteristics of IMQ-induced psoriasis in mice. The epidermal cell hyperplasia in the skin was inhibited, in accordance with the suppressed expression of PCNA and Ki67 after treatment. Transcriptome sequencing showed that melanoma differentiation associated gene-5 (MDA-5) was downregulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the signaling pathways indicated that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in apoptosis pathways. Besides, QZLX treatment decreased the apoptosis of keratinocyte as shown by reduced TUNEL-positive cells. As MDA-5 protein levels decreased, so did the expression of the downstream protein Caspase-8, which indicates that the apoptotic pathway was triggered. Furthermore, QZLX therapy might also help to balance the apoptotic Bcl-2 family expression. ConclusionQZLX restrains the apoptosis of keratinocyte in psoriasis-like mice by downregulating the MDA-5 pathway. The restoration of the balance between cell apoptosis and proliferation in the skin may lead to considerable psoriasis relief. Our study reveals the possible molecular processes behind the effects of QZLX therapy on the skin lesions of psoriasis, and lends support to its clinical efficacy.

The spatiotemporal characteristics and obstacle factors of the coupled and coordinated development of agricultural and rural digitalization and food system sustainability in China

IntroductionThe sustainable development of China’s food system is an essential requirement for realizing the digital transformation of agriculture and rural areas and the main target for the big release of agricultural and rural digitalization dividends and the scale of feedback. What are the current trends of change in China’s agricultural and rural digitization and sustainable development of the food system? Have they achieved a high level of coordinated development? What are the factors constraining their coordinated development?MethodsThis work is based on 30 Chinese provincial administrative areas from 2011 to 2020. We adopt the entropy weight method to calculate the comprehensive development index of the agricultural and rural digitization and food system sustainability, respectively. The coupling degree and coupling coordination degree of the two systems are calculated by applying the coupling coordination degree model. The obstacle degree model was used to diagnose the obstacles constraining the coupling and coordinated development of the coupled systems.ResultsThis study found that the development index of China’s provincial agricultural and rural digitization and food system sustainability increased gradually from 2011 to 2020. The coupling of the two systems is mainly in the high-level coupling stage, but the coupling coordination degree is primarily in the low and medium coupling coordination intervals. These results are heterogeneous across China’s four geographic regions: east, center, west, and northeast. The level of rural digital platform construction and rural digital industrialization is the most essential indicator-level and element-level barriers to agricultural and rural digitalization, respectively. Per capita food possession and food stability are, respectively, the most critical indicator-level and element-level barriers to the food system sustainability.DiscussionThe research in this work contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary trends in agriculture and rural digitalization and the food system sustainability in the country as a whole and within the country. Although the two systems have not achieved a high level of coordinated development, the coupling degree and coupled coordination degree show a positive feedback relationship. The analysis of the obstacle factors helps to recognize the main bottlenecks constraining the coupled and coordinated development of the systems at a more specific level.

Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Seasonality on the Temperature Regime of Extensive Roofs in Central Europe

Current building envelope greening systems are not just areas covered with vegetation. Today’s systems can maximise the functional contribution of vegetation to a building’s performance and become part of a sustainable urban renewal strategy. The impact of the vegetation layer directly affects the building in its immediate vicinity, from the outside, while also having a significant impact on the indoor environment. Green roofs are the most widespread vegetated structures worldwide. This paper aims to demonstrate the behaviour of the temperature regime of an extensive green roof over a production hall and an administrative area in comparison to that of a roof without vegetation cover. In evaluating the results, a period with weather representative of winter and summer was selected to show the importance of seasonality. The fact that this is a new building, and that the extensive roof is not fully covered with vegetation, is very well reflected in the results, as the absence of a vegetated area significantly affects the temperature of as well as the heat flux through the roof structure. The dark colour of the substrate absorbs significantly more solar radiation than the light surface of the waterproofing, resulting in an increase in temperature and heat flux into the structure.

Highlights of the 65th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine

The 65th annual meeting of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine took place in July 2023 with a theme of “The Art of Science, The Science of Care.” We review a sample of the more than 1000 talks and 1600 posters, focusing on a few topics of interest. Recent legislative changes across the country regarding reproductive health care have led to questions about how these regulations may affect your practice. A fantastic multidisciplinary session addressed these issues with experts in the areas of legal, administration, physics, and medicine. Both the scientific sessions and vendor hall displayed a multitude of artificial intelligence-based solutions. Presenters from academia and industry discussed the latest technological advancements, along with the potential challenges of evaluating, implementing, and maintaining this new technology. Advancements in artificial intelligence have reduced the time required to contour and compute new plans, allowing adaptive radiation therapy (ART) to become mainstream. ART-specific treatment platforms, such as MR linacs and Ethos, streamline the ART workflow and make it accessible to most clinics. Presenters discussed the latest clinical applications of ART, and shared their experience with the workflows, commissioning, and training that has worked in their clinics. We hope this snapshot of American Association of Physicists in Medicine 2023 has piqued your interest and we will see you in Los Angeles in 2024.

Excess deaths in China during SARS-CoV-2 viral waves in 2022–2023

BackgroundThe extent to which the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 raised death rates in China during its viral wave of December 2022–January 2023 remains largely undocumented. MethodsWe worked with an established national survey organization to survey 8,004 adults in all 31 administrative areas of China to ask about deaths in families since January 2020. We examined age-specific death rates, focusing on deaths above age 60 years, and at 15–59 years. We compared these to the United Nations (UN) estimates of age-specific mortality in 2019. FindingsThe survey participants were broadly similar to the 2020 census and other national surveys in age, sex, region, and smoking status, but had lower SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates and higher education levels. There were no differences in reporting of deaths during the Omicron period (after November 2021) versus earlier. The survey captured 456 deaths, of which 329 occurred at ages 60+ years and 212 were of women. At ages 60+ years, death rates approximately doubled during December 2022-January 2023. Deaths at ages 15–59 years did not rise appreciably. The UN estimates approximately 675,000 deaths per month at ages 60+ years in 2019. If rates doubled nationally as in our survey, China had approximately 1.35 million excess deaths from December 2022-January 2023. InterpretationChina experienced a sharp but short increase in excess deaths among its elderly during the Omicron wave. If death registry data corroborate our estimates of substantial excess deaths in China, the worldwide estimates of excess deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 in 2022–2023 may need upward adjustment.

Конституционно-правовые основы построения пластичной модели координации публичной власти в субъектах Российской Федерации

This article is devoted to the study of the constitutional and legal foundations for constructing a flexible model of coordination of elements of a single public authority operating in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is substantiated that one of the pressing problems of organizing the subsystem of public power at this level is the inability of regions and specifically their top officials to confirm their effectiveness through legal forms of actions and decisions that correspond to the changing conditions for the implementation of public functions by them, taking into account the introduced special legal regime, regional (local) specifics. It is argued that in the modern realities of state and legal development, the most promising is the flexible regulation of coordination actions and decisions, in which, at the stage of developing a strategy for the implementation of public functions in areas that are critical for achieving performance indicators of government bodies, in the absence of threats to national security and safety of the population, the subjects of the coordination mechanism create conditions for coordinated functioning. If specific threats arise, the implementation of public functions in critical areas passes to the coordinating entity, authorized to make operational (crisis) decisions on the organization and implementation of joint and other agreed upon activities that are mandatory for all participants in the coordination mechanism. In the latter case, the competence of the coordinated entities in the relevant area of public administration or their individual powers are considered transferred to the coordinator.

The Influence of Socio-Economic Facilities and Population Density on Landuse Changes in Gunungpati District, Semarang City

Land use still serves as a guide for urban development decisions, even though they are typically independent. Establishing important corporate hubs has made economic considerations a key driver in determining how the city’s land-use structure will be governed. The study investigates the influence of socio-economic facilities and population density on land use changes in Gunungpati district, Semarang City. The data processing technique used in this study was to make a map of the administrative area of Gunungpati District. The following data processing stage digitizes Gunungpati District images in 2011 and 2019 to determine land use. Then carry out the overlay process on the two land use maps of the Gunungpati District to find out changes in land use in 2011 and 2019. Qualitative data analysis was used in this study. The findings of land change map overlays between 2011 and 2019 were used for qualitative data map analysis. The findings demonstrate that settlements, which account for 2,255 hectares of land in Gunung Pati District, dominate land use, with Pakintelan Village having the highest residential land use. At the same time, the most minor land use is in the service sector, namely as much as 590 Ha. Land use in Gunungpati District in 2019 was dominated by residential land, namely 2,388 Ha, where the highest residential land use was in Sekaran Village, namely 250.76 Ha. The slightest use of land is on service land, which is 442.51 Ha, with the highest use of service land in Sekaran Village, which is 58.24 Ha. The dominant factors influencing changes in land use are the increase in social facilities and population density, which encourage land conversion and make it a more productive resource.

Development Strategy of Community-Based Tourism in Trate Village, Bojonegoro

Bojonegoro is one of the districts within the administrative area of East Java province. So far, the quite large tourism potential in Trate Village has not been optimally utilized to develop it as a tourist village considering that several obstacles are still found, including weak human resources related to the entrepreneurial spirit, weak understanding of the concept of tourist villages, and so on. This research uses a qualitative approach method with descriptive explanation where the research emphasizes knowing certain phenomena. What is studied in this research is to develop a strategy for developing a community-based Trate tourist village to utilize and optimize the potential of the Trate Tourism Village and to analyze the internal and external factors that influence the development of the Trate tourist village. The results of this research are that the researcher provides the results of the Internal Strategy Factor Analysis (IFAS) in the Trate Tourism Village, obtained with a score on the strength factors of 2.15 and a score on the weakness factors of 1.10 with a total score of 3.25. The results of the analysis of External Strategy Factors (EFAS) in Trate Tourism Village were obtained with a score on the Opportunity Factor of 2.10 and a score on the Threat Factor of 1.25 with a total score of 3.35. The results of the researcher's analysis of processing data on internal factors and external factors in Trate Tourism Village obtained a score for each factor as follows: Score for strength factors = 2.15, Score for weakness factors = 1.10, Score for opportunity factors = 2.10, Score for threat factor = 1.25. The development strategy that must be implemented by the Trate Tourism Village uses the Strength Opportunities (SO) strategy and is applied based on existing strengths by exploiting opportunities in the Trate Tourism Village and taking advantage of opportunities outside the Trate Tourism Village.

Pemberdayaan terhadap Usaha Produktif Umkm melalui Pendekatan Digital Marketing di Desa Ledokombo Kabupaten Jember

Ledokombo Village is one of the villages in the eastern part of Jember Regency, East Java Province. This village is within the administrative area of Ledokombo District. The area of Ledokombo Village is bordered by the areas of neighboring villages, such as Sukogidri Village, Ledokombo District, and Cumedak Village, Sumberjambe District. One of the elements of society that drives the economy is MSMEs in Ledokombo Village. The MSME players in Ledokombo Village are the "Banana Chips" MSME, which is committed to having a productive business but does not yet have a business network and knowledge about optimizing product marketing and has experienced a decline in orders from consumers. This is because the product marketing system is still conventional. The location of the service was Ledokombo Village, Jember Regency. The method of implementing the service uses the survey, FGD, socialization, training, and mentoring methods for Banana Chips MSMEs. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out appropriate empowerment efforts through counseling and training in optimizing business by utilizing marketplaces and social media. The results of the service show that the program that has been implemented has been well adopted by the Banana Chips MSMEs in Ledokombo Village. This is demonstrated by the packaging of products sold to consumers using packaging that has been recommended by the service implementation team. Improved service to consumers is based on innovative, creative principles and what is needed by the market.

ARBITRATION REGULATORY ISSUE ON INTEGRITY IN LABOR-MANAGEMENT CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES: HOP ON OR HOP OFF?

Objectives: The research aimed to assess the role of the private sector in influencing or affecting the integrity performance of the arbitration process and the actors involved. It intended to propose a monitoring solution to the regulatory issue on integrity through public-private collaboration.
 
 Methods: The researcher utilized purposive non-parametric study of two Philippine government agencies involved in the administration of justice in Metro Manila. They employed a descriptive survey method to identify, describe, and document the influence of stakeholders. Additionally, focus group discussions among selected practitioners/litigants from workers, employers, and lawyers, along with interviews of resource persons from various areas of justice administration, were conducted to validate and clarify survey results.
 
 Results: The study revealed a volatile environment in labor justice administration, wherein existing mechanisms proved vulnerable to corruption. It highlighted concerns such as partiality, lack of credibility, and independence of arbitrators, which eroded public trust in the arbitration process and outcomes.
 
 Conclusion: The study proposes a paradigm shift from the current compartmentalized and complaint-driven anti-corruption strategy to the researcher’s conceptualized “A.C.T.I.V.E. Public Service Delivery.” This approach aims to address identified integrity gaps related to vertical, horizontal, external, and developmental accountabilities. By doing so, it seeks to enhance the integrity performance of the arbitration process and restore public trust in labor justice administration.

Higher livestock abortion burden in arid and semi-arid lands, Kenya, 2019-2020.

Tracking livestock abortion patterns over time and across factors such as species and agroecological zones (AEZs) could inform policies to mitigate disease emergence, zoonoses risk, and reproductive losses. We conducted a year-long population-based active surveillance of livestock abortion between 2019 and 2020, in administrative areas covering 52% of Kenya's landmass and home to 50% of Kenya's livestock. Surveillance sites were randomly selected to represent all AEZs in the country. Local animal health practitioners electronically transmitted weekly abortion reports from each ward, the smallest administrative unit, to a central server, using a simple short messaging service (SMS). Data were analyzed descriptively by administrative unit, species, and AEZ to reveal spatiotemporal patterns and relationships with rainfall and temperature. Of 23,766 abortions reported in all livestock species, sheep and goats contributed 77%, with goats alone contributing 53%. Seventy-seven per cent (n = 18,280) of these abortions occurred in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) that primarily practice pastoralism production systems. While spatiotemporal clustering of cases was observed in May-July 2019 in the ASALs, there was a substantial seasonal fluctuation across AEZs. Kenya experiences high livestock abortion rates, most of which go unreported. We recommend further research to document the national true burden of abortions. In ASALs, studies linking pathogen, climate, and environmental surveillance are needed to assign livestock abortions to infectious or non-infectious aetiologies and conducting human acute febrile illnesses surveillance to detect any links with the abortions.

Climate change and geo-environmental factors influencing desertification: a critical review.

The problem of desertification (DSF) is one of the most severe environmental disasters which influence the overall condition of the environment. In Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit on Environment and Development (1922), DSF is defined as arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid induced LD and that is adopted at the UNEP's Nairobi ad hoc meeting in 1977. It has been seen that there is no variability in the trend of long-term rainfall, but the change has been found in the variability of temperature (avg. temp. 0-5°C). There is no proof that the air pollution brought on by CO2 and other warming gases is the cause of this rise, which seems to be partially caused by urbanization. The two types of driving factors in DSF-CC (climate change) along with anthropogenic influences-must be compared in order to work and take action to stop DSF from spreading. The proportional contributions of human activity and CC to DSF have been extensively evaluated in this work from "qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative" perspectives. In this study, we have tried to connect the drives of desertification to desertification-induced migration due to loss of biodiversity and agriculture failure. The authors discovered that several of the issues from the earlier studies persisted. The policy-makers should follow the proper SLM (soil and land management) through using the land. The afforestation with social forestry and consciousness among the people can reduce the spreading of the desertification (Badapalli et al. 2023). The green wall is also playing an important role to reduce the desertification. For instance, it was clear that assessments were subjective; they could not be readily replicated, and they always relied on administrative areas rather than being taken and displayed in a continuous space. This research is trying to fulfill the mentioned research gap with the help of the existing literatures related to this field.

Public Management for Local Development: Perception from the Administrative Area of a Municipality in Peru.

To analyze the perception of the administrative department of a municipality regarding public management. Qualitative approach through interviews. The sample consisted of 30 employees from the administrative department of a municipality in Peru. It was found that the employees seem to have a clear understanding of the applied public management model and the organization of the administrative area. Responses regarding the management of financial, human, and material resources vary in accuracy and detail, suggesting a possible lack of knowledge in some areas. It is important to enhance communication clarity on these topics and provide precise information to ensure effective and transparent management within the municipality. Municipality employees demonstrate an understanding of their roles and face challenges in teamwork and bureaucracy. There is some confusion regarding the "New Public Management" and a lack of knowledge in resource management. Improving training, streamlining procedures, and fostering team participation in planning are crucial aspects. Furthermore, implementing periodic assessments is recommended to enhance administrative efficiency.

A reproducible ensemble machine learning approach to forecast dengue outbreaks

Dengue fever, a prevalent and rapidly spreading arboviral disease, poses substantial public health and economic challenges in tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide. Predicting infectious disease outbreaks on a countrywide scale is complex due to spatiotemporal variations in dengue incidence across administrative areas. To address this, we propose a machine learning ensemble model for forecasting the dengue incidence rate (DIR) in Brazil, with a focus on the population under 19 years old. The model integrates spatial and temporal information, providing one-month-ahead DIR estimates at the state level. Comparative analyses with a dummy model and ablation studies demonstrate the ensemble model’s qualitative and quantitative efficacy across the 27 Brazilian Federal Units. Furthermore, we showcase the transferability of this approach to Peru, another Latin American country with differing epidemiological characteristics. This timely forecast system can aid local governments in implementing targeted control measures. The study advances climate services for health by identifying factors triggering dengue outbreaks in Brazil and Peru, emphasizing collaborative efforts with intergovernmental organizations and public health institutions. The innovation lies not only in the algorithms themselves but in their application to a domain marked by data scarcity and operational scalability challenges. We bridge the gap by integrating well-curated ground data with advanced analytical methods, addressing a significant deficiency in current practices. The successful transfer of the model to Peru and its consistent performance during the 2019 outbreak in Brazil showcase its scalability and practical application. While acknowledging limitations in handling extreme values, especially in regions with low DIR, our approach excels where accurate predictions are critical. The study not only contributes to advancing DIR forecasting but also represents a paradigm shift in integrating advanced analytics into public health operational frameworks. This work, driven by a collaborative spirit involving intergovernmental organizations and public health institutions, sets a precedent for interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global health challenges. It not only enhances our understanding of factors triggering dengue outbreaks but also serves as a template for the effective implementation of advanced analytical methods in public health.

Functional Labour Markets Revealed by Travel to Work Data 1991 and 2001

Regional labour market analysis is ideally based on functional rather than administrative areas. Travel-to-work data obtained from the 1991 and 2001 Census are used to define a set of functional labour markets for New Zealand. Considerable stability is found in the boundaries of the identified labour markets 1991 and 2001 although with a reduction in the number of areas from 140 to 106. The overall stability in the identified areas suggests that they provide a robust basis for regional analysis. The reduction in the number of areas is explained in part by data deficiencies associated with the 2001 Census and in some instances by changes in commuting patterns.

Penerapan PSAP 07 tentang Aset Tetap pada Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Kota Palembang

The purpose of this study was to determine the Application of Fixed Assets Accounting based on based on PSAP 07 at the Palembang City Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency. In this study utilizing subjective exploration strategies with essential information sources through meetings and documentation. After the information is acquired then given engaging examination strategies. The information source was acquired from the Palembang City Provincial Monetary Administration Office, the Territorial Resource Monetary Administration area. The exploration utilized an examining strategy, specifically purposive testing to ten examples as witnesses. Information triangulation as the legitimacy of exploration information. The consequences of this study show that the use of fixed resource bookkeeping at the Palembang City Provincial Monetary and Resource The board Organization is as per the Assertion of Government Bookkeeping Guidelines No. 07. For characterization, acknowledgment, estimation, valuation, end or removal, revelation, and devaluation of resources is as per existing guidelines.

Assessing Peri-Urbanisation and Urban Transitions between 2010 and 2020 in Ho Chi Minh City using an Urban Structure Type Approach

This paper contributes to the understanding of the recent urban development of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Previous studies have aimed at quantifying the city’s spatial growth yet have disregarded its inherent morphological and socio-economic heterogeneity. To overcome this knowledge gap, we employ an urban structure type approach for the spatially explicit quantification of urbanisation patterns for the period 2010–⁠2020, categorising 77,000 blocks across the entire administrative area of 2095 km2. The approach allows us to understand the basic underlying processes of urbanisation, both quantitatively and qualitatively, and the main growth corridors along the rural–urban gradient. By contextualizing and combining our findings within current literature and official planning reports, we discern between traditional urban growth and the contemporary new town development patterns, highlighting their driving forces and policy implications. Incremental plot-by-plot development along the northwest development corridor is observed as the principal mode of urban development, whilst bypass urbanisation is seen along both the eastern and southern development corridors. Our block-based results highlight the city’s key growth challenges and provide insights on a scale that is meaningful for official spatial and infrastructure planning, and periodic analysis and monitoring. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first time that an urban structure type approach was applied to understand the rapid urban growth dynamics of an emerging megacity in Southeast Asia.

Urban growth character in 12 Hungarian middle-sized towns between 1990 and 2018

ABSTRACT This study reviews the land use changes between 1990 and 2018 with the presentation of 12 towns in Hungary focusing on the situation and change of land cover. The character and morphological aspect of new artificial surfaces are reviewed; the change of compactness and green infrastructure is shown with indicators; the different character of administrative areas and urban centres is highlighted. The study relies on data from the Corine Database and the Urban Atlas. Based on the analysis, the towns were grouped according to calculated indicators and the changes were presented on maps. Although the overall urban growth is relatively low, in all Hungarian second-tier towns an increase of artificial surfaces is experienced. New industrial and residential units appear connected to urban centres, which mostly occupy arable land and pastures, while new mine sites and transportation units are further from the central areas. The compactness and porosity decreased.

Spatial analysis of solid waste collection sites in Abakaliki metropolis

Waste management is becoming more difficult as a result of the growing population and increased waste generation. Waste collection is a crucial step in the waste management process. This study mapped out the locations of the current waste collection sites in Abakaliki metropolis, analyzed their spatial distribution using the Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) tool in GIS software, and looked into the implications of these sites. The results showed 373 waste collection sites within the metropolis, of which 77.5% of them were unofficial. In addition, the analysis demonstrated that the distribution of the waste collection sites within the metropolis increases with a residential density waste/area ratio of 15.41, 1.63, and 0.76 for high, medium and low residential density areas respectively. The average nearest neighbor result also revealed that the distributions of the waste collection sites within the metropolis are clustered in three (3) out of the Six (6) classified land uses namely, high residential density areas, medium residential density areas and the commercial areas whereas the administrative and public areas showed dispersed distribution. The study concluded that waste collection sites within Abakaliki Metropolis were not selected based on empirical studies.

Islamic Legislation Enforced by Kelantan Local Council

Local council, also known as local government (worldwide) and local authority (Malaysia). Local Government Act 1976 is the main reference and regulates the operation of local councils in Malaysia, and all are placed under the jurisdiction of the state government. The legislation created by the local council is named by-laws, and each has its autonomy in legislating its law according to their needs. As such, some local councils, especially in eastern peninsular Malaysia, executed Islamic by-laws in performing their duties and functions at the designated administration area. The focus of the study was to analyse the issue of the ban on unisex salons, enforcement of board guidelines advertisement that compulsory to cover the aurat, and the enforcement of proper clothing covering the aurat among the Muslim community and dressing politely for non-Muslims by the Kelantan local council. The enforcement is due to non-compliance among residents towards the local order. The main purpose of this study is to get viewpoints from residents on the Islamic by-law's enforcement together with the impact. Purposive sampling was utilized by the study and managed to gather 80 respondents through the Google form distributed. The result shows that the residents are aware of the Islamic by-laws authorized by the local council and respond well to the impact in influencing and shaping the resident's attitudes. Kota Bharu Municipal Council of Islamic City (MPKB-BRI) started the first step in applying Islamic by-laws. It became a good example of Islamic value teaching in their daily life operation being emulated by other local councils in Kelantan.