Adjuvant Analgesics Research Articles

Anesthetic- and Analgesic-Related Drugs Modulating Both Voltage-Gated Na+ and TRP Channels

Nociceptive information is transmitted by action potentials (APs) through primary afferent neurons from the periphery to the central nervous system. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are involved in this AP production, while transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which are non-selective cation channels, are involved in receiving and transmitting nociceptive stimuli in the peripheral and central terminals of the primary afferent neurons. Peripheral terminal TRP vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), ankylin-1 (TRPA1) and melastatin-8 (TRPM8) activation produces APs, while central terminal TRP activation enhances the spontaneous release of L-glutamate from the terminal to spinal cord and brain stem lamina II neurons that play a pivotal role in modulating nociceptive transmission. There is much evidence demonstrating that chemical compounds involved in Na+ channel (or nerve AP conduction) inhibition modify TRP channel functions. Among these compounds are local anesthetics, anti-epileptics, α2-adrenoceptor agonists, antidepressants (all of which are used as analgesic adjuvants), general anesthetics, opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and plant-derived compounds, many of which are involved in antinociception. This review mentions the modulation of Na+ channels and TRP channels including TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPM8, both of which modulations are produced by pain-related compounds.

Pain syndrome, “dropped head” and myasthenia gravis: a case report and literature review

The objective of the study is to present a description of the first domestic clinical observation of the painful dropped head syndrome in a patient with myasthenia gravis (MG).Materials and Methods. Clinical, laboratory and instrumental data were analyzed over the course of MG symptoms with late onset in combination with thymoma, manifesting with pain and weakness in the neck extensors.Results. The characteristic and unique features of diagnostics and treatment of MG developed in a 59-year-old patient associated with antecollis and significant pain syndrome, initially considered as manifestations of osteochondrosis, are observed in comparison with the literature data. The information on the occurrence, demographic origin, association with the type of receptor targets, thymus pathology and reversibility of these disorders in MG is systematized, and the importance of addressing the concepts of pain in MG is emphasized. The positive effect of ipidacrine in the symptomatic treatment of MG in a patient with marked cholinergic manifestations induced by conventional anticholinergic agents (AA) therapy is confirmed.Conclusions. MG can cause axial muscle impairment leading to the phenomenon of “dropped head” and the development of pain syndrome atypical for the classical course of the disease. Pathogenetic treatment of seropositive MG in most cases leads to the elimination of its clinical manifestations, including pain. In some cases, the use of the reversible AA ipidacrine is an additional advantage in the therapy of such conditions, taking into account its concomitant proven efficacy as an adjuvant analgesic.

Adjuvant non-opioid analgesics decrease in-hospital mortality in targeted patients with acute pancreatitis receiving opioids

Objectives Opioid administration in acute pancreatitis (AP) exacerbates its severity, prompting concerns regarding the increased requirement for intensive care and its potential impact on patient survival. We aimed to elucidate the influence of analgesic patterns on mortality among patients with AP hospitalized in the ICU. Methods We included 784 patients (198 receiving opioid monotherapy and 586 receiving opioid polytherapy) from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Propensity score matching was used to account for baseline differences. We used Kaplan–Meier survival curves and multivariate regression models to indicate survival discrepancies and potential associations. Results Polytherapy group exhibited prolonged hospital survival (79.8 vs. 57.3 days, P < 0.001); polytherapy was associated with decreasing in-hospital mortality adjusted for confounders (HR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.26–0.92; P = 0.027). Stratification analysis indicated that patients receiving adjunctive acetaminophen had prolonged hospital survival (opioid vs. opioid + acetaminophen, P < 0.001; opioid vs. opioid + NSAIDs + acetaminophen, P = 0.026). Opioid polytherapy benefited patients with APACHE III scores >83 and those with mean oral morphine equivalent >60 mg/day (HR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.1–0.3, P < 0.001 and HR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.2–0.52, P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion Our findings suggest that an opioid-based analgesic regimen offers a survival advantage for patients with AP, particularly those in critical condition or with concerns about opioid use. This approach provides a viable clinical strategy for pain management. Further randomized clinical trials are warranted to validate these results.

Enhancing analgesia in acute renal colic pain: a randomized controlled trial of gabapentin adjunct to ketorolac-based regimen.

Renal colic is characterized by severe pain that is highly disabling. Gabapentin, an antiepileptic medication, is often recommended as a first-line therapy for neuropathic pain. However, its effectiveness in managing somatic pain, which is defined as the result of activity by pain receptors in the deep tissues, such as renal colic pain, is not as well-established. A phase 3 randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the adjuvant analgesic effects of gabapentin on acute renal colic pain. Eligible patients participated in the study via random allocation to the control or gabapentin groups using the block randomization method. All patients received a shared regimen of ketorolac and rescue morphine as the conventional analgesic treatment for renal colic pain. Gabapentin was added as an adjuvant analgesic for the gabapentin group. A total of 63 individuals with an average age of 41.35 ± 13.08, were enrolled and completed the study. At the time of admission, there were no significant differences between the baseline characteristics of two groups, with exception of weight. The gabapentin group showed a significantly higher percentage of patients with pain severity of less than 5 after 60 and 90 min, as well as a significantly lower percentage of morphine rescue requirement and total morphine intake (mg) and mg/kg. In cases of acute renal colic, gabapentin significantly decreases both the amount of morphine required and the degree of pain, indicating that it may be a useful adjutant to standard analgesic regimens. Treatment regimens that include gabapentin may help individuals manage their pain and become less reliant on opioids. https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/56066, identifier: IRCT20200322046833N2.

Comparison of spinal anesthesia and local anesthesia in percutaneous interlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy for L5/S1 disc herniation: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundInterlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy (IELD) is a prevalent method for managing lumbar disc herniation. Local anesthesia (LA) is frequently employed during IELD, albeit with its merits and drawbacks. The spinal anesthesia (SA) represents a feasible anesthetic strategy for IELD; however, the availability of clinical research data is currently limited.MethodsThe propensity score matching was conducted to ensure the comparability of the SA and LA groups. The outcome measures were operation time, intraoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, need for adjuvant analgesia, intraoperative vital signs, blood loss, adverse surgical events, anesthesia-related complications, postoperative bed rest duration, VAS for pain at 2 h postoperatively, Oswestry Disability Index score (ODI), satisfaction with surgical efficacy, and willingness to undergo reoperation at 6 months postoperatively.ResultsFifty-six patients were assigned to each group. Significant differences were found between the groups regarding intraoperative VAS for pain, use of adjuvant analgesics, willingness to undergo reoperation, maximum intraoperative systolic blood pressure, and variability (P < 0.05). Compared to the LA group, the SA group had lower VAS for pain at 2 h postoperatively, a longer operation time, a longer duration of postoperative bedrest, and more anesthesia-related complications (P < 0.05). No significant intergroup differences were detected in intraoperative heart rate variability, blood loss, ODI, satisfaction with surgical efficacy, and surgery-related complications (P > 0.05).ConclusionSA as an alternative anesthesia for IELD surgery holds great promise, exhibiting superior efficacy compared to LA. However, it is crucial to meticulously evaluate the indications due to potential risks associated with this form of anesthesia.

Prescription pattern of usage of analgesics in pain relief in cancer patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital - An observational prospective study

Objective The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for the pharmacological and radiotherapeutic management of cancer pain in adults and adolescents to provide evidence-based guidance to healthcare providers on the adequate relief of pain associated with cancer. This prospective study was done to evaluate the prescription pattern of analgesics for the treatment of cancer pain. Material and Methods This prospective observational study was conducted in cancer patients attending the pain clinic of the Anesthesia and Radiotherapy Outpatient Department. Approval was obtained from the Institutional Human Ethics Committee. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years of either gender, willing to provide written informed consent, and patients undergoing radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or palliative treatment. Exclusion criteria were patients having psychiatric illness, not willing to provide written informed consent, patients having renal and or hepatic dysfunction, patients with comorbidities with chronic pain, and patients who underwent surgical intervention. Results A total of 100 participants were recruited during the study period of July 2022–April 2024 whose data were assessed. Participants were prescribed different classes of analgesic drugs, which included 30% participants on opioid analgesics, 30% on non-opioid analgesics, and 40% on combination therapy. Among opioid analgesics, morphine was the most commonly prescribed. Among non-opioid, paracetamol was the most commonly prescribed. Among combination therapy, tramadol was the most commonly prescribed. Pregabalin was most commonly used as an adjuvant analgesic. Conclusion This study also emphasizes on need for adequate treatment of cancer pain and vigilant monitoring of patients on opioids to prevent drug abuse, drug dependence, and adverse drug reactions.

Magnesium sulfate enhances the effect of the peripheral analgesic cocktail in total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Although magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is widely used as an analgesic adjuvant to peripheral analgesic cocktails, its efficacy in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is still controversial. Therefore, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the literature to assess the analgesic efficacy of MgSO4 as an adjuvant to the analgesic cocktail in TKA. The PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. The meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Data were qualitatively synthesized or meta-analyzed using a random-effects model. Five randomized controlled trials involving 432 patients were included. Meta-analyses detected significant differences between the MgSO4 and control groups in the visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores (rest) at 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively; VAS pain scores (motion) at 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively; morphine consumption within 24 h, 24-48 h, and during the total hospitalization period; time to first rescue analgesia after TKA; and length of hospital stay. Regarding the functional recovery, the meta-analysis demonstrated significant differences between groups in terms of knee range of motion on postoperative day 1; daily mobilization distance on postoperative day 1; and daily mobilization distance. There was no significant intergroup difference in surgical complications. The findings suggest that MgSO4 is a promising adjunct to the analgesic cocktail, achieving significant improvements in pain scores and total opioid consumption during the early postoperative period after TKA.

Emergence Delirium in children

Delirium after anesthesia, also known as emergence delirium (ED) is a clinical condition in which patients have alterations to their attention, awareness, and perceptions. In children, this often results in behavioral disturbances such as crying, sobbing, thrashing and disorientation. Emergence Agitation (EA) and Emergence Delirium (ED) are commonly used interchangeably; they describe two distinct conditions with emergence delirium being described in the anesthesia literature as a state of mental confusion, agitation, and dis-inhibition marked by some degree of hyper-excitability during recovery from general anesthesia. The commonly reported incidence of emergence delirium is about 10% to 30% of paediatric patients. Risk factors associated with emergence delirium are age, preexisting behaviours, types of surgery and the use of volatile anaesthesia. Transient agitation - delirium from sevoflurane anesthesia can lead to a variety of adverse events, such as airway spasm, shedding or displaced tracheal tube, dehiscence, or bleeding. Volatile anaesthetics may affect brain activity by interfering with the balance between neuronal synaptic inhibition and excitation in the central nervous system. Elevated postoperative pain has been suggested to underlie ED. But given that ED is seen in patients undergoing MRI, pain cannot be the sole cause. Treatment options include the use of premedication, analgesic adjuvants, single dose of propofol at the conclusion of the case. Midazolam premedication, intraoperative dexmedetomidine and fentanyl were associated with lower incidence of ED. The incidence of ED in patients receiving propofol is markedly lower than those receiving sevoflurane, despite the similar rapid emergence profile of both agents. Paediatric Assessment of Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale, developed specifically for children, is a valid and reliable scale. Watcha score is a simpler, reliable tool to measure emergence behaviour. There has been considerable progress in the neuroscience of anaesthesia and the application of new pharmacological agents, but the mystery behind the exact mechanism of ED is elusive. ED is a diagnosis of exclusion once other causes have been dismiss. There is no strong evidence of long-term effects and outcomes in children who developed emergence delirium after anesthesia. Prevention may be the best treatment but no one medication is entirely effective.

Successful pain control with add-on methadone for refractory neuropathic pain due to radiation necrosis in pontine metastatic lesion: a case report

BackgroundCentral pain, characterized by neuropathic pain, can manifest due to injury to the superior spinothalamic tract. The brainstem includes sensory and motor pathways as well as nuclei of the cranial nerves, and therefore cancer metastasis in the region requires early intervention. Although stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is commonly employed for the treatment of brain metastasis, it poses risks of late complications like radiation necrosis (RN). RN exacerbates the progression of brain lesions within the irradiated area, and in the brainstem, it can damage multiple nerves, including the superior spinothalamic tract. Central neuropathic pain is often intractable and empirically managed with a combination of conventional drugs, such as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and anticonvulsants. However, their efficacy is often limited, leading to a decline in performance status (PS) and quality of life (QOL).Case presentationWe present the case of a 53-year-old man diagnosed with stage IV lung cancer, referred to our palliative care team for managing severe central pain resulting from SRS-related RN in the pons. Despite administration of opioids, including oxycodone and hydromorphone, and adjuvant analgesics, the patient continued to require frequent use of immediate-release opioids. The addition of methadone alone proved successful in achieving optimal pain control.ConclusionsProvided that RN in the brainstem can lead to intractable neuropathic pain, it is advisable to avoid SRS for brainstem metastasis when possible. Add-on methadone should be considered as a viable pain management medication for patients experiencing unresolved central pain.

Optimizing Pain Management in Cardiac Surgery: A Review of Analgesic Adjuvants.

Pain management following cardiac surgery is a critical component in optimizing both short- and long-term patient outcomes, with poor pain management associated with significant acute and chronic opioid use, opioid dependence and a significant rate of opioid related adverse drug events. The significant burden of both acute and chronic pain following cardiac surgery has given rise to the need for multimodel analgesic strategies, to optimize outcomes and minimize side effects. While significant research has focused recently on the additive value of peripheral nerve blocks, less emphasis has been given to the value of non-opioid based analgesics in preference to traditional opioid based anesthetic and analgesic strategies. In this review, we examine the evidence for several common analgesics, highlighting the evidence supporting efficacy following cardiac surgery, as well as the safety concerns with each agent. We demonstrate the value of a multimodal analgesic strategy to reduce pain scores and improve patient-centered outcomes, and highlight the need for further studies of combination analgesic strategies.

Radiofrequency ablation of superior hypogastric ganglion and dorsal root ganglion reduces neuropathic pain in L5-S1 disc anterior protrusion: a case report

Approximately 36%-55% of patients with chronic low back pain (LBP) have neuropathic pain syndrome. Prescription of adjuvant analgesics or antidepressants is effective in reducing pain but requires special attention. A female patient, 57 y, presented with complaints of LBP for 5-7 days. Pain was spread bilateral in the hips-groin, as well as to the fingers and soles (NRS 6-8, PainDETECT 35). She had history of falls 10 y ago, but still worked for 5 hours daily. She had allodynia, dysesthesia, hyperalgesia, and L4-5 and L5-S1 hypesthesia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed postero-central and lateral bulged L4-5 and L5-S1 discs. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) 70o of superior hypogastric ganglion for 90 sec, and pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) 42o of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) L4-5, L5-S1 bilaterally for 2 min reduced nociceptive pain (NRS 2-3) and neuropathic pain (PainDETECT 12). Post-surgical medication included levofloxacin, gabapentin, paracetamol, amitriptyline and Vitamin B12. The sympathetic ganglia supply the anterior segments of the lumbar vertebrae and the anterior longitudinal ligament, often overlooked as a cause of pain. The management of LBP patient depends upon the etiology, whether associated to structural abnormalities or nerve dysfunction. Keywords: anterior disc herniation, dorsal root ganglion, lumbar disc herniation, neuropathic pain, superior hypogastric ganglion, radiofrequency Citation: Budisulistyo T. Radiofrequency ablation of superior hypogastric ganglion and dorsal root ganglion reduces neuropathic pain in L5-S1 disc anterior protrusion: a case report. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(4):757−761; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i4.2523 Received: August 02, 2023; Reviewed: December 26, 2023; Accepted: December 26, 2023

Opioid-free general anesthesia: considerations, techniques, and limitations.

To discuss the role of opioids during general anesthesia and examine their advantages and risks in the context of clinical practice. We define opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) as the absolute avoidance of intraoperative opioids. In most minimally invasive and short-duration procedures, nonopioid analgesics, analgesic adjuvants, and local/regional analgesia can significantly spare the amount of intraoperative opioid needed. OFA should be considered in the context of tailoring to a specific patient and procedure, not as a universal approach. Strategies considered for OFA involve several adjuncts with low therapeutic range, requiring continuous infusions and resources, with potential for delayed recovery or other side effects, including increased short-term and long-term pain. No evidence indicates that OFA leads to decreased long-term opioid-related harms. Complete avoidance of intraoperative opioids remains questionable, as it does not necessarily ensure avoidance of postoperative opioids. Multimodal analgesia including local/regional anesthesia may allow OFA for selected, minimally invasive surgeries, but further research is necessary in surgeries with high postoperative opioid requirements. Until there is definitive evidence regarding procedure and patient-specific combinations as well as the dose and duration of administration of adjunct agents, it is imperative to practice opioid-sparing approach in the intraoperative period.

Rebound pain after arthroscopic cuff repair with interscalene brachial plexus block anesthesia is reduced by surgeon administered multimodal shoulder injections: A prospective randomized controlled trial.

To compare the effects of additional multimodal shoulder injections on postoperative rebound pain in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ASRCR) under interscalene brachial plexus block (ISBPB) anesthesia. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted with 67 patients between April 2023 and December 2023. Patients undergoing ASRCR got an ISBPB anesthesia, not general anesthesia, were included with a minimum follow-up period of 48 h. The injection group received 40 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine, 20 mg morphine, 1:200,000 epinephrine, and saline solution, totaling 100 mL. Following surgery, the injection was administered to the subacromial space (50 ml) with blind suprascapular nerve block (25 ml) and blind axillary nerve block (25 ml). Controls received 100 mL of saline solution. Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) was used as adjuvant analgesia for all patients. The primary outcome was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score at 12 h after surgery, with secondary outcomes of the incidence of rebound pain and VAS pain scores at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 36, and 48 h postoperatively. Fentanyl in IV-PCA and rescue analgesic amounts, complications, and satisfaction were recorded. Sixty-seven patients (32 in the injection group, 35 in the control group) with a mean age of 61.1±9.0 years were included. The primary outcome assessment, VAS pain score at 12 h, significantly favored the injection group (2.7±0.93 vs. 4.1±1.70, p<0.001). The incidence of rebound pain was 18.8% and 65.7% in the injection and control groups, respectively (18.8% vs 65.7%, p<0.001). The injection group reported better VAS pain scores at 24, 36, and 48 h, and lower fentanyl use over the 48 h postoperative period (p=0.014). The use of rescue analgesics was similar between groups and no complications were associated with multimodal shoulder injections. Satisfaction levels were similar in both groups. The present study found that multimodal shoulder injections during ASRCR under ISBPB anesthesia significantly lowered VAS pain scores at 12 hours postoperatively and reduced the incidence of rebound pain compared to the control group. Pain levels were consistently lower from 12 to 48 hours postoperatively. Additionally, the injection group had reduced opioid consumption within the first 48 hours postoperatively, with no complications observed. Level I, randomized controlled trial.

Factors associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the National Referral Hospital, Bhutan: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionPostoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common distressing symptoms experienced after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We report the rate, and the factors associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting, the patterns of prophylactic antiemetic prescription, and the anesthetic techniques used among patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (JDW) National Referral Hospital, Bhutan.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at the JDW National Referral Hospital, from January to December 2018. All the patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were included in the study. The demographic variables, premedication, induction agents, muscle relaxants, inhalational agents for maintenance, opioid and adjuvant analgesics, the reversal agents used, and the occurrence of PONV within 24 h were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 23). Continuous variables were compared using a t-test or Mann-Whitney test, categorical variables were tested using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting.Results190 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. The rate of PONV after laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 31.1% (59/190). Over half (53.7%, 102/190) of the study population were within 21–40 years of age, over 80% (157/190) were female, and 2/3rd were overweight and obese. The most frequently used premedication was ranitidine (39%, 34/87) and metoclopramide (31%, 27/87). More than half (57.4%, 109/190) of the patients received morphine as an opioid analgesic before induction. Sodium thiopentone was a commonly used induction agent (65.8%, 125/190). Succinylcholine and atracurium were mostly preferred muscle relaxants. Isoflurane and air were the most used inhalational anesthetic agents for the maintenance of anesthesia. Ondansetron was the most preferred anti-emetics during the intraoperative period. Previous history of motion sickness (OR 5.8, 95%CI 2.9–11.2, p < 0.001), and use of sodium thiopental (OR 4.1, 95%CI 1.9–9.1, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for PONV. The use of antiemetics (OR 0.1, 95%CI 0.0-0.4, p = 0.002), propofol (OR 0.2, 95%CI 0.1–0.5, p < 0.001), adjuvant analgesic paracetamol (OR 0.4, 95%CI 0.2–0.8, p = 0.026), and adequate hydration with IV fluids (OR 0.9, 95%CI 0.9-1.0, p = 0.042) were preventive factors for PONV.ConclusionThe rate of PONV after laparoscopic cholecystectomy was high. History of motion sickness and use of sodium thiopental for induction were independent risk factors of PONV. The use of multimodal prophylactic antiemetics was robust and superior to monotherapy in preventing PONV. This finding re-emphasizes the need for risk stratification and appropriate use of antiemetics and anesthetic agents to prevent PONV.

Use of Baclofen Premedication as an Analgesic Adjuvant in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Randomized Trial.

Baclofen, a clinically available GABAB receptor agonist, produces nonopioid analgesia in multiple models of pain but has had limited studies related to perioperative pain control.The present study seeks to study effects of baclofen on postoperative pain measures and opioid use in adult patients subjected to percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Using a placebo-controlled, double-blind methodology, a single 10 mg oral dose of baclofen or placebo was given prior to a surgery in 34 patients undergoing PCNL.Standardized intraoperative and postoperative protocols related to opioid use were followed.Use of postoperative opioids in the post-anesthesia care unitand for the first 24 hours following surgery were recorded as were pain scores and other medication use. There was a significant positive correlation in the use of postoperative opioids in patients who had a preceding history of opioid use.However, there were no significant differences in opioid use which could be attributed to baclofen.There were also no differences in postoperative vital signs, side effects or other medication use. Analgesic benefits of preoperative baclofen were not observed at the dose employed.Safety of the drug was observed.

Methylene Blue as an Adjuvant Analgesic Postoperative Anal Fistula: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction. Anal fistula is a pathological condition that connects the anorectal mucosa to the perianal skin, requiring various types of surgical procedures. However, surgery often causes postoperative pain. The use of methylene blue is being studied as a potential analgetic adjuvant in anal fistula surgery. Previous studies have shown that methylene blue can effectively reduce postoperative pain in various types of anorectal surgery. This study aims to determine methylene blue's clinical efficacy as an analgetic adjuvant. Methods. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted. Subjects consisting of subjects with simple anal fistula to undergo fistulectomy were randomly allocated into two groups. The first group received adjuvant analgesics in the form of methylene blue and NSAIDs, while the second group only received NSAIDs. Methylene blue 4 mL 1% was administered subcutaneously to the edge of the wound, sprayed on the surgery site, and intravenously administered ketorolac 3 x 30 mg. Randomization was done using the double-blind method. Pain levels were evaluated on the first, second, third, and seventh postoperative days using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results. Thirty-four subjects were enrolled (17 subjects in each group). Significant differences in pain levels (VAS values) were recorded between the group receiving the combination of methylene blue and NSAIDs compared to the group receiving only NSAIDs on days 1 to 3 after surgery (p &lt;0.05). This difference was no longer significant between the two groups on the seventh postoperative day (p &gt;0.05). Conclusion. The use of methylene blue in subjects undergoing anal fistula surgery as an adjuvant analgesic along with NSAIDs may reduce the intensity of pain better than NSAIDs alone.

The impact of erector spinae plane (ESP) block on neurophysiological monitoring in patients undergoing scoliosis repair

ABSTRACT Background Preventive analgesia is designed to ensure perioperative pain control. The erector spinae plane (ESP) block may abolish the neuroendocrine stress response and augments controlled hypotensive anesthesia. But to what extent does it interfere with spinal cord function. Methods The patient’s population is divided into Group N (control) and Group E (ESP Group). A baseline for the amplitude and/or latency of either somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) or motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were collected (30 min after induction of anesthesia and after full reverse of muscle relaxant before performing ESP block) in group E, the change from the baseline was recorded as a percent decrease. The total dose of anesthetics, the adjuvant analgesics and the postoperative complications were recorded. Results The change in the latency and the amplitude of SSEPs and MEPs among the two groups showed a non-significant change from the baseline. The intra-operative fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in group E than in C. The mean was 21.5 ± 25 vs 178.2 ± 46 mg respectively. The total doses of propofol and dexmedetomidine were lower in group E than in C. 18% of the patients in group E requested a rescue analgesic at a median of 70 (65) min postoperatively vs 55% of those in group C that requested analgesics earlier at a median 16(6) min. Conclusion The ESP block can be safely used without interfering with the monitoring of the somatosensory and MEPs during complex spinal surgery.

Evaluation of Pharmacotherapy of Cancer Pain in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Background Head and Neck Cancers (HNC) account for 5% of all malignant tumours, but 80% of patients experience pain. As per the WHO analgesic ladder, analgesics are a cornerstone for the management of pain in HNC patients. Purpose Our study aims to analyse the prescribing pattern of analgesic drugs in patients with HNC pain. Materials and Methods A prospective, continuous, observational study was conducted among patients with HNC pain. Demographics, detailed history of pain (type, duration, location and Numerical Rating Scale [NRS] score), details of drugs prescribed and any adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were recorded at baseline visit and at first, second and sixth month follow-up. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the above parameters. The mean reduction in NRS was analysed by the Z test. Results Out of 145 patients, 118 (81.37%) were male and 27 (18.62%) were female. The mean age of patients was 51.89 + 7.07 years. Tramadol (81.37%) followed by morphine (62.75%) were the commonly prescribed analgesics. Amitriptyline (20%) followed by pregabalin (19.31%) were commonly prescribed adjuvant analgesics. A statistically significant reduction in mean NRS was found at each follow-up visit ( p &lt; .05). A total of 50 ADRs were observed. Constipation (38%) and drowsiness (24%) were the most frequently reported ADRs, with morphine and tramadol being the most common suspected causal drugs. Conclusion Tramadol and morphine were frequently prescribed analgesics in patients with HNC pain in accordance with the WHO analgesic ladder. The majority of patients with HNC pain achieved a significant reduction in NRS pain scores at the end of six months.

A highly sensitive first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach for the simultaneous analysis of the anti-breast cancer co-administered drugs, letrozole and tramadol in dosage forms and human plasma at nanogram levels

Letrozole is an anticancer medication prescribed for the management of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Chronic pain is prevalent in patients receiving chemotherapy, leading to the use of adjuvant analgesics such as tramadol. This work introduces the first analytical approach for the concurrent quantification of letrozole and tramadol, two co-administered drugs, employing a rapid, highly sensitive, eco-friendly, and cost-effective first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric technique. The fluorescence of tramadol and letrozole was measured at wavelengths of 235.9 nm and 241.9 nm, respectively using a wavelength difference (Δλ) of 60.0 nm. The developed approach demonstrated exceptional linearity (r ˃ 0.999) within the specified concentration ranges for tramadol (10.0–1200.0 ng/mL) and letrozole (1.0–140.0 ng/mL). The results demonstrated that the proposed technique exhibits a high level of sensitivity, with detection limits of 0.569 and 0.143 ng/mL for tramadol and letrozole, respectively, indicating the good bioanalytical applicability. The within-run precisions, both intra-day and inter-day, for both analytes, were less than 0.71 % RSD. The developed approach was effectively applied to simultaneously estimate the mentioned drugs in their tablets and human plasma samples, achieving high percentage recoveries and low % RSD values. In order to assess the environmental sustainability of the developed approach, Analytical GREEnnessNNESS (AGREE) and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) metric tools were employed. Both tools revealed that the developed approach is excellent green, suggesting its usage as an environmentally-friendly alternative for the routine assayof the investigated pharmaceuticals. The developed approach was validated according to the ICHQ2 (R1) requirements.

Revitalizing Postoperative Pain Management in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery via Inter-departmental Collaboration Toward Precision Medicine: A Narrative Review.

This narrative review explores the crucial aspects of postoperative pain management within the framework of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS). It emphasizes the significance of effective and secure pain management, highlighting its impact on patient well-being, surgical outcomes, and hospital stays. The inadequacy of perioperative pain relief increases the risk of persistent postoperative pain, emphasizing the need to challenge the notion that pain is expected after surgery. The goals of postoperative pain management extend beyond mere relief, encompassing comfortable sleep, pain-free rest, and liberation from pain during initial recovery. Inadequate pain management can lead to complications such as heightened postoperative bleeding and an increased risk of thrombosis. The review delves into various analgesic methods, their complications, and safety measures.ERASprograms, focused on reducing complications and medical costs, emphasize the importance of judicious postoperative pain management and active rehabilitation. The review discusses complications associated with analgesic methods like opioids, epidural analgesia, and adjuvant analgesics. Collaboration within the perioperative management team is crucial for effective postoperative pain relief. Interdepartmental collaboration is essential for evaluating surgical procedures, analgesic methods, and crisis management strategies. The review concludes by integrating precision medicine into postoperative pain management, emphasizing the potential of genetic information in assessing pain sensitivity. It underscores the importance of inter-departmental collaboration and information gathering for the successful implementation of precision medicine tailored to each facility's perioperative management systems. Additionally, the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on preoperative risk assessment and innovative monitoring techniques is discussed, paving the way for the advancement of precision medicine in postoperative pain management.