Adjacent Land Research Articles

Structure and petroleum prospects of the northern part of the Barents-Kara Sea region

The geological structure and the petroleum potential of the western part of the Russian Arctic shelf are still matter for disputes, especially due to the absence of deep drilling and scarce data. One of the key problems in assessing the petroleum potential of the North Kara Sea Basin and the adjacent North Barents Sea Basin is the lack of a proven stratigraphic model of the sedimentary cover. The article presents a model of the structure of the sedimentary cover of the northern part of the Barents-Kara Sea region based on the analysis of the regional seismic data and comparison with outcrop sections of the archipelagos and adjacent land. The structure of the archipelagos is determined by tectonic events and rearrangements, which also reflect on the structure of the offshore sedimentary basins. In the structure of the northern part of the Barents-Kara Sea region, three large structures can be distinguished: North Barents Sea Basin, East Barents Steps, and North Kara Sea Basin. The East Barents Steps formed during Baikal orogeny and in the Riphean-Early Paleozoic time were uplifted, and separated the North Barents Sea and North Kara Sea basins. The North Kara Sea Basin was probably formed in the Riphean and subsided in the Early Paleozoic, while the section of the North Barents Sea Basin is composed of a thick of Upper Paleozoic-Mesozoic sequence. In the Permian-Triassic time, the western slope of the East Barents Uplift was involved in the intensive subsidence of the North Barents Sea Basin and transformed to the steps, while the Lower Paleozoic succession were buried under a thick Permian-Triassic sequence. In the sedimentary cover of the northern part of the Barents-Kara shelf, four promising petroleum plays can be distinguished: pre-Upper Devonian, Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous, Permian-Triassic, and Jurassic-Cretaceous. Pre-Upper Devonian promising petroleum complex within the study area are distinguished only in the North Kara Sea Basin, and hydrocarbon systems within it can be similar to hydrocarbon systems in the basins of the ancient platforms.

Foreign experience in managing natural park areas

Although the importance of preserving the environment and encouraging public recreation in national parks is widely recognized, challenges to achieving these goals remain. With over a century of national park management experience, the institutional knowledge of national park systems in the European Union and the United States can offer valuable insights into best management practices. Effective and sustainable management of a national park requires an organizational structure at the state level with respect for local institutions at the park level, involvement of stakeholders in park management decisions, public involvement encouraged by information sharing and education, clarity of boundaries, improved relations with landowners of adjacent lands, and give priority to improving relations with the indigenous population. It has been determined that better park management relies on education to increase public awareness of the importance of national parks and park systems. Tourism and climate change were identified as creating increasing challenges for park management, underscoring the shared urgency of addressing these challenges. The foreign experience on the example of the European Union and the United States of America regarding the management of the territories of natural parks is studied. Three methods of using information on management efficiency are characterized: programming, which includes identifying problems and setting priorities; adaptive management, which is based on the use of performance data for the purpose of continuous improvement of management processes; accountability, which means providing reports and answers about activities and performance. It has been proven that in modern times, due to restrictions established by legislation, the territories of national parks in Ukraine do not have wide access for organized mass tourism and recreation.

Diverse nature of the seasonally coastal eutrophication dominated by oceanic nutrients: An eco-system based analysis characterized by salmon migration and aquaculture

Previously, studies of coastal eutrophication have usually focused on the nutrients input from adjacent land sectors, such as rivers, submarine-ground discharges, and atmospheric depositions. Here we report two examples of well-managed seasonal eutrophication phenomena in coastal marine environments, where nutrients come predominantly from offshore: one by humans and the other by nature (higher trophic animals). In the Sanggou Bay of North China, the total amount of incoming nutrients from the open Yellow Sea is taken up by seaweeds. Seaweed, in turn, supports bivalves culture activities and absorbs nutrients emitted by finfish. In the Academy Bay of Russian Far East, a relatively high plankton primary production sustains throughout the salmon-returning season when nutrients are released from the massive carcasses of dead fish after return from the ocean to their natal streams to spawn and die. This high plankton productivity, in turn, fuels higher trophic ecosystem constituents, including whale populations of global importance. In the future, dominance of nutrients from marine sources needs to be seriously considered in studies of coastal eutrophication.

Heritage contestation in matterscape, mindscape, and powerscape

Landscape heritage is frequently contested as perspectives on heritage and landscape may vary across stakeholders. The present article makes a novel contribution by examining pathways to landscape heritage contestation. We propose a distinction between (a) heritage as object in matterscape, being the physical landscape out-there, (b) heritage as meaning in mindscape, being the landscape as experienced by a subject, and (c) heritage as political act in powerscape, being the landscape as rules that organise behaviour. Contestation, then, might originate in matterscape, mindscape, or powerscape. We illustrate these pathways to contestation upon analyses of semi-structured interviews among stakeholders of Schokland, The Netherlands, a World Heritage site. Findings reveal contestation about matterscape pertaining to the issue whether a water system leads to wet spots on adjacent agricultural land, about mindscape pertaining to the beauty of new nature developed around Schokland, and powerscape pertaining to the rules associated with the World Heritage status.

Soil potentially toxic element contents in an area under different land uses in the Brazilian Amazon

Soil pollution with potentially toxic elements (PTE) from incipient basic sanitation, dumps and industrial activities developed in the Amazon has been of international interest due to health and environmental issues. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of PTE in five adjacent land occupations (a dump, a alumina refinery area and three residential centers) in the municipality of Barcarena, Amazon Region, Brazil. In a total area of 912 ha, 274 soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–0.2 m. Afterwards, the concentrations of As, Ba, Pb, Co, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni and Zn were determined. The results were explored using descriptive and multivariate statistics, as well as geostatistical. Considering the data by location, maximum concentrations exceeding the prevention values of Brazilian soils were found for Cu, Ni and Zn in Dump (148; 42.8 and 356 mg kg−1), for Cu and Hg in Bom Futuro (333 and 1.99 mg kg−1) and for Cu in Itupanema (91.2 mg kg−1). Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn were grouped in the same principal component and showed the highest similarity measure in the cluster analysis. The interpolation point maps of the two principal components and of the individual concentrations of the PTEs showed the area of influence of the dump as the main reason for the increase in soil contamination. These results show the need for public policies aimed at the proper disposal of solid waste, in order to promote the reduction of pollutants in the soil, health and well-being for the local population, and also the environmental quality of the study area.

Native vegetation structure, landscape features and climate shape non‐native plant richness and cover in New Zealand native shrublands

AbstractAimStudies investigating the determinants of plant invasions rarely examine multiple factors and often only focus on the role played by native plant species richness. By contrast, we explored how vegetation structure, landscape features and climate shape non‐native plant invasions across New Zealand in mānuka and kānuka shrublands.LocationNew Zealand.MethodWe based our analysis on 247 permanent 20 × 20‐m plots distributed across New Zealand surveyed between 2009 and 2014. We calculated native plant species richness and cumulative cover at ground, understorey and canopy tiers. We examined non‐native species richness and mean species ground cover in relation to vegetation structure (native richness and cumulative cover), landscape features (proportion of adjacent anthropogenic land cover, distance to nearest road or river) and climate. We used generalized additive models (GAM) to assess which variables had greatest importance in determining non‐native richness and mean ground cover and whether these variables had a similar effect on native species in the ground tier.ResultsA positive relationship between native and non‐native plant species richness was not due to their similar responses to the variables examined in this study. Higher native canopy richness resulted in lower non‐native richness and mean ground cover, whereas higher native ground richness was associated with higher native canopy richness. Non‐native richness and mean ground cover increased with the proportion of adjacent anthropogenic land cover, whereas for native richness and mean ground cover, this relationship was negative. Non‐native richness increased in drier areas, while native richness was more influenced by temperature.Main ConclusionsAdjacent anthropogenic land cover seems to not only facilitate non‐native species arrival by being a source of propagules but also aids their establishment as a result of fragmentation. Our results highlight the importance of examining both cover and richness in different vegetation tiers to better understand non‐native plant invasions.

Biogeochemical and physiological adaptability of winter wheat (Triticum L.) under the influence of heavy metals in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

In recent decades, the main objects of biogeochemical research have become the territories of agroecosystems, industrial cities and adjacent agricultural lands. The problem of environmental pollution with pollutants, chemical compounds of microelement composition is one of the most important problems of environmental safety. At present, modern studies of scientists consider toxic heavy metals as the most dangerous pollutants of soil, water and plant products of agriculture. In addition, the most active agents of pollution are their mobile chemical forms, which are able to pass from solid phases into soil and water solutions and be absorbed by plants and other organisms. Cereal crops have the ability to absorb nutrients both through the root system and the leaf apparatus, the surface of the stem. Also, trace elements are involved in many physiological and biochemical processes in plants, including acceleration of development, flowering, fertilization and fruiting, metabolism, etc. Quantitative characteristics of the migration of heavy metals from soil to plants during 2022 were evaluated for the studied territories of the Forest Steppe of Ukraine, in particular in Kyiv and Vinnytsia regions. Complex studies were carried out to determine the influence of Zn2+ and Cu2+ on phytocomponents of ecosystems. At the same time, data were obtained on the effect of zinc and copper salts on seed germination and growth of winter wheat seedlings. It is shown that, depending on the concentration of salts, there is a different effect on seed germination. As you know, heavy metals have a mutagenic, toxic effect and affect the intensity of biochemical processes. The authors established that according to the ecotoxicological criterion of bioaccumulation in the «soil — plant» system, the studied trace elements can be arranged in the following order: Cu2+ > Zn2+. Based on the results of experimental and theoretical research, a comparative analysis of the accumulation of heavy metals in the organs of Triticum aestivum (vulgare) L. (common wheat) is presented. According to the results of field experience, differences in the distribution of Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ in the organs of winter wheat have been established, grown on typical chernozem and gray podzolized soils. It was found that the main barrier function of the inactivation of the investigated heavy metals is performed by the roots of plants.

Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in permanent upslope pasture and downslope riparian buffers with varying vegetation

AbstractBackgroundRiparian buffers are primarily implemented for their water quality functions in agroecosystems. Their location in the agricultural landscape allows them to intercept and process pollutants from immediately adjacent agricultural land. Vegetated riparian buffers recycle soil organic matter, which elevates soil carbon (C), which upon processing, processes and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). The elevated soil C and seasonally anoxic environments associated with riparian buffers promote denitrification and fermentation, further increasing soil CO2 production.AimAgainst this context, a replicated plot‐scale experiment was established at North Wyke, UK, to measure the extent of soil CO2 emissions in permanent pasture served by grass, willow, and woodland riparian buffers, as well as a no‐buffer control.MethodsSoil CO2 was measured using the static chamber technique in conjunction with soil and environmental variables between June 2018 and February 2019.ResultsCumulative soil CO2 fluxes were in the descending order: woodland riparian buffer; 11,927.8 ± 1987.9 kg CO2 ha–1 > no‐buffer control; 11,101.3 ± 3700.4 kg CO2 ha–1 > grass riparian buffer; 10,826.4 ± 2551.8 kg CO2 ha–1 > upslope pasture; 10,554.6 ± 879.5 kg CO2 ha–1 > willow riparian buffer; 9294.9 ± 1549.2 5 kg CO2 ha–1. There was, however, no evidence of significant differences among all treatments of the current study.ConclusionsDespite the lack of significant differences, the results from our short‐term study show that the woodland riparian buffer had relatively larger soil CO2 emissions than the remainder of the other riparian buffers and the upslope pasture it serves. Our short‐term findings may be useful in developing soil CO2 mitigation strategies through careful selection of riparian buffer vegetation and may be useful in calibrating mechanistic models for simulating such emissions from similar agro systems.

The relationship between agricultural land parcel size and cultivation costs

Land fragmentation in agriculture is acknowledged as a problem that causes additional costs in cultivation and lowers productivity. Land consolidation programmes seek to alleviate the problem by influencing land ownership, with the aim to reduce travel distances and increase parcel sizes by connecting adjacent small land parcels. Decision making requires cost–benefit analysis of the costs of ownership changes compared to the potential benefits. Such analysis is based on before and after assessment, where the benefits of a larger parcel size and the costs caused by the distances travelled between land parcels and between parcels are the key determinants. This paper presents a method to analyse realized work efficiency at different parcels. The benefit from a larger parcel size appears to be greater than that reported in previous studies.

Harbors of Cape Tagan Rog

Based on chronological and systematic methods, the article examines the history of the creation and development of sea harbors on Cape Tagan Rog, starting from the VII century BC. Data from geology, archeology, historiography are used. It is shown that the location of the cape, the rich resource possibilities of the sea and the adjacent fertile lands for thousands of years attracted peoples who were at the peak of ethnogenesis: Hellenic Greeks, Pontic Greeks, Byzantines, Genoese and Venetians, Ottoman Turks equipped anchorages, harbors, strong points here. The naval base «City of Trinity» (Taganrog), created by Peter the I-st and resumed under Catherine the II-nd, the fl eet built and the decisive actions of the army changed the geopolitical situation radically in the region: Russia took control of the Sea of Azov, entered the Black Sea and gained access to the Mediterranean, pacifi ed the Wild Field and the Crimea. The city of Taganrog has become a commercial port with developed foreign trade relations. The presence of the port stimulated the development of industry and cultural ties. In the XX century the city harbors multiplied: the harbor of the metallurgical plant, the ship repair plant, the hydro-base of the aviation plant, yacht clubs, bases of fi shing and small vessels. Today the city has a special marine fl avor, a complex economic, social and cultural structure. Residents use a variety of opportunities for work, leisure and self-development. The results of further archaeological excavations at the cape and archival research will contribute to the education of Russians, broaden their horizons, form a fi rm civic position and a coherent system of views on the world.

89th Cruise (1st Stage) of the Research Vessel <i>Akademik Mstislav Keldysh</i>: Climate Experiment in Interaction with the <i>Tu-134 Optic</i> Flying Laboratory

A unique climate experiment was carried out to study the composition of the air and the characteristics of the underlying surface in the Russian sector of the Arctic and Siberia. Synchronized research onboard the RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh and the unique scientific facility (USF) flying laboratory Tu-134 Optik were carried out in the South Kara Sea. Validation of airborne and satellite algorithms for calculating the characteristics of the sea surface layer was carried out in the cruise. For the first time on the Arctic shelf, data were obtained on the concentration of methane in the natural system of troposphere–atmospheric surface layer–water column–bottom sediments. The fluxes of greenhouse gases were simultaneously estimated from the shelf area and adjacent land. A related research of the conditions and processes of recent and ancient sedimentation was carried out in the South Kara Sedimentary Basin, where huge hydrocarbon (HC) reserves are localized.

Evaluating remnant vegetation management practices adjacent to apple orchards to support native bee pollinators

SummaryMaintenance of a diverse pollinator community helps ensure resilience in pollination services. Fragments of woody and grassy vegetation in the vicinity of croplands have been shown to encourage the presence of crop‐pollinating bees. However, to date, little attention has been given to the management practices that may enhance the presence of bees in such fragments. We investigated how the maintenance of remnant forest fragments adjacent to apple orchards in South Australia affects floral resources and native bee communities. The fragments had been subject to either (a) fire (assessments three years post‐burn), (b) cattle grazing under trees and (c) low maintenance management (>20 years not grazed or burnt). Plant communities were sampled along transects in plots. Bee communities were sampled using hand netting. We fitted generalised linear mixed models to investigate differences in plant and bee diversity between treatments and to elucidate the effect of plant diversity on bee diversity. We compared plant and bee community composition among treatments using non‐metric multidimensional scaling and conducted network analysis to measure the robustness of plant‐pollinator interactions to the removal of species. Both floral resource abundance and bee diversity were higher in burnt and low‐maintenance fragments than in grazed fragments. Bee species richness was positively associated with plant species richness. The species richness of bees that visit apple flowers was positively associated with flower abundance but not with floral species richness. Plant‐pollinator networks in grazed sites had fewer links per species and a higher proportion of realised links than those under other management practices. However, the resilience of pollinator networks did not differ significantly between management practices. Thus, controlled burns or low‐maintenance management of forest fragments appear to be the most suitable landscape management practices to support apple pollinating bees. Burning requires consideration of additional ecological consequences, such as the conservation of fire‐sensitive species and specialist woodland fauna. Cattle grazing adjacent to orchards results in simplified bee communities and pollination networks and is not recommended if pollination services are required for adjacent land uses. This information can benefit orchardist as well as managers of fragments of native vegetation adjacent to orchard crops.

Increased heat risk in wet climate induced by urban humid heat.

Cities are generally warmer than their adjacent rural land, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island (UHI). Often accompanying the UHI effect is another phenomenon called the urban dry island (UDI), whereby the humidity of urban land is lower than that of the surrounding rural land1-3. The UHI exacerbates heat stress on urban residents4,5, whereas the UDI may instead provide relief because the human body can cope with hot conditions better at lower humidity through perspiration6,7. The relative balance between the UHI and the UDI-as measured by changes in the wet-bulb temperature (Tw)-is a key yet largely unknown determinant of human heat stress in urban climates. Here we show that Tw is reduced in cities in dry and moderately wet climates, where the UDI more than offsets the UHI, but increased in wet climates (summer precipitation of more than 570 millimetres). Our results arise from analysis of urban and rural weather station data across the world and calculations with an urban climate model. In wet climates, the urban daytime Tw is 0.17 ± 0.14 degrees Celsius (mean ± 1 standard deviation) higher than rural Tw in the summer, primarily because of a weaker dynamic mixing in urban air. This Tw increment is small, but because of the high background Tw in wet climates, it is enough to cause two to six extra dangerous heat-stress days per summer for urban residents under current climate conditions. The risk of extreme humid heat is projected to increase in the future, and these urban effects may further amplify the risk.

Spatial Distribution of Total 210Pb in the Marine Sediment of Peninsular Malaysia: Radioactivity Level Variations in the Sunda Shelf Seas

Radiochemical separation techniques were applied to measure 210Pb radioactivity in samples to determine spatial distribution of total 210Pb radionuclide in surface sediments and water column for the main waters on the Sunda Shelf. The average 210Pb radioactivity level recorded for the Malacca Strait (MS) is significantly higher than that of the southern South China Sea (sSCS); this is attributed to the supply of input from the Andaman Sea in its northern areas, and massive terrestrial processes from bordering land masses. The results reveal that the decreasing trend of total 210Pb in Peninsular Malaysia’s marine sediment starts with the north maritime zone of Malacca Strait (64.28 ± 5.97 Bq/kg) > south maritime zone of Malacca Strait (50.88 ± 6.15 Bq/kg) > east maritime zone of sSCS (41.01 ± 3.07 Bq/kg) > south maritime zone of sSCS (40.78 ± 3.16 Bq/kg). The Kelantan and Pahang Deltas have been identified as two of the main anthropogenic sources of input for total 210Pb in the sSCS with atmospheric transboundary mobilization affecting total 210Pb in the water column. In the Malacca Strait, however, the distribution of total 210Pb might be influenced mainly by in situ processes of the strait’s seafloor and sources origin of sediment. HIGHLIGHTS The Malacca Strait has a significantly higher level of 210Pb radioactivity compared to the southern South China Sea (sSCS), due to input from the Andaman Sea and terrestrial processes from adjacent land masses The decreasing trend of total 210Pb in Peninsular Malaysia’s marine sediment starts with the north maritime zone of Malacca Strait > south maritime zone of Malacca Strait > east maritime zone of sSCS > south maritime zone of sSCS The Kelantan and Pahang Deltas are identified as two of the main anthropogenic sources of input for total 210Pb in the sSCS, while in the sh Strait, the distribution of total 210Pb may be influenced mainly by in situ processes of the strait’s seafloor and sources origin of sediment GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Improving the operational reliability and safety of channels in precast concrete cladding on substandard aggregates

The article is devoted to the problem of safety and reliability of water management systems. Most of these systems in the North Caucasus are in unsatisfactory condition, which leads to a rise in the groundwater level, salinization and contamination of adjacent lands, flooding of territories, pollution of places of residence and a decrease in the standard of living of the population. For the repair and restoration of systems and prevention of environmental damage to environmental components, by reducing filtration losses, both under normal operating conditions and under seismic impacts, precast concrete elements on inexpensive non-composite aggregates are proposed. Despite their (aggregates) relatively low quality and availability, concretes and trays, pipes and slabs made of it are characterized by a high resource-saving effect and meet the requirements of safety and reliability. This is achieved by adding a formiate-alcohol plasticizer to the concrete mixture, which has a super-liquefying effect that reduces the water consumption of the concrete mixture (water-reducing effect) and increasing the construction, technical and operational properties, including the reduction of seismic activity. The recommended proposals will significantly reduce the losses of water supplied to consumers, both in normal and extreme operating conditions, prevent flooding, pollution and waterlogging of adjacent territories, and improve the living conditions of the population.

The Relationship of Land Assembly and Prices of Cost Equivalent Land in the Equalization of Land Rights Act

Since the first revision of the Equalization of Land Rights Act in 1958, urban land readjustment has become a dominant strategy and tool for urban land development. A crucial factor affecting financial self-liquidation of urban land readjustment is the distribution of cost-equivalent land, which is the land used to pay for public facilities within urban land readjustment regions. Cost-equivalent land can be used to fund land readjustment through market bidding. Studies on land prices have revealed that related factors, such as land-use intensity, individuals, and regions, affect the price of land. Studies have begun to focus on whether land transactions in urban land readjustment are similar to normal land transactions. The present study investigated the influence of land assembly on the land prices of cost-equivalent land and identified other factors by estimating hedonic price functions. The results indicate that general characteristics and land assembly are land price determinants. General characteristics, including the floor area ratio, width of the adjacent road, width of the base, depth of the base, street corner conditions, and bidding time, demonstrated a significant effect on the bidding price of cost-equivalent land. Fragmentation of the ownership of adjacent land had little effect on bidding price. Governments handling land allocation operations should consider the location of land. In addition, the aforementioned influencing factors are crucial and can lead to land having higher value.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL LANDS OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES

Within the framework of the article, the main direction of research is aimed at increasing the efficiency of land use. Based on the analysis of the ratio of functional and target purpose, it can be concluded that increasing the efficiency of the use of industrial lands, first of all, depends on the solution of the following issues:
 - target designation of land parcels occupied by industrial facilities; - actual use of land parcels for the specified purpose;- legal status of objects located on industrial lands.
 Based on the above-mentioned components of effective use of territories, were systematized three most common cases. The first case is the best from the point of view of the further use of the land of the territorial community, because for the existing land parcel the category of industrial land, the type of functional purpose corresponds to the production zone. Such a case is ideal, it rarely occurs in practice, but it contains a few positive aspects in terms of ensuring the capabilities of territorial communities. Along with the land issue, the issue of filling the budget of the territorial community through land tax and personal income tax could be resolved, and the employment situation of residents could be improved.
 The second case is the most common in practice. Several different options are possible: the actual use does not correspond to the functional and/or intended purpose and/or is not used at all, but the land parcel, real estate and land use subject have all legal identifiers. Territorial communities may not receive income due to incorrect calculation of payment amounts for land. Incorrect consideration and use of the zones of restrictions around regime-forming objects can negatively affect the owners and users of adjacent land parcels, or unreasonably limit the possible types of effective use of territories. If the land parcel and the object of immovable property are generally not in economic circulation, then in this case there are also certain risks for the community, similar to those mentioned above: lack of income, lack of opportunities for effective disposal of land, and inconsistency of the areas of effect of restrictions around regime-forming objects the actual situation.
 The third case is not so common in practice, but it also occurs. The situation looks like this: the industrial object is used within the category, the intended purpose, considering the functional purpose of the corresponding territory, but due to various reasons, which may be of a historical nature, there are no legal documents for the land parcel and/or real estate and /or title-establishing documents of a legal entity. All this leads to inefficient use of land and lack of revenue to the budgets of territorial communities.

Degradation of Adjacent Agricultural Land with Leachates of Packaged and Waste Food Dumped Near It

Physico chemical parameters of dumped food leachates at dump site adjacent agricultural soil at Chapra city, Bihar were investigated for possible pollution impacts. Soil samples were collected in three replicates from two sampling points within the dump site and for control soil samples were collected about 200m. Standard methods were used to determine the following parameters. The pH of leachate affected soil ranged between 7.3 to 7.5 while in control it was 7.6 to 7.8. The electric conductivity 3.6 to 3.82 while in control 1.89 to 1.91, sodium % 5.62 to 7.86 in LAS and 4.25 to 4.68 in control, organic matter g/kg = 16.7 to 20.5 in LAS and 14.30 to 17.64 in control. Calcium carbonates (g/kg) 288.6 to 305.4 in LAS and 264.6 to 280.2 in control. Total nitrogen % in LAS 0.36 to 0.42% and 0.2 to 0.24 in control available phosphorous in mg/kg in LAS. 14.5 to 11.6 mg/kg and 8.62 and 9.15 mg/kg in control. Available potassium in LAS required between 432.4 to 451.6 mg/kg and 332.3 to 362.7 mg/kg in control amount of calcium 14.2 to 16.5 Cmol/kg in LAS and 12.2 to 12.8 Cmol/kg in control. The magnesium contents ranged between 4.2 to 4.6 Cmol/kg in LAS and 3.60 to 3.90 C mol/kg in control.

THE CAUCASUS AND ADJACENT REGIONS IN THE COSMOGRAPHY OF FAKHR-I MODABBIR

Among the Muslim texts of the first half of the XIII century, one should highlight the narrative known to researchers as «Shajarai-e ansab-e Mobarakshah-i» («The Tree of the genealogies of Mubarak Shah») or «Bahr al-ansab» («The Sea of genealogies»). This work belongs to the pen of a Persian historian of the late XII - first half of the XIII century. Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn Sa'id or Fakhr-i Moddabir (Mubarak Shah). After the publication of the Persian text of this source, carried out in the first half of the XX century. By Edward Denison Ross, scientists have paid close attention to this work itself, as well as to the biography of its author. However, the most significant attention was focused on those sections of «Bahr al-ansab», where the author described the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchak, as well as those where Fakhr-i Moddabir outlined the history of the Muslim dynasties that ruled in northern India. Much less attention was paid by specialists to the initial section of the introduction to "Bahr al-Ansab", in which the author proposed cosmography or a description of the world known to people at that time around them. For our part, I would like to understand first of all how, in the author's opinion, this world was arranged, into which regions it was divided, and what place the Caucasus and adjacent lands occupied in it. Here I would like to draw attention to what toponyms associated with the Caucasus Fakhr-i Moddabir mentions and what he reports about them. An equally important task of this study will be to identify the connections of this part of the text «Bahr al-Ansab» with earlier monuments of Muslim geographical and historical literature, which will make it possible to identify borrowings, but also independent reports of Fakhr-i Moddabir regarding the structure of the world known to mankind at that time. We hope that this work will be of interest to specialists in the history of Muslim geographical literature, as well as to researchers of the history of the Caucasus and adjacent regions in the pre-Mongol period.

THE CAUCASUS AND ADJACENT REGIONS IN THE COSMOGRAPHY OF FAKHR-I MODABBIR

Among the Muslim texts of the first half of the XIII century, one should highlight the narrative known to researchers as «Shajarai-e ansab-e Mobarakshah-i» («The Tree of the genealogies of Mubarak Shah») or «Bahr al-ansab» («The Sea of genealogies»). This work belongs to the pen of a Persian historian of the late XII - first half of the XIII century. Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn Sa'id or Fakhr-i Moddabir (Mubarak Shah). After the publication of the Persian text of this source, carried out in the first half of the XX century. By Edward Denison Ross, scientists have paid close attention to this work itself, as well as to the biography of its author. However, the most significant attention was focused on those sections of «Bahr al-ansab», where the author described the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchak, as well as those where Fakhr-i Moddabir outlined the history of the Muslim dynasties that ruled in northern India. Much less attention was paid by specialists to the initial section of the introduction to "Bahr al-Ansab", in which the author proposed cosmography or a description of the world known to people at that time around them. For our part, I would like to understand first of all how, in the author's opinion, this world was arranged, into which regions it was divided, and what place the Caucasus and adjacent lands occupied in it. Here I would like to draw attention to what toponyms associated with the Caucasus Fakhr-i Moddabir mentions and what he reports about them. An equally important task of this study will be to identify the connections of this part of the text «Bahr al-Ansab» with earlier monuments of Muslim geographical and historical literature, which will make it possible to identify borrowings, but also independent reports of Fakhr-i Moddabir regarding the structure of the world known to mankind at that time. We hope that this work will be of interest to specialists in the history of Muslim geographical literature, as well as to researchers of the history of the Caucasus and adjacent regions in the pre-Mongol period.