Adjacent Branches Research Articles

CORRELATION OF SPEECHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL STYLISTICS OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT

This article represents the research of interpretative (subjective) approach to the correlation of adjacent linguistic branches — speechology and stylistics of an academic text. The explanatory cognitive-discursive and stylistic approach to solving the problem relies on the principles of the functional style concept developed by the Perm Scientific School led by Prof. M. N. Kozhina, in particular, on the unity of two sides of text — the linguistic one (that is its meaning structure) and the extralinguistic one (its meaning as a given). The unlimited variety of particular texts (even only in the academic and cognitive sphere of human activities) is one of significant reasons for applying a “soft” interpretative approach for the object analysis in speechology and functional stylistics (this approach always depends on the subject of analysis and is therefore subjective). The meaning text structure has a categorical and gradual character and that is why it correlates with the issue of the model academic text. Through the imposition of categories/parameters of this “categorical thermometer”, the speech phenomena are qualified as style-forming (that is significant for stylistics of academic speech) and non-style-forming (or discursive) which are significant for speechology. The extralinguistic base correlates with the factors which are located on the scale “farther — closer” against the subject of cognitive activity. “Farther” is a form of public conscience (corresponding type of activity and thinking), “closer” is a style of academic thinking, a personal cognitive style, an individual speech style of an academic, a language personality. The dominant and style-forming factors strongly influence the selection and appropriate use of language units, creation of a text by an author and perception of a text by a reader, as well as the interpretation of a text by a researcher in the field of functional stylistics. The academic text is being formed under the influence of differently orientated factors (towards the object and the subject), which are discursive and non-style-forming in the framework of one style. The discursive factors can operate as strong ones and weak ones (peripheral, optional) in the framework of one style. Their impact is comprehensive and appropriate as well as implicit and diverse — that is why their further differentiation is interpretative (subjective). The focus of speechology is just the research of non-style-forming extralinguistic factors.

Microalgae, a Boring Bivalve and a Coral-A Newly Described Association Between Two Coral Reef Bioeroders Within Their Coral Host.

SynopsisBioeroding organisms play an important part in shaping structural complexity and carbonate budgets on coral reefs. Species interactions between various bioeroders are an important area of study, as these interactions can affect net rates of bioerosion within a community and mediate how bioeroders respond to environmental change. Here we test the hypothesis that the biomass of endolithic bioeroding microalgae is positively associated with the presence of a macroboring bivalve. We compared the biomass and chlorophyll concentrations of microendolithic biofilms in branches of the coral Isopora palifera (Lamarck, 1816) that were or were not inhabited by a macroboring bivalve. Those branches with a macroborer present hosted ∼80% higher microbial biomass compared to adjacent branches from the same coral with no macroborer. Increased concentrations of chlorophyll b indicated that this was partly due to a greater abundance of green microalgae. This newly described association has important implications for the coral host as both the bivalve and the microalgae have been hypothesized as symbiotic.

256-row multislice CT angiography in the postoperative evaluation of cerebral aneurysms treated with titanium clips: using three-dimensional rotational angiography as the standard of reference.

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of 256-row multislice computed tomographic angiography (CTA) compared with three-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) in the postoperative evaluation of cerebral aneurysms treated with titanium clips. A total of 128 patients (42 men, 86 women; mean age, 57.6 years) with 143 cerebral aneurysms treated using titanium clips underwent both CTA and 3DRA. Two reviewers retrospectively evaluated the following parameters on CTA and 3DRA: (1) residual/recurrent aneurysm (absent or present), (2) patency of parent artery (patent or occluded/severe stenotic (> 70%)), and (3) patency of adjacent branch (patent or occluded/absent). A total of 24 residual/recurrent aneurysms were detected by 3DRA. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CTA for the detection of residual/recurrent aneurysms were 83.3%, 100%, and 97.2% for reviewer 1 and 79.2%, 100%, and 96.5% for reviewer 2, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CTA for the evaluation of patency of parent artery were 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, for both reviewers. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CTA for evaluation of the patency of adjacent branch were 85.1%, 100%, and 92.3% for reviewer 1 and 82.4%, 100%, and 90.9% for reviewer 2, respectively. A 256-row multislice CTA is a valuable non-invasive tool for assessment of cerebral aneurysms treated with titanium clips. • A 256-row multislice CTA is an accurate imaging technique for the postoperative assessment of cerebral aneurysms treated with titanium clips. • Sensitivity of CTA for the detection of residual/recurrent aneurysms was 79-83% compared with 3DRA. • CTA is still limited in detecting residual/recurrent aneurysms of < 2 mm and small adjacent branches.

A compact broadband power divider based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons

In this letter, a compact broadband spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) power divider based on the coupled mode theory with excellent transmission efficiency is proposed. An equal power divider is constructed in order to divide the energy of spoof SPPs equally between the two output ports into two equal parts with good isolation. This coupling method consists of four coupling units which are designed near the input port for splitting the energy towards the two output ports. The energy is transferred not only through spoof SPPs but also through the coupling units. The coplanar waveguides with 50 Ω impedance have been designed for feeding or extracting signals at three ends of the spoof SPP waveguide. According to the coupled mode theory, the fields of SPPs along a single waveguide in a specific frequency range can be readily coupled into two adjacent branch waveguides with the same propagation constants. This technique has been adopted for impedance matching in a 3-port lossy network. The simulations showed that the two output ports can be efficiently driven by the input port. The S-parameters and near-field results are also provided to verify the performance of the proposed power divider. The proposed spoof SPPs based power divider will find many innovative applications and will be an important addition towards the development of advanced plasmonic circuits at the microwave and terahertz frequencies.

Determination of parameters of cable drums of capstanshunting winches

The article considers the problem of determining the rational geometric parameters of friction cable drums of capstan shunting winches. The basic technical means for performing shunting works within the cargo yards of railway stations and industrial enterprises are given. Today, shunting locomotives are the most common means of shunting works at railway stations and cargo yards of industrial enterprises. However, using them is not economically feasible for small amounts of shunting. Both sheave-type and capstan shunting winches are often used to move individual cars or groups of cars along the freight front. In the capstan shunting winches, a frictional drum of infinite coiling length is used, which rotates around a horizontal axis. It is established that the known sources give only the theoretical principles of the operation of drums of infinite coiling length and do not contain any practical recommendations for the design and operation of capstan shunting winches. The article provides a theoretical study of the forces of friction that occur between the drum and the cable, as well as between the cable lines when drums with different profiles of working surfaces are used. It was found that in shunting winches, the coefficient of friction of the rope along the drum can increase by 2.5 times, as a result of which it is necessary to increase the curvature of the profile of the drum. Also, friction forces between adjacent branches of a cable wound on a winch drum are considered. On the basis of the conducted study, recommendations on the type and geometrical parameters of cable drums of capstan shunting winches are proposed, which are aimed at extending the service life of traction cables of these mechanisms.

2704 Urosepsis Is Difficult to Stomach!

INTRODUCTION: Gastric ischemia is a rare condition associated with poor prognosis typically presenting with abdominal pain, GI bleed and altered mentation and may be caused due to states of shock. We present a rare case of gastric ischemia due to urosepsis. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 70 year-old male with past medical history of peripheral vascular disease, chronic Foley catheter and dementia presented with altered mentation, hypotension, tachycardia and decreased urine output. The Foley catheter was replaced revealing purulent urine. Initial labs revealed acute kidney injury, lactic acidosis, and leukocytosis. CT abdomen pelvis without contrast revealed gastric pneumatosis with adjacent left upper quadrant portal venous gas and branching portal venous gas throughout the liver. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed which showed proximal gastric ischemia and necrosis from the midbody to the fundus; biopsies revealed acute hemorrhagic gastritis, and gastroenterology recommended resection. General surgery was consulted who recommended conservative management. Patient improved clinically while receiving antibiotic therapy, intermittent nasogastric tube suction, intravenous proton pump inhibitor therapy and parenteral nutrition. Repeat imaging showed resolution of portal gas and gastric pneumatosis and repeat EGD showed resolution of gastric ischemia. DISCUSSION: Gastric ischemia is a serious condition which is under-recognized clinically. Etiologies include systemic hypotension, vasculitis or disseminated thromboembolism. Gastric pneumatosis or portal venous gas on imaging suggest ischemia; EGD with biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard. Gastric ischemia is either managed surgically or medically with fluid resuscitation, nasogastric tube placement to prevent gastric distension and acid reduction along with antibiotics for patients with gastric pneumatosis.

Rupture geometries in anisotropic amphibolite recorded by pseudotachylytes in the Gairloch Shear Zone, NW Scotland

Recent earthquakes involving complex multi-fault rupture have increased our appreciation of the variety of rupture geometries and fault interactions that occur within the short duration of coseismic slip. Geometrical complexities are intrinsically linked with spatially heterogeneous slip and stress drop distributions, and hence need incorporating into seismic hazard analysis. Studies of exhumed ancient fault zones facilitate investigation of rupture processes in the context of lithology and structure at seismogenic depths. In the Gairloch Shear Zone, NW Scotland, foliated amphibolites host pseudotachylytes that record rupture geometries of ancient low-magnitude (≤M W 3) seismicity. Pseudotachylyte faults are commonly foliation parallel, indicating exploitation of foliation planes as weak interfaces for seismic rupture. Discordance and complexity are introduced by fault segmentation, stepovers, branching and brecciated dilational volumes. Pseudotachylyte geometries indicate that slip nucleation initiated simultaneously across several parallel foliation planes with millimetre and centimetre separations, leading to progressive interaction and ultimately linkage of adjacent segments and branches within a single earthquake. Interacting with this structural control, a lithological influence of abundant low disequilibrium melting-point amphibole facilitated coseismic melting, with relatively high coseismic melt pressure encouraging transient dilational sites. These faults elucidate controls and processes that may upscale to large active fault zones hosting major earthquake activity. Supplementary material : Supplementary Figures 1 and 2, unannotated versions of field photographs displayed in Figures 4a and 5 respectively, are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4573256 Thematic collection : This article is part of the SJG Collection on Early-Career Research available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/SJG-early-career-research

Initial single centre experience with Barrel VRD stent in large neck aneurisms

Introduction. Despite the use of new techniques, such as Y-stenting, the waffle-cone technique and intrasaccular flow disrupters the treatment of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms is still challenging, especially for those where adjacent branches are arising at the neck level. Moreover, the use of flow diverter stents in bifurcation aneurysms has been proposed by several teams, although the results remain controversial.This study is reflecting initial experience in our department with a relatively new device available on the market: Barrel VRD stent. The unique design feature of the device is the “belly-like” central part of the stent which protects the adjacent branches.Methods. We retrospectively reviewed all patients in whom stenting with braided or laser-cut stents had been performed in our center. Three patients were identified and analyzed. Technical success, complications, immediate angiographic outcomes, procedural data, are reported here.Results. One MCA bifurcation and two basilar tip large neck aneurysms with one branch arising from the neck level have been identified. Technical success was achieved in all procedures. Overall procedure-related morbidity and mortality was 0%. In the immediate post-treatment angiography, adequate occlusion (neck remnant or total occlusion) was observed in all patients. Short- and mild-term follow-up angiography showed adequate occlusion of the aneurysms.Conclusions. In this small case series, retrospective single-center analysis we showed that Barrel VRD - stent assisted coiling is a safe and feasible technique. Moreover, it offers an elegant and effective endovascular solution for large neck basilar tip aneurysms on which the neurosurgical clipping remains challenging.

In Vitro Study of Particle Transport in Successively Bifurcating Vessels.

To reach a predictive understanding of how particles travel through bifurcating vessels is of paramount importance in many biomedical settings, including embolization, thromboembolism, and drug delivery. Here we utilize an in vitro model in which solid particles are injected through a rigid vessel that symmetrically bifurcates in successive branching generations. The geometric proportion and fluid dynamics parameters are relevant to the liver embolization. The volumetric flow field is reconstructed via phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, from which the particle trajectories are calculated for a range of size and density using the particle equation of motion. The method is validated by directly tracking the injected particles via optical imaging. The results indicate that, opposite to the common assumption, the particles distribution is fundamentally different from the volumetric flow partition. In fact, the amount of delivered particles vary substantially between adjacent branches even when the flow is uniformly distributed. This is not due to the inertia of the particles, nor to gravity. The particle distribution is rather rooted in their different pathways, which in turn are linked to their release origin along the main vessel cross-section. Therefore, the tree geometry and the associated flow streamlines are the prime determinant of the particle fate, while local changes of volumetric flow rate to selected branches do not generally produce proportional changes of particle delivery.

Corruption Risks in the Use and Protection of Water Bodies

Corruption in the sphere of the use and protection of water bodies in Russia aggravates environmental threats and undermines all legal regulations of water relations. It is quite often that street-level corruption transforms into business corruption in this sphere. The authors present a critical analysis of the legal regulation of water relations and court practice to identify corruption risks and manifestations. Using court practice and research results, they determine the «pressure points» of Russian water legislation regarding corruption risks and manifestations and present their suggestions on amending the drawbacks in current legislation to ensure the effective prevention and elimination of corruption in the use and protection of water bodies. Manifestations of corruption are supported by monopolies and legal nihilism. In this sphere, strict compliance with laws is, evidently, not enough to counteract corruption. It is necessary to develop water legislation and adjacent branches of law that reduce corruption risks and manifestations. The authors use methods of systemic analysis and modeling, as well as the universal scientific methods of induction, deduction, and abstraction. Their research touches upon such problems as corruption risks and manifestations at the contemporary stage of water legislation’s development; small water bodies and corruption; the agreement on the creation of artificial land plots within water bodies; groundwater resources and corruption risks; monopolies and corruption risks in water relations; public control in Russia in connection with corruption risks and manifestations. In conclusion the authors connect the goals and tasks of the progressive development of water law in the sphere of ensuring sustainable water use and counteracting corruption at the level of the Federation, its subjects, and municipalities.

Adjustable electromagnetically induced transparency effect based on graphene surface plasmon

In this paper, the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect of graphene nanostructures was studied by numerical methods. Numerous branch structures were added to the sides of the graphene/medium/graphene waveguide, and the Fabry-Perot resonators were formed between adjacent branches due to the phase coupling effect. The back and forth oscillation of electromagnetic waves in the cavity significantly enhanced the transmitted light in a narrow band. Thus, an output spectrum similar to the EIT effect was produced. The output spectrum can be further adjusted by the gate voltage with the unique electrically adjustable properties of graphene. The surface of plasmon exhibited stronger locality in graphene nanostructures than metals. Thus, graphene-based electro-optical devices were more compact and integrated in the deep sub-wavelength scale. The proposed graphene nanostructures facilitated the implementation of a variety of high performance electro-optical devices, including multi-channel selective filters, sensors, and modulators.

Debussy's Paris: Piano Portraits of the Belle Époque by Catherine Kautsky

Reviewed by: Debussy's Paris: Piano Portraits of the Belle Époque by Catherine Kautsky Mark DeVoto Debussy's Paris: Piano Portraits of the Belle Époque. By Catherine Kautsky. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. [xxix, 223 p. ISBN 9781442269828 (hardback), $38; ISBN 9781442269835 (e-book), $36.] Music examples, illustrations, notes, bibliography, indexes. The piano was Claude Debussy's instrument, and we know from numerous contemporary sources that he was an outstanding pianist, even though he seldom performed in public. Beginning in the mid-1890s, and especially with the composition of the three orchestral nocturnes, Debussy, like Robert Schumann sixty years earlier, began to give descriptive or extramusically suggestive titles to his works, eventually to the point that titles became "impressionist" in the manner of the works of French painters—and this as much as any other factor influenced his being identified as an "impressionist composer." Characteristic titles appear in La mer and in his piano music, beginning with the Estampes and two series of Images and becoming exaggerated in the two books of preludes. Catherine Kautsky, a pianist who teaches at Lawrence College, spent a year in Paris doing on-the-scene research for this new book, which examines the artistic and intellectual environment within which Debussy's extensive output of piano music came to birth—"to view [Debussy] through the lens of his piano music and the city he so fully embraced" (p. xvii). Previously, other authors made comparable efforts, notably Edward Lockspeiser (Debussy: His Life and Mind [2 vols. (London: Cassell, 1962–65)]), who explores especially Debussy's aesthetic against the background of literature. Kautsky is more concerned with the visual arts and popular theater. Her text is amplified by more than fifty reproductions [End Page 96] of paintings, feuilletons, posters, and book illustrations. All of these make a strong case for the sources of Debussy's inspiration in the exotic, popular culture, and entertainment: vaudevilles, the cabaret, circuses, acrobats, children's books, commedia dell'arte, and icons of classical antiquity. Relatively little in the book deals with specific analyses of music; there are eighteen music examples pointing to musical influences and details of style, less often to structure. Merely listing some of Debussy's titles shows how some subjects became recurring themes in his work: "Clair de lune" (a single movement from the Suite bergamasque as well as two different vocal settings of a Verlaine text); "La terrasse des audiences du clair de lune" (Preludes, bk. 2, no. 7); "Et la lune descend sur le temple qui fut" (Images, 2nd ser., no. 2). Another recurring theme is the African Negro as an element of popular theater, such as in imported American minstrel shows ("Minstrels" [Preludes, bk. 1, no. 12]) and in toys ("Golliwogg's Cake-Walk," from Children's Corner; La boîte à joujoux, a children's ballet incorporating an earlier short piece, "Le petit nègre")—realizations that today would be considered socially insensitive but which Debussy always treated with wit and affection. Kautsky examines this subject in chapter 4, "The Cakewalk Wars," using illustrations from posters and offering an analysis of the cakewalk as a popular style of dance. "Fair-haired Maidens" forms the topic of chapter 11, with "La fille aux cheveux de lin" (Preludes, bk. 1, no. 8) at the forefront, but there are also the various treatments of Pierre Louÿs's Chansons de Bilitis, as well as the moment that everyone remembers in act 3, scene 1 of Pelléas et Mélisande, when Mélisande's "longs cheveux" (long hair) tumbles out of her tower window, inspiring Pelléas to tousle her tresses into the adjacent willow branches. The book includes a rarely reproduced frontispiece by Maurice Denis from the original edition of Debussy's La damoiselle élue (Paris: Librairie de l'art indépendant, 1893). Kautsky sees a parallel with an earlier painting by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Jeunes filles au bord de la mer (1879), and Aubrey Beardsley's Salomé (1893), a symbolist foreshadowing of art nouveau; perhaps her pursuit of this relationship is exaggerated, but Debussy's Prélude à l'aprèsmidi d'un faune, a quintessential art nouveau actualization in music, comes from just that time, in...

Large borehole with multi-lateral branches: A novel solution for exploitation of clayey silt hydrate

Raising the in situ decomposition rate of natural gas hydrate and increasing the decomposition contact area are two main ways to raise the productivity of hydrate. An exploitation technique based on large borehole with multi-lateral branches (LB &amp; MB) was proposed in this paper. This technique is mainly intended for the clayey silt hydrate reservoir in the South China Sea, and its main purpose is to alleviate the sand output from formation for maintaining the stability of the reservoir and to greatly increase the gas productivity of the reservoir. In this paper, the following aspects were mainly expounded: definition of the basic geometric parameters for layout of multi-lateral branches in clayey silt hydrate reservoir, simulation of the stimulation effect of a typical well profile with two branches, and prediction and simulation of the reservoir failure risk in a well profile with eight branches. The results show that the LB &amp; MB effectively improves the flow field in the formation, raises the productivity of the reservoir and may also help to decrease the produced water-gas ratio (WGR). When the lateral branches spacing is too small, the failure zones around adjacent lateral branches overlap each other, possibly causing reservoir failure in a larger range. Therefore, the geometric parameters of multi-lateral branches depend on the dual control of the productivity and geotechnical risk factor of reservoir. Further study is being carried out, so as to obtain the optimal combination of parameters of multi-lateral branches.

Соціологічний термін як одиниця галузевої терміносистеми

The article attempts to analyze the sociological term as a unit of the branch terminology. Emphasizing the basic classification features of the sociological term unit, establishing hierarchical relations between terms and multi-compound terms, defining the structural and semantic specifics of the Ukrainian sociological terminology system, the authors come to the conclusion about the important role of the studied terminology in the formation and functioning of the Ukrainian literary language. According to our research, extralinguistic factors play an important role in the formation of the Ukrainian sociological terminology and the ordering of the terminology units: the emergence of a certain field of knowledge, the time of its appearance, which actualizes the need to determine the source of the basic terminological vocabulary, the basic models of the creation of terms, and others. Getting used to the designation of the corresponding scientific concept, the sociological term is characterized by a number of differential features, among which the main ones are: nominacy, definition, the designation of systemic relations and relationships within the sociological terminology system, adjacent branch terminology systems and commonly used vocabulary, the motivation that is realized in three types that correspond to the three main methods of terminological word-formation (morphological, syntactic, and semantic), and others.

EVOLUTION OF VIEWS ON ETHNOCULTUROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN POLITICAL LINGUISTICS

Many scholars report “ethnic renaissance” or ethnocultural turn in modern humanitaristics. The anthropocentric scientific paradigm brings up new problems lying at the borderline between humanitarian sciences, which leads to the emergence of new adjacent branches of science (linguoculturology, ethnolinguistics, political linguistics, etc.). And specifically, it actualizes the study of interrelation between language, culture and ethnos. This is determined by the peculiarities of the language which is the product of two main factors: internal (linguistic consciousness of each person) and external (culture uniting the persons speaking the same language and reflecting the everyday empirical, historical and spiritual experience of the ethnos). Close intertwining of the humanities is revealed also in the fact that political linguistics is permeated with the conceptions of linguoculturology and ethnolinguistics which are employed to solve such problems as interaction between language and thinking, linguistic consciousness of a participant of the communication act, and national-cultural linguistic worldview. The article characterizes the main areas of research demonstrating close relationship between the abovementioned scientific fields: metaphorical modeling in political discourse; comparative study of political communication at various stages of the Russian statehood (allow one to clearly distinguish “own” and “alien”, occasional and natural, universal and nationally specific in language); diachronic study of political communication (political discourse of the state throughout its history or at a certain time; fragment of political reality and its metaphorical modeling at various periods of time; idiostyle of a politician).

The Role of Collateral Circulation in Branch Vessel Occlusion After Flow Diversion

Flow diversion for treatment of intracranial aneurysms frequently necessitates covering adjacent branch vessels. Although branch vessel occlusion is common, associated clinical deficits are rare. It has been hypothesized that clinically silent branch vessel occlusion is due to underlying collateral circulation. To study the role of collateral circulation in covered branch vessel occlusion, we assessed collateral vessels and altered branch vessel flow on transfemoral catheter angiography in patients undergoing flow diversion of intracranial aneurysms. Angiograms obtained before treatment, immediately after treatment, and during follow-up were evaluated for branch vessel flow patterns and associated collateral circulation in a consecutive retrospective cohort of 84 patients from 2011 to 2017 with branch vessel coverage related to aneurysm flow diversion using the Pipeline embolization device. We identified 142 branch vessels covered by the Pipeline device construct for treatment of 89 aneurysms, predominately in the anterior circulation (>90%). Collateral circulation was observed in approximately one third of these vessels and was associated with diminished (P < 0.001) or absent (P < 0.001) flow on follow-up angiography. Only 2 of 80 terminal branch vessels (no collaterals) were occluded, and these occurred in a patient with Pipeline device construct thrombosis. Altered branch vessel flow was not associated with vascular risk factors, treatment technique, or outcome measures, including new or worsening neurologic deficit. Altered flow in branch vessels covered during flow diversion reflects underlying collateral circulation and is not associated with downstream ischemic deficits.

ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА ПУБЛИКАЦИИ ПЕРЕВОДНЫХ СТАТЕЙ ПО ХИМИИ В АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ НАУЧНЫХ ЖУРНАЛАХ

The article considers the relevant and growing tendency of the publication of scientific research results in the English-language journals in recent years. The priority of fundamental areas of research is shown by the particular example of chemistry and adjacent natural-science branches. This research scopes the acute problems in translating chemistry articles into English. They are shown from the scientist’s position, viz. language mastering, skills to solve communicative problems with the English native speakers, typical translation mistakes. Also, the paper considers the question of rising anglicizing of scientific vocabulary, pluses and minuses of translators’ work not related to the field of study, and the application of machine translation.

A local excitation magnetic resonance imaging method for intracranial unruptured aneurysm at the distal internal carotid artery

It is often difficult to diagnose an intracranial aneurysm at the distal internal carotid artery by conventional magnetic resonance imaging. PurposeWe assessed the effectiveness of the local excitation technique, a new application for magnetic resonance imaging, to clarify the geometric structure of aneurysm and adjacent branches at the distal internal carotid artery. Study designTwo independent evaluators diagnosed 10 cases of suspected aneurysms at the distal internal carotid artery by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with application of local excitation, adding it to conventional time-of-flight–magnetic resonance angiography. FindingsWe successfully distinguished the aneurysm from infundibular dilatation in five of 10 cases. ConclusionOur results suggested that addition of local excitation to conventional magnetic resonance angiography was effective to diagnose unruptured aneurysm at the distal internal carotid artery, to clarify the configuration of the prominent lesion or whether the location of the adjacent branch orifice on the parent vessel was symmetric or asymmetric.

Correction: Morphological Characterization and Quantification of the Mycelial Growth of the Brown-Rot Fungus Postia placenta for Modeling Purposes.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162469.].

Anatomical Considerations and Open Surgery to Treat Juxtarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

Historically, the open approach to the abdominal aorta has been transperitoneal (TP). In comparison, a retroperitoneal (RP) incision exposes the lateral wall of the suprarenal aorta for clamp application and midline structures such as the duodenum and pancreas are not encountered. Proximal clamp position for open repair of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (JR-AAA) is suprarenal, supra-superior mesenteric, or supraceliac. While RP and TP approaches have previously been compared for physiological reasons, there are currently no randomized controlled trials comparing these methods from an anatomical perspective. The primary aim is to examine the evidence for adopting an RP approach for JR-AAA and compare it with TP approach from an anatomical perspective. The secondary aim is to assess optimum proximal clamp position and its effect on renal function and mortality for the 2 approaches. Literature was reviewed searching databases Medline and Embase for studies on clamp positioning in JR-AAA repair using a TP or RP approach, up to December 2017. There is no clear evidence for the optimum cross-clamp position for open repair of JR-AAAs. More proximal clamps provide adequate operative space with the possible downside of increased afterload leading to visceral and renal ischemia. Clamps placed inferior to the superior mesenteric artery allow continued bowel and hepatic perfusion with the potential to cause trauma to the adjacent aortic branches during application. As far as the optimum approach is concerned, many series show a strong trend for RP as a more proximal clamp is required. Significant numbers develop renal failure after JR-AAA repair, with most recovering fully irrespective of the clamp position.