Rat Adipose Tissue Research Articles

Effect of Fresh Red radish Roots Juice on some Bio-marker for hypertrophy of adipose tissue in Obese Rats

Effect of Fresh Red radish Roots Juice on some Bio-marker for hypertrophy of adipose tissue in Obese Rats

Omega3-polyunsaturated fatty acid ameliorates metabolic disorders in adulthood rats caused by postnatal early overfeeding

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acid(ω3-PUFA) dietary intervention on mitochondrial function of white adipose tissue in adult rats with postnatal early overfeeding. Methods An overfed animal model by adjusting litter size was developed for the study of neonatal overfeeding. The litter size was adjusted to 3 male rats per litter(small litter, SL group) and 10 pups per litter(normal litter, NL group). After weaning(week 3), the pups were fed standard chow or ω3-PUFA diet(SL-FO) until postnatal weeks 13. Food intake, body weight, and rectal temperature of rats were measured regularly, and energy metabolism of animals was monitored in week 13. During week 3 and 13, subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected. Inguinal preadipocytes of mice were isolated and induced to differentiate, and 50 μmol/L eicosapentaenoicacid(EPA) was administered for 48 h at the late stage of differentiation. The mRNA and protein expression levels of mitochondrial related genes, mitochondrial copy number, and oxygen consumption rate of adipocytes were detected in adipose tissue and adipocytes. Results By the 3rd week, the body weight, food intake, and fat cell area in SL group were higher than those in NL group while the body temperature was lower until to 13 weeks. By the 13th week, the O2 consumption, CO2 output, and heat production of rats in SL group were lower than those in NL group. Meanwhile, the expressions of mitochondrial function related genes such as uncoupling protein 1(UCP1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1(CPT1), SIRT1, and mitochondrial biosynthesis regulatory gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coativator-1 (PGC1α) in adipose tissue by the 3rd and 13th week were significantly reduced(P<0.05). After weaning, ω3-PUFA diet significantly reduced weight gain in SL rats, increased UCP1 protein expression, restored energy metabolism level and mitochondrial function related gene expression. In vitro intervention of EPA increased the mitochondrial copy number, the mRNA and protein expression levels of mitochondrial biosynthesis and functional genes, as well as the mitochondrial basic oxygen consumption rate(P<0.05). Conclusion ω3-PUFA improves postnatal overfeeding-induced impairment of the mitochondrial function and biosynthesis of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in rats, which may be an important mechanism for fish oil diet to inhibit the early over-nutrition program and restore the thermogenic metabolism. Key words: Omega 3-PUFA; Postnatal overfeeding; White fat; Mitochondria

Adipose Tissue and Brain Metabolic Responses to Western Diet-Is There a Similarity between the Two?

Dietary fats and sugars were identified as risk factors for overweight and neurodegeneration, especially in middle-age, an earlier stage of the aging process. Therefore, our aim was to study the metabolic response of both white adipose tissue and brain in middle aged rats fed a typical Western diet (high in saturated fats and fructose, HFF) and verify whether a similarity exists between the two tissues. Specific cyto/adipokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin), critical obesity-inflammatory markers (haptoglobin, lipocalin), and insulin signaling or survival protein network (insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS), Akt, Erk) were quantified in epididymal white adipose tissue (e-WAT), hippocampus, and frontal cortex. We found a significant increase of TNF-α in both e-WAT and hippocampus of HFF rats, while the expression of haptoglobin and lipocalin was differently affected in the various tissues. Interestingly, adiponectin amount was found significantly reduced in e-WAT, hippocampus, and frontal cortex of HFF rats. Insulin signaling was impaired by HFF diet in e-WAT but not in brain. The above changes were associated with the decrease in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptotagmin I and the increase in post-synaptic protein PSD-95 in HFF rats. Overall, our investigation supports for the first time similarities in the response of adipose tissue and brain to Western diet.

Effects of concurrent training on irisin and fibronectin type-III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) expression in visceral adipose tissue in type-2 diabetic rats

Context Evidence suggests that myokines could have clinical implications for metabolic diseases such as type-2 diabetes. Objective We investigated the effects of concurrent training (CT) on irisin and fibronectin type-III domain containing five (FNDC5) expressions in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in type-2 diabetic rats. Materials and methods Eighteen male Wistar rats (ages four to eight weeks) became diabetic using nicotinamide and streptozotocin and were assigned to either a control (CON) or a CT group using a randomised block design. The CT group exercised on a motor-driven treadmill at 60 to 75 per cent of VO2max (0% grade) for 10–40 min/day (aerobic training) and performed 10 climbs on a 1-meter ladder utilising weighted resistance of 30–100% of body mass (resistance exercise) for 5 days/week over 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the VAT of rats was removed and washed. FNDC5-relative gene expression and irisin were measured by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Additionally, insulin resistance and plasma insulin and glucose levels were determined. Results Our findings revealed that CT significantly increased FNDC5-relative gene expression in the VAT of type-2 diabetic rats compared to controls. Furthermore, eight weeks of CT improved insulin resistance and insulin and glucose levels but did not significantly alter irisin levels in type-2 diabetic rats. Discussion and conclusion The results of this study demonstrated that CT increased FNDC5 mRNA and improved insulin resistance, insulin, and glucose levels. Also observed were increased trends (non-significant, p = .051) in irisin levels. Hence, CT may play a role in attenuating metabolic disorders such as obesity and type-2 diabetes.

Effects of Training and Octopamine Supplementation on Expression of M1 and M2 Monocyte/Macrophage Surface Markers in White Adipose Tissue of Rats Poisoned with Deep-Fried Oil

Background It showed that the infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue is the origin of inflammation. Despite the positive effect of training and octopamine on the inflammatory process and adipose tissue permeability to macrophages, the simultaneous effect of aerobic training (AT) and octopamine (O), as a lipolytic agent on macrophage permeability in a high-fat diet situation, is unclear.Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of AT and O supplementation on CD86 and CD206 concentration in white adipose tissue of rats poisoned with deep-fried oil (DFO).Methods A total of 30 male Wistar rats were divided into groups, including healthy control, DFO control, AT + DFO, O + DFO, and AT + O + DFO. During the four weeks the O groups received 81 μmol/kg octopamine for five days/week intraperitoneally, and AT groups performed training with moderate intensity (26 m/min). Forty-eight hours after the last intervention, the rats were anesthetized and subcutaneous adipose tissue was removed for CD86 and CD206 assays.Results DFO significantly increased CD86 and reduced CD206; AT was able to reduce the CD86 increase, however, it had no effect on CD206; O significantly reduced CD86 and increased CD206; in addition, interaction of AT and O on CD86 was significant.Conclusions Both AT and O can reduce the negative effect of deep-fried oil on macrophage permeability in adipose tissue.

Adrenomedullin has a role in angiogenic effects of resveratrol in adipose tissues of obese female rats.

Obesity is a complex, chronic disease that arises according to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The expansion and growth of white adipose tissue (WAT) could be related to angiogenesis. Resveratrol and adrenomedullin (AdM) were used for the inhibition of angiogenesis in metabolically passive WAT for inhibiting the expansion of this tissue, and the activation of angiogenesis in metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) for increasing daily energy consumption as a way of reducing obesity. Rats were divided into eight groups. Four obese groups were fed with a high-fat diet containing 60% fat as energy for three months. After obtaining obesity, 2.5nmol/kg AdM and 10mg/kg resveratrol were treated to experiment groups intraperitoneally (i.p.) every other day for four weeks. AdM and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mRNA levels were detected with semi-quantitative PCR; protein levels were detected with Western Blotting. AdM and resveratrol are multifactorial molecules, thus, this study has revealed a few novel evidence. The results were distinct in the group and treatment levels. The results showed that resveratrol has a role in angiogenesis in obesity and contributed to AdM production. It is observed that AdM has regulated its expression and increased the effect of resveratrol in WAT. AdM and VEGF-A gene expressions could not be detected in BAT; however, it is suggested that resveratrol may have a pro-angiogenic effect in BAT of obese rats according to the protein levels. AdM also has regulated VEGF-A level according to the metabolic situation of the organism.

АНТИГИПЕРГЛИКЕМИЧЕСКИЙ ЭФФЕКТ ЭКСТРАКТОВ СЕВЕРНЫХ ЯГОД НА МОДЕЛИ САХАРНОГО ДИАБЕТА II ТИПА У КРЫС, ИНИЦИИРОВАННОГО СТРЕПТОЗОТОЦИНОМ

The purpose of this study was to study the potential therapeutic properties of water-alcohol extracts of bilberry, blueberries, cowberries, cranberries, on the model of experimental streptozotocin diabetes mellitus. Research material and methods. Wild bilberry, cowberries, cranberries and blueberries collected in the summer and autumn of 2018 in the Surgut district of the Khanty-Mansiysk district of the Tyumen region of the Russian Federation were used to obtain polyphenolic water-alcohol extracts of Northern berries. The extracts were concentrated in a vacuum evaporator to the level of polyphenols in 10 mg / ml. the Rats were injected with polyphenol extracts at the rate of 10 mg / kg (the input volume of 0.2-0.3 ml). Results. The concentration of polyphenols in the samples was studied using a commercial set for determining the concentration of polyphenols «Polyphenols folin-ciocalteu (ENOLOGY line by BioSytems. Spain)», in accordance with the instructions of the reagent manufacturer. The results were expressed in the equivalent of Gallic acid, i.e. mg of Gallic acid/ml of berry extract (mgGAE /ml Conclusion. A model of type II diabetes mellitus obtained in rats with streptozotocin was used to study the effect of extracts of wild bilberry, cowberries, cranberries and blueberries in North-Western Siberia on the level of glycemia and insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, the level of expression of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in the liver and adipose tissue of rats, and histopathological changes in pancreatic tissue were also established. Determined that extracts of bilberry, cowberries, cranberries and blueberry on the model of diabetes reduces the severity of insulin resistance such as Metformin, lower blood glucose levels (except lingonberry extract), reduce the concentration of triglycerides (except cowberries extract), reduces the concentration of LDL (except cranberries and cowberries). The use of blueberry extract on the background of diabetes reduces the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes IL-6, TNF-α and CRP. At the same time, extracts of Northern berries in the blood plasma prevent excessive release of free radicals and increase antioxidant activity. Pathomorphological studies of pancreatic tissue document a lower degree of damage to the Langerhans islets against the background of the introduction of Northern berry extracts.

Changes in the Inflammatory Status in White Adipose Tissue of Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity at Different Regimens of Melatonin Administration

The effects of different regimens (morning and evening) of melatonin administration (30 mg/kg/day during 7 weeks) on the course of inflammation processes in visceral white adipose tissue (the presence of macrophages that formed crown-like structures around the adipocytes, fibrosis level and mast cell numbers in white adipose tissue, and the content of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α, and interferon γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines in blood serum) was analyzed in rats with obesity induced by a high-calorie diet. Melatonin administration was followed by changes in the numbers of macrophages and mast cells in white adipose tissue of obese rats, and decreases of collagen fiber content (fibrosis) and the area of adipocytes were also demonstrated. Melatonin administration in the evening (1 h before the lights off) turned out to be more efficient than the morning administration (1 h after the lights on). Moreover, the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines increased in the blood serum of obese rats after melatonin administration, whereas the level of proinflammatory cytokines decreased at the same time. This demonstrates the anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin in the context of obesity development and serves as a theoretical prerequisite for further consideration of the possible use of melatonin in obesity treatment.

The Influence of Metformin to the Transcriptional Activity of the mTOR and FOX3 Genes in Parapancreatic Adipose Tissue of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

The mammalian target of rapamycin is not only a central regulator of lipid metabolism that controls the processes of adipogenesis and lipolysis but also a regulator of the immunometabolism of immune cells that infiltrate adipose tissue. In turn, the level of progression of diabetes is significantly influenced by the Treg subpopulation, the complexity and heterogeneity of which is confirmed by the detection of numerous tissue-specific Tregs, including the so-called VAT Tregs (visceral adipose tissue CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells). Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the mRNA expression levels of mTOR, Foxp3, IL1β, and IL17A genes in rat parapancreatic adipose tissue with experimental streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, with or without metformin administration. The experiments were performed on male Wistar rats with induced diabetes as a result of streptozotocin administration. Molecular genetic studies were performed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The development of diabetes caused transcriptional activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin protein kinase gene, as well as increased mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IL17A, but did not affect Foxp3 mRNA expression. The intervention with metformin in diabetic rats inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin mRNA expression and caused an increase in the transcriptional activity of the Foxp3 gene in parapancreatic adipose tissue.

The Effect of Testosterone Replacement on Intramedullary, Inguinal and Visceral Fat in Ovariectomized Rats.

The present article aims to evaluate the impact of testosterone treatment on the expansion of visceral, subcutaneous and intramedullary adipose tissue of ovariectomized rats and the visceral and subcutaneous fat expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) gamma. METHODS: In total 48 female Wistar rats were castrated and randomly divided into 6 treatment groups: group E2 was submitted to estradiol 5 μg/day; group T, to testosterone 5 μg/day; group E2 + T, to estradiol 5 μg/day + testosterone 5 μg/day; group TT, to testosterone 30 μg/day; group E2 + TT, to estradiol 5 μg/day + testosterone 30 μg/day; and placebo was administered to group P. After 5 weeks, the rats were euthanized, the inguinal and visceral adipose tissues were harvested, weighted, and had their PPAR gamma expression evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The right femurs were harvested and histologically prepared to perform the number count of the intramedullary adipocytes. The expansion of visceral fat tissue was much higher in the TT group when compared with other treated groups (p < 0.001). The TT group also showed a higher expansion of inguinal fat (p < 0.01), and groups E2 + T and E2 + TT presented lower growth compared to the P group (p < 0.01). The number of femur intramedullary adipocytes only showed significant differences between groups TT and E2 + TT (p < 0.05). The expression of PPAR gamma showed no differences among the groups. The use of testosterone in high doses leads to an important expansion in both visceral and inguinal adipose tissues. Association with estradiol exerts an expansion-repressive effect on the visceral and inguinal adipose tissues.

МОРФОФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ СТАН ВІСЦЕРАЛЬНОЇ БІЛОЇ ЖИРОВОЇ ТКАНИНИ ЩУРІВ ЗА УМОВ РОЗВИТКУ ОЖИРІННЯ ТА ПРИ ВВЕДЕННІ НАНОЧАСТИНОК СРІБЛА

There was studied the morphofunctional state of the visceral white adipose tissue of rats with obesity and after introduction of silver salt solution and silver nanoparticles solution. In particular, we analyzed the morphofunctional changes in the visceral white adipose tissue of rats on a high-calorie diet, as well as the effects of the silver nitrate solution and the silver nanoparticles solution at a dose of 1 mg / 1 kg body weight and 0.5 mg / 1 kg body weight on the morphofunctional state of the visceral white adipose tissue of rats on a high-calorie diet. There were established morphofunctional changes in cells of the rats white adipose tissue on the high-calorie diet and with the introduction of silver preparations in different concentrations. The condition of the adipose tissue was evaluated on the basis of the following parameters: the relative mass of the visceral fat, the cross-sectional area of adipocytes, the relative number of adipocytes per unit area. There were compared effects of administration to animals with obesity of the silver nitrate solution at a dose of 1 mg / 1 kg body weight and 0.5 mg / 1 kg body weight, as well as a of the silver nanoparticles solution at a dose 1 mg / 1 kg body weight and 0.5 mg / 1 kg of body weight. All the above silver preparations reduced the manifestations of obesity in animals which were maintained in a high-calorie diet. In addition to the form of the silver preparation (silver nitrate solution or silver nanoparticle solution), its concentration is important. The highest efficiency was shown after the administration of the silver nanoparticles solution at a dose 0.5 mg / 1 kg of body weight. In rats of this experimental group, the studied parameters not only reached the control values, but they also exceeded them, which indicates expressed influence of the drug on the obesity manifestations. In addition, the rats showed signs of fat depletion.

Rosmarinic Acid Protects Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Nutrient-Deficient Conditions.

One of the major challenges for stem cell therapy of ischemic organs is that the transplanted cells are confronted with nutrient deficiency and oxidative stress. Previous studies have indicated that pretreatment of stem cells with cytoprotective phytochemicals improves their therapeutic potential. This study was aimed to investigate whether rosmarinic acid can enhance survival of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) in nutrient-deficient culture as an in vitro model of ischemia. The ASCs were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of male adult Wistar rats and incubated for 24 h with rosmarinic acid in nutrient-deficient (glucose- and serum-deprived, GSD) culture medium. In a separate experiment, ASCs were pre-incubated for 4 h with rosmarinic acid and then exposed to GSD conditions for 24 h. The viability of ASCs was determined using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assays. The effect of rosmarinic acid on the cell cycle was evaluated using propidium iodide staining. GSD conditions significantly decreased the viability of ASCs and enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, sub-G1 cell populations, and necrosis. Both pre-incubation and incubation of ASCs with 0.75~6 μM rosmarinic acid significantly increased cell viability in GSD conditions. Rosmarinic acid further decreased the level of ROS, lipid peroxidation, the percent of cells in sub-G1 stage, and necrosis in GSD conditions. These findings suggest that rosmarinic acid enhances survival of ASCs cultured in nutrient-deficient conditions through promoting antioxidant effects. Therefore, rosmarinic acid may help preserve ASCs survival after they are transplanted into ischemic organs.

904 nm Low-Level Laser Irradiation Decreases Expression of Catabolism-Related Genes in White Adipose Tissue of Wistar Rats: Possible Roles of Laser on Metabolism.

Background: Adipose tissue is the main energy storage tissue in the body. Its catabolic and anabolic responses depend on several factors, such as nutritional status, metabolic profile, and hormonal signaling. There are few studies addressing the effects of laser photobiomodulation (PBM) on adipose tissue and results are controversial. Objective: Our purpose was to investigate the metabolic effects of PBM on adipose tissue from Wistar rats supplemented or not with caffeine. Materials and methods: Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (CTL), laser-treated [CTL (L)], caffeine (CAF), and caffeine+PBM [CAF (L)]. Blood was extracted for quantification of triglyceride and cholesterol levels and white adipose tissues were collected for analysis. We evaluated gene expression in the adipose tissue for the leptin receptor, lipase-sensitive hormone, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and beta adrenergic receptor. Results: We demonstrated that the low-level laser irradiation was able to increase the feed intake of the animals and the relative mass of the adipose tissue in the CTL (L) group compared with CTL. Laser treatment also increases serum triglycerides [CTL = 46.99 ± 5.87; CTL (L) = 57.46 ± 14.38; CAF = 43.98 ± 5.17; and CAF (L) = 56.9 ± 6.12; p = 0.007] and total cholesterol (CTL = 70.62 ± 6.80; CTL (L) = 79.41 ± 13.07; CAF = 71.01 ± 5.52; and CAF (L) = 79.23 ± 6.881; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Laser PBM decreased gene expression of the studied genes in the adipose tissue, indicating that PBM is able to block the catabolic responses of this tissue. Interestingly, the CAF (L) and CAF animals presented the same CLT (L) phenotype, however, without increasing the feed intake and the relative weight of the adipose tissue. The description of these phenomena opens a new perspective for the study of the action of low-level laser in adipose tissue.

Cd36 gene expression in adipose and hepatic tissue mediates the lipids accumulation in liver of obese rats with sucrose-induced hepatic steatosis

Obesity is considered a global epidemic and is mainly associated with the development of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFLD). The pathogenesis between obesity and hepatic steatosis is partially known, but could involve differentiated or tissue-specific participation of the expression of Cd36 mRNA that codes for a receptor which is a transporter of free fatty acids (FFA) in different tissues, favoring the lipids storage. This relative expression was evaluated in adipose and liver tissue in rats with steatosis after consumption of sucrose for 30 and 40 weeks. Ten Wistar rats were divided into two experimental groups (St-30 and St-40), which received a standard diet plus 30 % sucrose in their water intake. These rats showed a significant increase in abdominal fat, serum biochemical determinations, HOMA-IR; as well as, changes in adipocytes size and mild portal hepatitis and grade 2 hepatic steatosis. The relative expression of Cd36 mRNA increased in liver tissue after 30 (4.5-fold) and 40 (8.5-fold) weeks of sucrose ingestión but no in adipose tissue; with respect to control group (P < 0.05). This expression was associated with a significant increase in the levles of sCD36 in serum, which is indicator of the presence of the FFA transporter in the hepatocyte membrane causing lipids accumulation. The above shows the link between the adipose and hepatic tissue for the accumulation of steatotic fat in the liver through time, mediated by the relative expression of cd36 mRNA that encodes for the FFA transporter.

Quantification of Fat Concentration and Vascular Response in Brown and White Adipose Tissue of Rats by Spectral CT Imaging.

ObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to non-invasively characterize and discriminate brown adipose tissue (BAT) from white adipose tissue (WAT) in rats using spectral computed tomography (CT) with histological validation.Materials and MethodsA lipid-containing phantom (lipid fractions from 0% to 100%) was imaged with spectral CT. An in vivo, non-enhanced spectral CT scan was performed on 24 rats, and fat concentrations of BAT and WAT were measured. The rats were randomized to receive intraperitoneal treatment with norepinephrine (NE) (n = 12) or saline (n = 12). Non-enhanced and enhanced spectral CT scans were performed after treatment to measure the elevation of iodine in BAT and WAT. The BAT/aorta and WAT/aorta ratios were calculated and compared, after which isolated BAT and WAT samples were subjected to histological and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) analyses.ResultsThe ex-vivo phantom study showed excellent linear fit between measured fat concentration and the known gravimetric reference standard (r2 = 0.996). In vivo, BAT had significantly lower fat concentration than WAT (p < 0.001). Compared to the saline group, the iodine concentration of BAT increased significantly (p < 0.001) after injection of NE, while the iodine concentration of WAT only changed slightly. The BAT/aorta ratio also increased significantly after exposure to NE compared to the saline group (p < 0.001). Histological and UCP1 expression analyses supported the spectral CT imaging results.ConclusionThe study consolidates spectral CT as a new approach for non-invasive imaging of BAT and WAT. Quantitative analyses of BAT and WAT by spectral CT revealed different characteristics and pharmacologic activations in the two types of adipose tissue.

Hydrogen produced in rat colon improves in vivo reduction-oxidation balance due to induced regeneration of α-tocopherol.

We investigated whether non-digestible saccharide fermentation-derived hydrogen molecules (H2) in rat colon could improve the in vivo reduction-oxidation (redox) balance via regeneration of α-tocopherol, by assessing their effect on hydroxyl radicals, the α-tocopherol concentration and the redox balance. In Expt 1, a Fenton reaction with phenylalanine (0 or 1·37mmol/l of H2) was conducted. In Expt 2, rats received intraperitoneally maize oil containing phorone (400 mg/kg) 7d after drinking ad libitum water containing 0 or 4 % fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) (groups CP and FP, respectively). In Expt 3, rats unable to synthesise ascorbic acid drank ad libitum for 14d water with 240mg ascorbic acid/l (group AC), 20mg of ascorbic acid/l (group DC) or 20mg of ascorbic acid/l and 4 % FOS (group DCF). In the Fenton reaction, H2 reduced tyrosine produced from phenylalanine to 72 % when platinum was added and to 92 % when platinum was excluded. In Expt 2, liver glutathione was depleted by administration of phorone to rats. However, compared with CP, no change in the m-tyrosine concentration in the liver of FP was detected. In Expt 3, net H2 excretion was higher in DCF than in the other rats after 3 d of the experiment. Furthermore, the concentrations of H2 and α-tocopherol and the redox glutathione ratio in perirenal adipose tissue of rats were significantly higher in DCF than in DC. To summarise, in rat colon, fermentation-derived H2 further shifted the redox balance towards a more reducing status in perirenal adipose tissue through increased regeneration of α-tocopherol.

Is it Possible to Create Readily Available Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts Without Using Cells?

Introduction - In modern vascular surgery remains the problem of small-diameter vascular grafts. Autologous or synthetic vascular grafts are used routinely for arterial bypass in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, some patients either lack suitable autologous tissue or cannot receive synthetic grafts. Such patients could benefit from a vascular graft produced by tissue engineering. Currently, there are a number of techniques to receipt such artificial vessel, some of which are already in clinical trials. The method of using acellular biodegradable scaffold suggests that host cells can regenerate new vascular wall in situ, thats allows to overcome the scalability issue and make the grafts available off-the-shelf. The aim of the study is a comprehensive assessment of bioresorbable prosthesis from L-polylactide (PLA), and determining the possibility of its use as acellular vascular graft available off-the-shelf. Methods - Tubular grafts were obtained by the electrospinning method, (1.2 mm inner diameter) on the basis of nonwoven nano- and microfiber biodegradable polymer PLA. Mechanical characteristics such as tensile strength ,Young’s modulus E, and tensile deformation at break ofthe samples were determined using a UTS 10 universaltesting machine (Germany). Porosity parameters were determined by mercury porosimetry and BET method. Cytology analyses were performed with nanofibersfrom PLA and culture of mesenchymal stem cellsobtained from adipose tissue (ASCs). To assess the degree of cell adhesion toPLA grafts investigated materials were placed insquare-hole board (Nunc, USA). Investigation of barrier propertiesof tubular grafts were carried out on a developed laboratory setup. Obtained grafts were implanted in the abdominal aorta of rats (n=18). Follow-up was 16 months. The material was subjected to histological examination, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry CD 31 +. After 14 months implantation angiography was performed (n=1). Results - During the operations and by the results of the investigation physical and mechanical properties it has been shown that obtained grafts are suitable for sewing in the bloodstream. For grafts from L-polylactide the pore volume was 78% and the surface area per gram of polymer 3.6 m2 (S BET).Investigation of adhesion and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue of rats showed safety and biocompatibility of used materials. All grafts formed neointima, with no signs of hyperplasia in the areas of anastomoses. Patency for PLA grafts 88% (n = 18). After 16 months (n=3) histology shows total resorption of PLA fibers, new vascular wall consist of connecctive tissue with endotelial lining, but all zone of reconstruction was presented by aneurysm. Conclusion - Small diameter vascular prostheses with high porosity obtained by electrospinning from PLA have sufficient exploitation mechanical properties. In in vivo experiments proved its safety, biocompatibility. Received patency rates are satisfactory for grafts with small diameter. Low mechanical properties of the connective tissue formed in the area of reconstruction have led to the formation of aneurysms. To sum up, the need for the introduction of cells in the wall of the graft in vitro before implantation is not in doubt.

Screening Ethanolic Extract of Aerva lanata for α-Amylase Inhibition and in vitro Uptake of Glucose in Adipose Tissue and Psoas Muscle of Male Sprague Dawley Rats

The study was intended to investigate anti-diabetic efficacy of Aerva lanata by determining its α-amylase inhibition activity and in vitro uptake of glucose in adipose tissue and psoas muscle isolated from male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Aerva lanata is reported to have many traditional and Ayurvedic uses. Male SD rats (n=3) of 150 g were sacrificed and 250 mg of respective tissues were isolated for the study. Aerva lanata ethanolic extract (ALE) (5-20 mg/mL) showed 13.30 to 54.08% α-amylase inhibition activity. Glucose uptake studies in in vitro conditions were carried out in both adipose tissue and psoas muscle in different sets - tissue alone, tissue along with (Aerva lanata extract: 50µg, 100µg, 150µg, insulin: 25 mU/L, insulin: 50 mU/L and Aerva lanata extract: 50µg + insulin: 25 mU/L, Aerva lanata extract: 100µg + insulin: 25 mU/L, Aerva lanata extract: 150µg + insulin: 25 mU/L, Aerva lanata extract: 50µg + insulin: 50 mU/L, Aerva lanata extract: 100µg + insulin: 50 mU/L, Aerva lanata extract: 150µg + insulin: 50 mU/L). The rate of glucose uptake by insulin action in these tissues was stabilized by ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata and this shows synergetic activity of insulin and Aerva lanata.

SOCS2 modulates adipose tissue inflammation and expansion in mice

IntroductionObesity is usually triggered by a nutrient overload that favors adipocyte hypertrophy and increases the number of pro-inflammatory cells and mediators into adipose tissue. These mediators may be regulated by suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), such as SOCS2, which is involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response of many diseases, but its role in obesity is not yet known. We aimed to investigate the role of SOCS2 in metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction induced by a high-refined carbohydrate-containing diet (HC). Material and methodsMale C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and SOCS2 deficient (SOCS2−/−) mice were fed chow or an HC diet for 8 weeks. ResultsIn general, SOCS2 deficient mice, independent of the diet, showed higher adipose tissue mass compared with their WT counterparts that were associated with decreased lipogenesis rate in adipose tissue, lipolysis in adipocyte culture and energy expenditure. An anti-inflammatory profile was observed in adipose tissue of SOCS2−/− by reduced secretion of cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6, and increased M2-like macrophages and regulatory T cells compared with WT mice. Also, SOCS2 deficiency reduced the differentiation/expansion of pro-inflammatory cells in the spleen but increased Th2 and Treg cells compared with their WT counterparts. ConclusionThe SOCS2 protein is an important modulator of obesity that regulates the metabolic pathways related to adipocyte size. Additionally, SOCS2 is an inflammatory regulator that appears to be essential for controlling the release of cytokines and the differentiation/recruitment of cells into adipose tissue during the development of obesity.

Вплив кверцетину (Квертину) на відновлення NO-залежних реакцій судин за участю ендотелію та периваскулярної жирової тканини в щурів після рентгенівського опромінення

Порушення судинного тонусу, зумовлені підвищенням метаболізму оксиду азоту (NO), є найзначущим проявом патологічної дії високих доз радіації на серцево-судинну систему. Мета дослідження – вивчити вплив кверцетину на відновлення NO-залежних реакцій судин за участю ендотелію та периваскулярної жирової тканини (ПВЖТ) у щурів після одноразового рентгенівського опромінення в сублетальній дозі (R, 7 Gy), зокрема, порівняти скоротливі та дилататорні реакції фрагментів торакальної аорти (ТА) і мезентеріальної артерії (МА), ізольованих у контрольних і опромінених тварин, а також опромінених тварин, які отримували лікарську форму кверцетину (Квертин, БХФЗ). Дослідження проводили на судинах дорослих щурів-самців (7–8 міс.). Кверцетин вводили опроміненим тваринам протягом 14 днів (per os, 10 мг/кг). Попереднє скорочення кілець МА і ТА, очищених від ПВЖТ (ПВЖТ–) і неочищених (ПВЖТ+), викликали за допомогою KCl (60 ммоль/л) і фенілефрину (3 • 10–6 моль/л). Накопичення NO у судинах визначали за реакцією скорочення кілець у відповідь на блокатор NO-синтази (L-NAME, 10–5 моль/л) і реакції розслаблення у відповідь на N-ацетилцистеїн (10–4 моль/л) та ацетилхолін (доза-ефект). Реакції судин контрольної групи свідчили про низький рівень спонтанної продукції та депонування NO за участю ендотелію (ТА) і ПВЖТ (МА). Проте в регуляції скоротливих і дилататорних відповідей судин опромінених тварин спостерігали значні зміни, що було пов’язано з підвищенням рівня спонтанної продукції NО в ендотелії (МА) і ПВЖТ (ТА). Курсове введення кверцетину тваринам після R-опромінення призводило до зниження рівня спонтанної продукції NО і нормалізації скоротливої активності судин. Отримані дані вказують на те, що препарати на основі кверцетину можуть бути ефективно застосовані для протидії пострадіаційним ушкодженням серцево-судинної системи.