Serum Adiponectin Levels Research Articles

Tianhuang formula ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in type 2 diabetic mice through CRLS1-ATF3/ChREBP pathway

ObjectiveTianhuang Formula (THF) is a hospital formula summarized by Professor Jiao Guo's 30 years of clinical experience. Some studies have shown that it can alleviate dyslipidemia in the body. The purpose of this study is to confirm whether THF can improve non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD)/streptomycin (STZ) and to clarify its potential mechanism. MethodsAfter induction of diabetes, mice were administrated with THF (60 ​mg/kg or 120 ​mg/kg) once daily for 10 weeks. Blood glucose (FBG), glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance (IR) were assayed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Blood lipids, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminases (AST) were detected. Serum fasting insulin (INS) and adiponectin (APN) levels were measured using ELISA. Histological changes in liver and pancreatic islets were observed by H&E staining, followed by Oil Red O staining for liver lipid quantification and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining to detect glycogen accumulation. Western blotting detected the levels of fatty cardiolipin synthase 1 (CRLS1), transcription factor activator 3 (ATF3), and carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) in the liver. The mRNA transcripts of hepatic inflammatory factors, lipogenesis and lipolysis-related genes, and gluconeogenic enzyme-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), CRLS1, ATF3, and ChREBP mRNA levels were evaluated by RT-qPCR. ResultsTHF restored impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, respectively. There was an improvement in HFD/STZ-induced liver and islet damage, high serum HDL-C and ANP levels, and a significant decrease in FBG, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), FFA, INS, ALT, and AST, and lipid droplet counts in the T2DM mice treated with THF. CREBBP binding protein ATF3 mediated the insulin resistance signaling pathway, which regulated glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. THF upregulated CRLS1, and ChREBP downregulated the expression of downstream ATF3 in the liver. RT-qPCR analysis also systemically indicated that THF suppressed the pathway and key regulators related to inflammation, lipid accumulation, and gluconeogenesis. ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that THF ameliorated lipid profile and attenuated liver steatosis in T2DM mice through CRLS1-ATF3/ChREBP pathway activation.

DIET, EXERCISEREGIMENS AND MEDICATIONSTHAT ALTER BLOOD LEPTIN, ADIPONECTIN LEVELS AND ADIPONECTIN/LEPTIN RATIO TO PREVENT AND CONTROL CARDIO METABOLIC DISEASES DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION

Objectives: High adiponectin and low leptin levels in serum are associated with less risk of insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis and a favorable lipid profile. In this systematic review, our objective was to determine effective diet changes, exercise and medications to achieve a favorable adiponectin/leptin ratio that decrease the risk of cardio metabolic conditions. Methods: After searching the literature in PubMed, MEDLINE, Google scholar and Cochrane library, we included randomized controlled trials and observational studies done on human participants regardless of age, BMI, sex and co-morbid conditions and studies that compared or assessed effects of interventions like diet, exercise or medications for more than two weeks on blood leptin and adiponectin levels. Follow up studies, animal studies and the studies in which adiponectin and leptin levels were not specified were excluded from the review. We screened 118 studies, data was retrieved from 70 studies out of which 36 studies were eligible for quality assessment. We used Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials and new castle Ottawa scale for observational studies for their quality assessment. Finally, we included 22 randomized controlled trials and 2 observational studies. Findings: The supplements, diet and exercise regimens and medications that were studied, many of them showed desirable changes in adipokine levels. Some of these regimens have not shown changes from baseline. Conclusions: Exercise, diet modifications and medications like Orlistat, Resveratrol, Pioglitazone should be used to target the adipokine levels to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk and progression.

Benefit of Adiponectin And Leptin For Monitoring Exercise Effect On Adipose Function In Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: The Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Indonesia is increasing, with the highest age in the 45 – 54 years old, and high mortality and morbidity rates complications and cost. Biomarkers such as adiponectin, leptin, and their ratios may be useful in monitoring and quantifying patient's body fat tissue function improvement after exercise training. This study aims to determine adiponectin, leptin, and their ratios benefits in monitoring physical exercise effects on adipose tissue function in pre-elderly (45-59 years old) and elderly (> 60 years old) patients with MetS.Methods: Literature review through hand searching and pubmed database related to the benefits of leptin and adiponectin test in monitoring physical exercise effect on adipose function in the pre-elderly and/or elderly population with MetS.Results: Physical exercise significantly increased adiponectin levels (mean difference (MD): 0.42 µg/mL; 95% CI 0.23, 0.60, p < 0.0001), and reduced leptin levels (MD: -1.89 ng /ml; 95% CI, -2.64, -1.14, p<0.0001). High-intensity aerobic exercise can even reduce serum leptin levels by 6.29 ng/ml (p < 0.001), and increase serum adiponectin levels by 0.74 μg/ml (p = 0.04). This significant change mainly occurs in men with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 and 25.0-29. 9 kg/m2.Conclusion: Adiponectin/leptin ratio examination has potential future benefits in MetS management as an evaluation physiological biomarkers related to exercise interventions. There are only a few capable laboratories, and expensive cost, so that its current implementation is mostly devoted to research. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, balanced nutrition, physical activity habits and regular physical exercise are still the best suggestions for preventing MetS.

Adiponectin receptor 1 could explain the sex differences in molecular basis of cognitive improvements induced by exercise training in type 2 diabetic rats

Adipokines dysregulation, the main reason for cognitive impairments (CI) induced by diabetes, shows a sex-dependent pattern inherently and in response to exercise. This study aimed to compare the attenuating effect of 8-week high intensity-interval training (HIIT) on type 2 diabetes (T2D)-induced CI between male and female rats with a special focus on adiponectin and leptin. 28 male & 28 female Wistar rats with an average age of 8 weeks were randomly assigned into four groups: control (Con), exercise (EX), Diabetes (T2D), and Type 2 diabetes + exercise (T2D + Ex). Rats in EX and T2D + EX groups performed HIIT for eight weeks (80–100% Vmax, 4–10 intervals). T2D was induced by 2 months of a high-fat diet and a single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg) administration. Leptin and adiponectin levels in serum were measured along with hippocampal expression of leptin and adiponectin receptors, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), dephosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (Dep-GSK3β), Tau, and beta-amyloid (Aβ). Homeostasis model assessments (HOMAs) and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) indices were calculated. Our results showed that following T2D, serum levels of APN, and hippocampal levels of adiponectin receptor 1 (APNR1) were higher and HOMA-IR was lower in female than male rats (P < 0.05). However, after 8 weeks of HIIT, hippocampal levels of APNR1 and AMPK as well as QUICKI were lower and hippocampal levels of GSK, Tau, and Aβ were higher in females compared to male rats (P < 0.05). While the risk of CI following T2D was more in male than female rats HIIT showed a more ameliorating effect in male animals with APN1 as the main player.

Postnatal Overfeeding during Lactation Induces Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiac Insulin Resistance in Adult Rats.

Early overnutrition is associated with cardiometabolic alterations in adulthood, likely attributed to reduced insulin sensitivity due to its crucial role in the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to assess the long-term effects of early overnutrition on the development of cardiovascular insulin resistance. An experimental childhood obesity model was established using male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were organized into litters of 12 pups/mother (L12-Controls) or 3 pups/mother (L3-Overfed) at birth. After weaning, animals from L12 and L3 were housed three per cage and provided ad libitum access to food for 6 months. L3 rats exhibited elevated body weight, along with increased visceral, subcutaneous, and perivascular fat accumulation. However, heart weight at sacrifice was reduced in L3 rats. Furthermore, L3 rats displayed elevated serum levels of glucose, leptin, adiponectin, total lipids, and triglycerides compared to control rats. In the myocardium, overfed rats showed decreased IL-10 mRNA levels and alterations in contractility and heart rate in response to insulin. Similarly, aortic tissue exhibited modified gene expression of TNFα, iNOS, and IL-6. Additionally, L3 aortas exhibited endothelial dysfunction in response to acetylcholine, although insulin-induced relaxation remained unchanged compared to controls. At the molecular level, L3 rats displayed reduced Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin, both in myocardial and aortic tissues, whereas MAPK phosphorylation was elevated solely in the myocardium. Overfeeding during lactation in rats induces endothelial dysfunction and cardiac insulin resistance in adulthood, potentially contributing to the cardiovascular alterations observed in this experimental model.

Adipokine levels and their association with clinical disease severity in patients with dengue.

Adipokines have not been studied in acute dengue, despite their emerging role in inducing and regulating inflammation. Therefore, we sought to identify adipokine levels in patients with varying severities of acute dengue to understand their role in disease pathogenesis. We determined the levels of leptin, resistin, omentin, adiponectin, as well as IFNβ, and NS1 using quantitative ELISA in patients with dengue fever (DF = 49) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF = 22) at admission (febrile phase) and at the time of discharge (recovery phase). The viral loads and serotypes of all samples were quantified using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Resistin levels (p = 0.04) and omentin (p = 0.006) levels were significantly higher in patients who developed DHF. Omentin levels in the febrile phase also correlated with the AST (Spearman's r = 0.38, p = 0.001) and ALT levels (Spearman's r = 0.24, p = 0.04); as well as serum leptin levels with both AST (Spearman's r = 0.27, p = 0.02) and ALT (Spearman's r = 0.28, p = 0.02). Serum adiponectin levels in the febrile phase did not correlate with any of the other adipokines or with liver enzymes, but inversely correlated with CRP levels (Spearman's r = -0.31, p = 0.008). Although not significant (p = 0.14) serum IFNβ levels were lower in the febrile phase in those who progressed to develop DHF (median 0, IQR 0 to 39.4 pg/ml), compared to those who had DF (median 37.1, IQR 0 to 65.6 pg.ml). The data suggest that adipokines are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of dengue, which should be further explored for the potential to be used as prognostic markers and as therapeutic targets.

34-PO - The Adiponectin Serum Level in Obese and Non-obese Community-dwelling Adults in Cimahi District-west Java

34-PO - The Adiponectin Serum Level in Obese and Non-obese Community-dwelling Adults in Cimahi District-west Java

Anti-Obesity Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Citrus Paradisi and Naringin in HFDInduced Animal Model

The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Citrus paradisi, and Naringin on high fat diet rats.It must be clarified thatthe correlation between body fat and dietary fat levels, long-term energy intake and expenditure imbalances causes Obesity. Animalmodels have made a significant historical contribution to our understanding of the underlying variables that control the elementsof human energy balance. studies have shown that genetics considerably affect how the body reacts to meals high in fat-derivedenergy. Five sets of six male Wistar rats (120–150g); each group had five animals. Group I (Control), Group II (High Fat Diet),Group III (HFD+Naringin (100mg/kg body weight)), Group IV (HFD + Citrus paradise (500mg/kg body weight), and Group V (HFD+21.67mg/kg body weight) are the study groups (drug control). Physical factors such as body weight, organ weight, fat pad weight,and anthropometric parameters were assessed after introducing a high-fat diet. In addition, serum lipid profiles, glucose, insulin,leptin, and adiponectin levels, among other biochemical indicators, were analyzed. These outcomes would empower Citrus Paradiseand Naringin to be utilized as anti-obesity agents. Haemotoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect histopathological alterationsin adipose tissue. The effect of Citrus paradisi and Naringin treated with HFD-induced animals showed significantly higher (p&lt;0.001*).It was observed by its action in reducing organ weight, blood weight, and serum lipids. This current study evaluated the evidencefor Citrus Paradise's effects on body weight, blood pressure, and lipid profile.

Serum Adiponectin Levels as an Independent Marker of Severity of Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Adiponectin is an adipokine, having anti-inflammatory properties, the levels of which are reduced in metabolic syndrome. In psoriasis, it plays a preventive role by inhibiting the differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes and decreasing the levels of the signature cytokine, IL-17. To find a correlation between serum adiponectin levels and the severity of psoriasis and to compare these levels amongst patients with parameters of metabolic syndrome vs those without it. This was a cross-sectional observational study consisting of 60 cases of chronic plaque type psoriasis and 20 controls. Mild, moderate and severe disease was defined based on Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI). Serum samples were analyzed for fasting serum adiponectin levels. The mean serum adiponectin level among cases (16.07 ± 8.55μg/ml) was significantly lower than controls (21.65 ± 8.07μg/ml, P = .012). It was not only lower among cases with MetS (14.28 ± 7.95μg/ml), but also in patients without MetS (17.35 ± 8.83μg/ml). Serum adiponectin levels were negatively correlated to age, Body Mass Index (BMI), PASI, disease duration and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR). However, only the negative correlation with PASI (P = .000), duration (P = .005) and ESR (P = .010), was statistically significant. Serum adiponectin is decreased in psoriasis, independent of metabolic syndrome and is negatively correlated with disease severity and duration. Analysis on a larger sample size and response to treatment could not be assessed.

Serum level of certain cytokines associated with psoriasis progression in Iraqi patients

Introduction and Aim: Psoriasis is a skin ailment that typically affects the scalp, lower back, knees, elbows, and results in flaky skin patches. The purpose of this study was to compare cytokines, leptin, and adiponectin levels, as well as several physiological characteristics, in psoriasis patients with and without treatment to levels in healthy people in Iraq. Materials and Methods: The study included 310 subjects, males and females aged (25-65) years. The patients were attending a dermatology consultant at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture from all individuals. The Sandwich ELISA was used to estimate serum levels of IL-2, IL-8, IL-22, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, ADP and Leptin. Results: Patients with psoriasis had considerably decreased lymphocyte and RBC counts while having significantly higher neutrophil, platelet, NLR, and PLR counts. WBC mean values in females and males among control groups were 7.16 ± 3.09x 103/µl and 8.6 ±3.62 x103/µl respectively. In psoriasis patients the WBC counts varied from 3.69 x103/µl to 12.8 x103/µl with a mean of 7.27 x 103/µl in female patients and from 6.47 x 103/µl to 13.62 x103/µl in males. Serum levels of cytokines, leptin and adiponectin were significantly higher in Group I patients, while in Group II it was almost like levels in the control group. Conclusion: Smoking is a risk factor for psoriasis. Lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and hemoglobin levels are decreased in patients with psoriasis, while platelets and cytokines are elevated, signifying a relationship between these immunological parameters and development and severity of psoriasis disease.

Evaluation of Serum Levels of Adiponectin and Myonectin in Psoriasis Vulgaris Patients with and Without Metabolic Syndrome

Evaluation of Serum Levels of Adiponectin and Myonectin in Psoriasis Vulgaris Patients with and Without Metabolic Syndrome

Evaluation of serum adiponectin and lipid profile in patients with acne vulgaris

Background Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit and is among the most common dermatological conditions worldwide. Adipokines are bioactive molecules secreted by adipocytes. Adiponectin is the most abundant adipokine. It has multiple properties, which includes sensitization of insulin, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic effect. Objectives This study aims to evaluate serum adiponectin and lipid profile levels in patients with acne vulgaris and their correlation with each other and disease severity. Patients and methods This is a case-control study, conducted on a total of 90 patients with acne vulgaris and matched age, sex, and body mass index 70 healthy controls. Serum adiponectin and lipid profile levels were evaluated in all subjects. Results Total cholesterol (TC), total triglycrides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly higher in acne vulgaris cases, while high density lipoprotein (HDL) was statistically significant lower in cases compared to controls. Adiponectin concentration was significantly higher in acne vulgaris cases when compared to control group with positive correlations with female gender, disease severity, TC, LDL and significant negative correlation with HDL. Conclusions Adiponectin may play a role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris and may affect its severity. Evaluation of all acne patients for lipid profile and advice for healthy diets as an adjuvant method to acne treatment.

Usefullness of a Combined Evaluation of the Serum Adiponectin Level and Insulin Growth Factor 1 to Predict the Early Stage of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Abstract Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in Western industrialised countries and affects around 25% of the European population. The prevalence of NAFLD is increasing in parallel with the global increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aim of the Work To investigate the role of adiponectin and IGF1 in the diagnosis of NASH. Patients and Methods The present study included 60 patients who attending the outpatient clinic of Ain Shams University hospital, they age ranges from thirty to sixty years. Results It was found that highly significant decrease in Adiponectin and IGF-1 levels, in NASH group; compared to NAFLD control group (p &amp;lt; 0.01 respectively) a This data is similar to many studies done before in NAFLD and NASH patients. Our study also shows that; AST, ALT, total and direct bilirubin, had a highly significant negative correlation with IGF-1 and Adiponectin level (p &amp;lt; 0.01 respectively). This go with many studies who found a significant inverse correlation between IGF-I levels and liver enzymes, indicating that lower IGF-I levels in NAFLD are related to parenchymal dysfunction. With proven evidence that low circulating IGF-I levels correlate with the degree of liver dysfunction. Conclusion Serum adiponectin and insulin growth factor 1 are lower in patients with NASH compared to NAFLD patients which reflect the protective effect of both of adiponectin and IGF1 against the development of NASH.

The association of serum adiponectin level with activities of daily living in hospitalized elderly patients with heart failure

BackgroundSeveral studies have reported a relationship between elevated serum adiponectin levels and poor outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). However, data on the activities of daily living (ADL) in elderly patients with HF are limited. MethodsWe evaluated 218 hospitalized elderly (≥65 years) patients with HF who underwent a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program during hospitalization. Serum adiponectin levels were measured before discharge. The Barthel index (BI) score was evaluated at discharge. Low ADL was defined as a BI score < 85. ResultsSerum adiponectin levels were significantly associated with low ADL [p = 0.03; odds ratio (OR), 1.024, per 1.0 μg/mL increase]. In logistic or regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, high adiponectin levels (≥16.2 μg/mL) were significantly associated with low ADL (p = 0.04; OR, 2.53), malnutrition (p < 0.01; OR, 2.88), and 6-min walk distance (p = 0.04; β = −17.5). In the multivariate analysis adjusted for conventional risk factors of low ADL, high adiponectin levels were also significantly associated with low ADL (p = 0.03; OR, 2.68). In the stepwise forward selection procedure, a high adiponectin level was an independent determinant of low ADL (p = 0.02; R2 = 0.0262). Both net reclassification improvement (0.53; p < 0.01) and integrated discrimination improvement (0.02; p = 0.01) improved significantly after the addition of high adiponectin level to conventional risk factors. In the regression analysis adjusted for age and sex, serum adiponectin levels were significantly (p < 0.0025) negatively associated with abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas, body weight, body mass index, and serum triglyceride levels. ConclusionsHigh serum adiponectin levels were not only significantly associated with an increased risk of low ADL, but also with an increased risk of malnutrition and low physical activity in elderly patients with HF after the in-hospital CR program.

The Effect of Vitamin D3 Intervention on the Association Among Vitamin D3, Adiponectin, and Body Mass Index in Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes.

Vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency is a strong predictor of gestational diabetes. Therefore, VD3 supplementation during the antenatal period could prevent the development of gestational diabetes via its effects on insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, body mass index (BMI), and adiponectin production. To observe the effect of VD3 supplementation on adiponectin and BMI and to explore the effect of VD3 supplementation on the association among VD3, adiponectin, and BMI in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. A randomized control trial was performed after receiving consent at Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Subjects at 20-26 weeks of gestation with gestational diabetes and with a deficiency/insufficiency of VD3 were included. The study excluded those who were smokers, had multiple pregnancies, or had other gestational complications. Subjects were categorized into interventional (VD3 supplementation) and control groups. The institutional ethical committee approved the study. Serum samples were used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay estimation of VD3 and adiponectin levels. Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0, Armonk, NY) software was used to analyze data. Student t-tests were applied to compare quantitative variables, and Chi-square tests were utilized to compare qualitative variables. Pearson's correlation and linear regressions were performed to explore the association. At a 95% confidence interval, a p-value of ≤0.05 was taken as significant. With an increase in serum VD3 levels, a decrease in serum adiponectin level was observed in pregnant women with gestational diabetes (interventional group: r = -0.088, p = 0.74); however, after the intervention of VD3 supplementation in the same subjects, an increase in serum adiponectin level was noted with an increase in VD3 (interventional group: r = 0.273, p = 0.28). A significant direct relationship was found between BMI and adiponectin in the same study population (interventional group: r = 0.7, p = 0.001). Interestingly, after the intervention, BMI tends to be less likely to increase adiponectin levels (interventional group: r = 0.09, p = 0.73). Moreover, an inverse association was exhibited between BMI and VD3 levels in all the study groups before intervention (controlgroup: r = -0.07, p = 0.78; interventional group: r = -0.035, p = 0.89) and after intervention (interventional group: r = -0.12, p = 0.65), except in the control group after the intervention span, where BMI mildly raises the VD3 levels (r = -0.12, p = 0.65). BMI increases with an increase in serum adiponectin levels in gestational diabetic women, but after VD3 supplementation, BMI was less likely to influence adiponectin. Also, with an increase in BMI, a decrease in the VD3 in all study groups was observed except in the control group after VD3 supplementation.

Co-occurrence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis exacerbates psoriasis associated with decreased adiponectin expression in a murine model.

Clinical studies have suggested a bidirectional association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and psoriasis, affecting each other's development and severity. Here, we explored bidirectional causal linkages between NASH and psoriasis using a murine model. NASH was induced in mice by streptozotocin injection at 2 days of age and by high-fat diet feeding (STAM™ model). Psoriasis was induced by topical application of imiquimod (IMQ) on the ear. The severities of liver damage and psoriatic skin changes were determined using histological analysis. Gene expression in the skin tissues was evaluated using quantitative PCR analysis. Serum cytokine levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To examine the innate immune responses of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), the cells were treated with interleukin (IL)-17A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist. There were no differences in the degree of liver tissue damage (fat deposition, inflammation, and fibrosis) between NASH mice with and those without psoriasis. Conversely, the co-occurrence of NASH significantly augmented psoriatic skin changes, represented by epidermal hyperplasia, in psoriatic mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were expressed in the inflamed skin of psoriatic mice, and the expression of genes, especially Il23a, Il1b, Il36g, and Mip2, was significantly upregulated by the co-occurrence of NASH. The expression of keratinocyte activation marker genes Defb4b and Krt16 was also upregulated by the co-occurrence of NASH. The serum TNF-α and IL-17 levels were increased by the co-occurrence of NASH and psoriasis. The serum adiponectin levels decreased in NASH mice compared with that in non-NASH mice. In NHEK culture, TNF-α and IL-17A synergistically upregulated CXCL1, CXCL8, and IL1B expression. The upregulated pro-inflammatory gene expression was suppressed by AdipoRon treatment, reflecting the anti-inflammatory capacity of adiponectin. The co-occurrence of NASH exacerbated psoriatic skin changes associated with increased serum inflammatory cytokine levels and decreased serum adiponectin levels. Combined with in vitro findings, increased inflammatory cytokine levels and decreased adiponectin levels likely promote innate immune responses in epidermal keratinocytes in psoriatic skin lesions. Overall, therapeutic intervention for co-occurring NASH is essential to achieve a favorable prognosis of psoriasis in clinical practice.

The Association between Serum Adiponectin Levels and Endothelial Function in Non-Dialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.

Adiponectin is the richest human circulating adipokine with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin-sensitizing effects. We evaluated the association between serum adiponectin levels and endothelial function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, obtaining fasting blood samples from 130 non-dialysis CKD subjects. We measured the endothelial function-represented by the vascular reactivity index (VRI)-via non-invasive digital thermal monitoring, and serum adiponectin concentrations by enzyme immunoassay kits. A total of 22 (16.9%), 39 (30.0%), and 69 (53.1%) patients had poor (VRI < 1.0), intermediate (1.0 ≤ VRI < 2.0), and good (VRI ≥ 2.0) vascular reactivity. Elevated serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level was negatively correlated with VRI values, but serum adiponectin and estimated glomerular filtration rate were positively associated with VRI values by univariate linear regression analysis. After applying multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis adjustment, the significantly positive association of adiponectin (p < 0.001), and the significantly negative association of log-BUN (p = 0.021) with VRI values in CKD subjects remained. In an animal study using in vitro blood-vessel myography, treatment with adiponectin enhancing acetylcholine-mediated vasorelaxation in 5/6 nephrectomy CKD mice. Our study results indicated that adiponectin concentration was positively associated with VRI values and modulated endothelial function in non-dialysis CKD patients.

Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.

The role of ADIPOQ gene variants on weight loss and serum lipid changes after a dietary intervention is an important topic area with little scientific evidence. We designed a study in order to analyze the effects of rs3774261 of ADIPOQ gene on metabolic response and adiposity parameters after a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet pattern for 9 months and with a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. 133 patients with obesity were enrolled. Adiposity parameters, blood pressure, and serum parameters (lipid profile, insulin, HOMA-IR; glucose, C reactive protein, adiponectin, resistin, and leptin levels) were measured, at basal time and after dietary intervention (3 and 9 months). All patients were genotyped rs3774261 and evaluated in a dominant model (AA vs. GA+AA). Genotype frequencies were 46 (34.6%) AA, 66 (49.6%) AG, and 21 (15.8%) GG. After dietary intervention and in both genotypes, BMI, weight, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin decreased. In patients with the AA genotype, there was a significant improvement at (3 and 9 months) in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (-10.1±0.9 mg/dl vs. -5.6±1.7 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-19.1±0.9 mg/dl vs. -6.9±0.7 mg/dl, p=0.03), total cholesterol (-9.4±0.8 mg/dl vs. -5.8±0.9 mg/dl, p=0.02) (-17.4±1.8 mg/dl vs. -9.8±1.9 mg/dl, p=0.02), triglycerides (-12.3±0.8 mg/dl vs. -8.0±0.9 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-26.1±0.8 mg/dl vs. -11.0±0.3 mg/dl, p=0.01), C reactive protein (CRP) (-0.8±0.2 mg/ dl vs. -0.4± 0.3 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-1.1±0.2 mg/ dl vs. -0.7±0.1 mg/dl, p=0.01) and adiponectin (28.2±11.1 ng/ml vs. 4.1±2.8 ng/ml, p=0.02) (30.1±8.1 ng/ml vs. 7.1±4.8 ng/ml, p=0.02). Finally, higher values of adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio were detected at 3- and 9-months post-treatment in patients with AA genotype. G allele carriers of ADIPOQ gene variant (rs3774261) showed no improvement in serum levels of adiponectin, adiponectin/leptin ratio, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and CRP after weight loss with a hypocaloric fat monounsaturated diet.

Dysregulation of adipokines levels among healthy first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes patients

BackgroundLeptin, adiponectin and its ratio (L/A), as well as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) have shown association to type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Since first degree relatives (FDR) of type 2 diabetes are known to have higher risks of developing aforementioned diseases, this study aimed to see differences in adipokines profiles between FDR of type 2 diabetes and non-FDR counterpart. MethodsAge, sex and body mass index (BMI)-matched normotensive-normoglycemic subjects, aged 19–39 years with BMI<30 kg/m2, were included in this cross-sectional study. Serum adiponectin, leptin, and A-FABP levels were measured by sandwich ELISA while HOMA-IR was calculated from fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. ResultsOf 116 subjects recruited, there were significant difference of insulin level (6.00 vs 5.00 μIU/mL, P = 0.029) and HOMA-IR (1.27 vs 1.10, P = 0.028). Adiponectin, leptin, L/A ratio, and A-FABP levels were not statistically different between FDR and non-FDR groups. Stratified by BMI, non-obese FDR had higher L/A ratio (0.83 vs 0.49, P = 0.020) compared to those of corresponding non-FDR. In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age, sex, waist circumference, BMI, and metabolic profiles (HbA1C, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglyceride levels), FDR status became significantly associated with adiponectin level, and in non-obese subgroup, remained its significance with L/A ratio. ConclusionThe FDR status was independently associated with adiponectin level. Furthermore, higher L/A ratio was more pronounced in non-obese FDR than those of non-FDR subjects, suggesting that FDR status may already contribute to the development of adipokines dysregulation before obesity occurs.

Telmisartan versus metformin in downregulating myostatin gene expression and enhancing insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscles of type 2 diabetic rat model.

Objective: Telmisartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) that specifically blocks angiotensin II type-1 receptors (AT1R). Telmisartan has been proven to have antidiabetic effects via a variety of mechanisms, and it can be utilized in some diabetic patients due to its dual benefit for hypertensive patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) and when the other oral antidiabetic medications are intolerable or contraindicated. However, its precise underlying hypoglycemic mechanism is still obscure. Aim of work: We sought to establish a link between telmisartan administration and myostatin expression in skeletal muscles of T2DM rat model as a potential hypoglycemic mechanism of telmisartan. Materials and Methods: 32 male albino rats were included in the study; 8 rats served as controls (group I). T2DM was inducted in the other 24 rats, which were then randomly subdivided into 3 groups (8 in each): (group II) the Diabetic group and (groups III and IV) which were treated with either telmisartan (8mg/kg/day) or metformin (250mg/kg/day) respectively via oral gavage for a 4-week period. Results: Telmisartan administration resulted in a significant improvement in OGTT, HOMA-IR, glucose uptake, and muscle mass/body ratios in Telmisartan group as compared to Diabetic group (p < 0.05). Additionally, telmisartan induced a significant boost in adiponectin and IL-10 serum levels with a substantial drop in TNF-α and IL-6 levels in Telmisartan group compared to diabetic rats (p < 0.05). Moreover, telmisartan significantly boosted SOD and GSH, and decreased MDA levels in the skeletal muscles of telmisartan group. Furthermore, a significant downregulation of myostatin and upregulation of insulin receptor, IRS-1, and IRS-3 genes in the skeletal muscles of Telmisartan group were also detected. Histologically, telmisartan attenuated the morphological damage in the skeletal muscle fibers compared to diabetic rats, as evidenced by a considerable decrease in the collagen deposition area percentage and a reduction in NF-kB expression in the muscle tissues of group III. Conclusion: Telmisartan administration dramatically reduced myostatin and NF-kB expressions in skeletal muscles, which improved insulin resistance and glucose uptake in these muscles, highlighting a novel antidiabetic mechanism of telmisartan in treating T2DM.