Regulation Of Adipokines Research Articles

Repurposing New Use for Old Drug Chloroquine against Metabolic Syndrome: A Review on Animal and Human Evidence

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are traditional anti-malarial drugs that have been repurposed for new therapeutic uses in many diseases due to their simple usage and cost-effectiveness. The pleiotropic effects of CQ and HCQ in regulating blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism have been previously described in vivo and in humans, thus suggesting their role in metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevention. The anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidaemic, cardioprotective, anti-hypertensive, and anti-obesity effects of CQ and HCQ might be elicited through reduction of inflammatory response and oxidative stress, improvement of endothelial function, activation of insulin signalling pathway, inhibition of lipogenesis and autophagy, as well as regulation of adipokines and apoptosis. In conclusion, the current state of knowledge supported the repurposing of CQ and HCQ usage in the management of MetS.

Expression Profile of Circulatory Adiponectin and Plasma Variables in Broilers

Adipokines serve as a human clinical biomarker and they regulate mammalian metabolic functions. Research on adipokine regulation of metabolic function in avian species is limited. The current study is to investigate the profile of plasma adiponectin and several biochemical variables in broilers, to establish the pattern of development. A total of one hundred and fifty-two 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were separated by different gender and homogenously divided into 2 groups (male and female), with 6 replicate pens and at least 12 chickens per pen. The data for body weight, plasma variables, and feed consumption were collected at days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 after hatching. Plasma monomer adiponectin, high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and biochemical variables, including triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, glucose, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were quantified. Monomer adiponectin was highly correlated with age in a negative fashion and with HMW adiponectin in a positive fashion in both genders in broilers. Moreover, body weight was highly correlated with monomer adiponectin in a negative fashion and positively correlated with HMW adiponectin in growing chickens. It was concluded that monomer adiponectin and HMW adiponectin have highly correlation with age, body weight and biochemical variables in chickens and further investigation is needed for physiological or nutritional functions.

Anti-Obesity Effect of Krill Oil by Regulation of Adipokines in High Fat Diet-Induced Mouse Model

Anti-Obesity Effect of Krill Oil by Regulation of Adipokines in High Fat Diet-Induced Mouse Model

Cross-sectional associations of adipokines and abdominal fat distribution with aging in men

Objective To investigate the relationship of adipokines and abdominal fat distribution with aging in men. Methods In a cross-sectional study, a total of 218 participants aged 40–79 years were recruited as a subset of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) China Action on Spine and Hip status (CASH) study population. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariable regression were used to estimate the associations of interest. Results With the increasing of age, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, total adipose tissue (TAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), VAT/subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), leptin, adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, and human monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) increased significantly (p < 0.05), while adiponectin decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Adiponectin, adiponectin/leptin, and adiponectin/resistin varied inversely with the VAT quartiles (p < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation among adiponectin, adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, adiponectin-to-resistin ratio, and all the body fat distribution parameters. VAT was inversely and significantly associated with adiponectin, adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, and adiponectin-to-resistin ratio (p < 0.05). Conclusions It showed that aging, abdominal fat distribution, and adipokines were related with each other, which support the hypothesis that regulation of VAT and adipokines is closely linked to aging.

Roles of Adipokines in Digestive Diseases: Markers of Inflammation, Metabolic Alteration and Disease Progression.

Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic endocrine tissue and constitutes a central node in the interorgan crosstalk network through adipokines, which cause pleiotropic effects, including the modulation of angiogenesis, metabolism, and inflammation. Specifically, digestive cancers grow anatomically near adipose tissue. During their interaction with cancer cells, adipocytes are reprogrammed into cancer-associated adipocytes and secrete adipokines to affect tumor cells. Moreover, the liver is the central metabolic hub. Adipose tissue and the liver cooperatively regulate whole-body energy homeostasis via adipokines. Obesity, the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy, is currently considered a global epidemic and is related to low-grade systemic inflammation characterized by altered adipokine regulation. Obesity-related digestive diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer, colon polyps and cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis-related diseases, cholelithiasis, gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes, might cause specific alterations in adipokine profiles. These patterns and associated bases potentially contribute to the identification of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for the associated digestive diseases. This review highlights important findings about altered adipokine profiles relevant to digestive diseases, including hepatic, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, and biliary tract diseases, with a perspective on clinical implications and mechanistic explorations.

The features of psychological state, eating behavior, hormonal and adipokine regulation of metabolism in men with subcutaneous and abdominal fat distribution

BACKGROUND: development of obesity and obesity related conditions are directly associated with eating disorders and psychological state. There is increasing focus on the assessment the characteristics of these indicators in men with subcutaneous and central fat distribution, which are associated with various hormonal and adipokine mechanisms that effect on parameters of metabolism and eating behavior.&#x0D; AIMS: to study the characteristics of the psychologycal state, eating behavior and their relationship with hormonal and adipokine status in men with different fat distribution.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: a single-center, cross-sectional study of 99 men aged 27 to 68 years was performed. 4 groups of men were formed after anthropometric examination. Group 1 (comparison) consisted of men with normal body weight. Group 2 consisted of overweight men, class I obesity and lower subcutaneous fat distribution (SFD). Group 3 consisted of overweight men, men with class I obesity and abdominal fat distribution (AFD); group 4 - men with class II obesity and class III obesity AFD. Eating behavior were determined with DEBQ questionnaire, severity of anxiety-depressive disorders were investigated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; body image satisfaction was assessed with body image questionnaire. Serum glucose, triglycerides, insulin, leptin and adiponectin were estimated.&#x0D; RESULTS: it was shown, that men with AFD had severe metabolic disorders: hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia, than men with SFD. Men with AFD had an external type of eating behavior, with sever expressed depressive disorders and body image dissatisfaction. Men with SFD had an emotional type of eating behavior and higher body image satisfaction. A comparative analysis between men from 3 and 4 groups with AFD showed that in group 4 in men had higher hyperleptinemia and insulin resistance and there are no differences in severity of eating disorders, anxiety and depression between the groups.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: adipose tissue topography is associated with the psychophysiological, metabolic, hormonal and adipokine characteristics that underlie the development of primary obesity in men.

62-OR: Childhood Adipokine Profiles Predict the Incidence and Trajectory of Obesity in Young Adults: The BCAMS Study

Adipokine dysregulation is an early biomarker of adipose tissue dysfunction, which has been shown to relate to metabolic health. We aimed to investigate whether the profiles of certain adipokines in childhood might predict the incidence of obesity and contribute to BMI trajectory from childhood to young adulthood. A total of 3211 children aged 6-18ys from the Beijing Child and Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome (BCAMS) study were evaluated at baseline, and 989 of these participants were assessed at 10-year follow-up. Physical activity, dietary and sleep information were collected by questionnaires. Baseline plasma adiponectin, leptin, resistin, retinol binding protein 4, osteonectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) were measured by ELISA. The sex-adjusted z scores for adipokine levels were examined for their association with adiposity measures (BMI and waist circumference). Only 10.4% of the children who were non-obese at baseline developed obesity at 10-year follow-up, while over 65% of children presenting with obesity remained obese at follow-up, suggesting a well-established obesity trajectory over time. After adjusting for age, tanner stage, diet, exercise and sleep, decreased adiponectin and FGF-21 levels, as well as increased leptin, were associated with obesity risk both at baseline and 10-year follow-up (all P &amp;lt; 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, each 1-SD increment in the leptin : adiponectin ratio was associated with a 3.26-fold (95% CI:2.08 - 5.10) higher risk for obesity at 10-year follow-up, while each 1-SD increment in FGF-21 level reduced the risk of obesity by 30% (95% CI: 0.48 - 0.96). Finally, among children with obesity at baseline, each 1-SD of elevation in resistin increased the risk of persistent obesity by 1.41-fold (95% CI: 1.13 - 1.77). These findings suggest that certain aberrant patterns of adipokine regulation during childhood may serve as biomarkers for the subsequent development of obesity. Disclosure S. Gao: None. M. Li: None. S.M. Willi: Advisory Panel; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. Research Support; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tolerion, Inc. Other Relationship; Self; Caladrius Biosciences, Inc. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970732); National Key Research Program of China (2016YFC1304801); Key Program of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (D111100000611001, D111100000611002); Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7172169); Beijing Science and Technology Star Program (2004A027), Novo Nordisk Union Diabetes Research Talent Fund (2011A002); National Key Program of Clinical Science (WBYZ2011-873); Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2017PT32020, 2018PT32001); Beijing Chaoyang Hospital (JXPY201606)

Modulation of inter-organ signalling in obese mice by spontaneous physical activity during mammary cancer development

Accumulative evidence links breast cancer development to excess weight and obesity. During obesity, dysregulations of adipose tissue induce an increase in pro-inflammatory adipokine secretions, such as leptin and oestrogen secretions. Furthermore, a raise in oxidative stress, along with a decrease in antioxidant capacity, induces and maintains chronic inflammation, which creates a permissive environment for cancer development. Physical activity is recommended as a non-pharmacological therapy in both obese and cancer situations. Physical activity is associated with a moderation of acute inflammation, higher antioxidant defences and adipokine regulation, linked to a decrease of tumour-cell proliferation. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, carcinogenesis, obesity and physical activity are poorly understood. Our study is based on old, ovariectomised mice (C57BL/6J mice, 33 weeks old), fed with a high fat diet which increases adipose tissue favouring overweight and obesity, and housed in either an enriched environment, promoting physical activity and social interactions, or a standard environment constituting close to sedentary conditions. Our model of mammary carcinogenesis allowed for the exploration of tissue secretions and signalling pathway activation as well as the oxidative status in tumours to clarify the mechanisms involved in a multiple factorial analysis of the data set. The multiple factorial analysis demonstrated that the most important variables linked to moderate, spontaneous physical activity were the increase in growth factor (epithelial growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)) and the activation of the signalling pathways (STAT3, c-jun n-terminal kinases (JNK), EKR1/2, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)) in the gastrocnemius (G). In inguinal adipose tissue, the NF-κB inflammation pathway was activated, increasing the IL-6 content. The adiponectin plasma (P) level increased and presented an inverse correlation with tumour oxidative status. Altogether, these results demonstrated that spontaneous physical activity in obesity conditions could slow down tumour growth through crosstalk between muscle, adipose tissue and tumour. A spontaneous moderate physical activity was able to modify the inter-organ exchange in a paracrine manner. The different tissues changed their signalling pathways and adipokine/cytokine secretions, such as adiponectin and leptin, resulting in a decrease in anti-oxidative response and inflammation in the tumour environment. This model showed that moderate, spontaneous physical activity suppresses tumour growth via a dialogue between the organs close to the tumour.

Pineapple Vinegar Regulates Obesity-Related Genes and Alters the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet (HFD) C57BL/6 Obese Mice.

Obesity is a pandemic metabolic syndrome with increasing incidences every year. Among the significant factors that lead to obesity, overconsumption of high-fat food in daily intake is always the main contributor. Functional foods have shown a positive effect on disease prevention and provide health benefits, including counteracting obesity problem. Vinegar is one of the fermented functional beverages that have been consumed for many years, and different types of vinegar showed different bioactivities and efficacies. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of pineapple vinegar as an antiobesity agent on a high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced C57BL/6 obese mice. C57BL/6 mice were treated with pineapple vinegar (1 mL/kg BW and 0.08 mL/kg BW) for 12 weeks after 24 weeks of HFD incubation. Serum biochemistry profiles, antioxidant assays, qPCR, proteome profiler, and 16S metagenomic were done posttreatment. Our data showed that a high concentration of pineapple vinegar (1 mL/kg BW) treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the bodyweight (∼20%), restored lipid profiles, increased the antioxidant activities, and reduced the oxidative stress. Besides, significant (p < 0.05) regulation of several adipokines and inflammatory-related genes was recorded. Through the regulation of gut microbiota, we found a higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, a microbiota reported to be associated with obesity in the high concentration of pineapple vinegar treatment. Collectively, these data established the mechanism of pineapple vinegar as antiobesity in mice and revealed the potential of pineapple vinegar as a functional food for obesity.

Efecto del ejercicio físico sobre la concentración de adipocinas en adultos con obesidad. Una revisión sistemática

Objetivo: realizar una revisión sistemática de la evidencia publicada para determinar el efecto de diferentes tipos de ejercicio en la concentración de adipocinas en adultos con obesidad. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, EBSCO (Medline, MedicLatina) y el buscador Google Académico. Los descriptores utilizados fueron los siguientes: en inglés, “adipocytokines” OR “adipokines”, “exercise” OR “physical activity” OR “training”, “adults” AND “obese”; en español, “adipocinas”, “ejercicio” o “actividad física”, “adultos” y “obesidad”. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 estudios de diferentes modalidades de ejercicio como aerobio, anaerobio y mixto. Se reporta un aumento en las concentraciones de adiponectina, así como una disminución en los niveles de leptina y (factor de necrosis tumoral alfa) TNFα. Conclusión: Se observó que existe un mayor beneficio con el ejercicio aerobio marcando mejoras en los niveles de adipocinas.

Longitudinal changes in adipokines and free leptin index during and after pregnancy in women with obesity.

Detailed data on adipokines and body composition during and after pregnancy in women of different BMI categories are lacking. Furthermore, adipokine regulation during pregnancy and the factors contributing to gestational insulin resistance are not completely understood. The objective was to longitudinally determine adipokine levels, body composition, and insulin sensitivity during and after pregnancy in women of healthy weight (HW) and with obesity (OB), and identify factors associated with insulin resistance. Women (30 HW, 19 OB) underwent blood sampling and body composition examination, by air-displacement plethysmography, longitudinally during pregnancy (trimesters 1, 2, 3) and after pregnancy (6, 12, 18 months postpartum). Serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), and adiponectin levels were measured and free leptin index (FLI) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) determined. Fat mass and leptin increased during pregnancy in the HW (p < 0.01) but not in the OB group. sOB-R increased during pregnancy in both groups (p < 0.001). Thus, FLI was unchanged in HW throughout pregnancy but reduced in OB (p = 0.001), although consistently higher in OB. Adiponectin decreased in both groups during pregnancy (p < 0.001 for HW, p = 0.01 for OB). After pregnancy, adiponectin increased in both groups, but more markedly in OB where it reached trimester 1 levels. Multivariable regression identified FLI as the variable most strongly associated with HOMA-IR in all trimesters, but not after pregnancy. Leptin, sOB-R, adiponectin, and FLI undergo marked changes during and after pregnancy with differences in women of different BMI. We suggest that leptin activity is regulated by its soluble receptor and that this is an important factor for optimizing fat mass and insulin sensitivity during pregnancy.

N-3 fatty acids as preventive and therapeutic agents in attenuating PCOS complications.

To our knowledge, in spite of several trials exploring the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), no comprehensive evidence has investigated the effects of n-3 PUFA consumption on PCOS complications. Therefore, our aim was to conduct a review to investigate the possible effect and related mechanisms. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS, to identify studies investigating n-3 fatty acids as a preventative or therapeutic agent for the attenuation of PCOS complications. Subsequently, the impact of omega-3 on PCOS, omega-3 and inflammation, omega-3 and insulin resistance, omega-3 and adipokines, omega-3 and lipid metabolism, omega-3 and endothelial function and omega-3 and hormonal factors were discussed. There are multiple mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs may exert their beneficial effects on PCOS, including anti-obesity, glycemic and hormonal hemostasis, anti-inflammatory, regulation of adipokine production and enhancement of endothelial function. N-3 PUFAs are a promising agent in relieving complications associated with PCOS. Although most of the studies in patients with PCOS reported an improvement in most complications after administration of omega-3 supplements, there is a distinct dearth of studies investigating the dietary intake of these types of fatty acids. Moreover, favorable effects regarding the improvement of dyslipidemia, regulation of adipokines, regulation of hormonal factors and enhancement of endothelial function are limited. Therefore, more trials are warranted to investigate palatable mechanisms for clarifying the metabolic and hormonal effects of these agents in PCOS.

Features of cytokine and adipokine regulation in asthma associated with obesity

The aim is to establish interrelations between levels of cytokines and adipokines in blood serum of patients with asthma; to reveal the features of cytokine and adipokine regulation in asthma associated with obesity. Material and Methods ― We examined 71 patients with partially controlled mild asthma: 24 normal-weight patients (group 1), 24 overweight patients (group 2), 23 patients with grade I and II obesity (group 3). The control group consisted of 25 healthy volunteers. Blood serum levels of Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A were studied by flow cytometry. The concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Results ― Increase levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A and IL-4 have been found in asthma patients regardless of body weight. At the same time, IL-6 level in the groups 2 and 3 was 1.4 times higher than in group 1. IL-17A level in patients with asthma and obesity was 1.2 times higher than in the groups 1 and 2. The elevation of IL-10 level in 1.8 and 2.3 times in patients of groups 2 аnd 3 in comparison with the group 1, respectively, has been determined. Hyperleptinemia was detected in the groups 2 and 3. A positive correlation between the body mass index and the levels of leptin, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and an invert correlation between this index and adiponectin concentration has been established. The interrelations between the levels of leptin, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, depending on the body weight, have been revealed. Conclusion ― The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17A, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 enhances in asthma patients as the body weight increases and the obesity develops. The features of cytokine and adipokine imbalance indicate the prevalence of neutrophilic inflammation in asthma with obesity and demonstrates pathogenetic link between obesity and asthma.

Involvement of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve in the regulation of plasma adipokine levels in rats fed a high-fructose diet

High-fructose diets are associated with not only fat accumulation in liver but also blood adipokine levels. Some studies have shown the involvement of humoral factors in the regulation of adipokines. However, the role of the vagus nerve in expression of adipokines is not fully understood. We attempted to investigate the involvement of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve (HBVN) in the regulation of plasma adipokine levels in rats fed a high-fructose (HFr) diet. Rats underwent hepatic vagotomy (Vx) or sham operation; thereafter, they were fed a control diet (CT) or HFr diet for 6 weeks. At the sixth week, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. In the sham-operated group, plasma leptin and adiponectin levels were significantly lower in the HFr group than those in the control group. In contrast, in the Vx group, there was no difference in the respective adipokine levels of the two dietary groups. In OGTT, plasma leptin levels were significantly correlated to the area under the curve (AUC) of plasma insulin levels and insulin levels at some points. Further, the ratio of plasma leptin levels to plasma adiponectin levels was correlated with the AUC of plasma insulin levels. However, the plasma adiponectin level itself did not correlate with plasma insulin levels and insulin AUC. Thus, we showed that HBVN played a key role in down-regulating plasma leptin and adiponectin levels in HFr-fed rats.

Leptin and Adiponectin as markers for preeclampsia in obese pregnant women, a cohort study.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious complication of pregnancy, the pathogenesis of which is largely unknown. We hypothesize that adipocytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of PE, particularly in obese women, and evaluate leptin and adiponectin as potential first trimester markers for predicting PE. A cohort of 2503 pregnancies, containing 93 PE pregnancies, was divided into women with normal weight, moderate, or severe obesity. All pregnancies had serum adiponectin and leptin measured in first trimester. Logistic regression was used to model PE with maternal characteristics and concentrations of the biomarkers. In obese women a lower concentration of adiponectin was found in PE pregnancies; the concentration was lowest in the severely obese (p = 0.005). No association was found in normal weight women (p = 0.72). Leptin concentration had no association with PE in normal weight and moderately obese (p = 0.175-0.072), however in women with severe obesity a lower level of leptin was found (p = 0.049). The AUC was 0.73 for the ROC curve of combined maternal characteristics and adiponectin. Using adiponectin in women with moderate to severe obesity the sensitivity was 72.9% and the specificity was 49%. In severely obese women, PE is associated with low serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations in first trimester. This indicates that the inability of adipokine regulation to adapt to severe obesity may play a role in the pathogenesis of PE. Adipocytokines may contribute in identification of risk pregnancies among severe obese.

Study on regulation of adipokines on body fat distribution and its correlation with metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This paper aimed to investigate the regulating role of adipokine expression level in body fat distribution of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2MD) as well as its correlation with metabolic syndrome (MS). One hundred forty patients with T2MD admitted in the Endocrinology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2017 to July 2017 were selected; their body height and weight were measured to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI); patients with a BMI ≤23.9 kg/m2 were included into control group (N.=49), and those with a BMI ≥24 kg/m2 into observation group (N.=91). Based on whether the patients were complicated with MS, they were divided into non-metabolic syndrome (N-MS) group (N.=79) and MS group (N.=61); the levels of serum dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), adiponectin (ADPN) and leptin as well as the contents of body fat and lean tissue of the two groups of patients were measured. The serum DPP-4 level in observation group was remarkably elevated compared with that in control group (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in the leptin and ADPN levels between the two groups (P>0.05). The serum DPP-4 and leptin levels were positively correlated with the total body fat mass (FAT) of the patients in observation group (r=0.461, P=0.004; r=0.433, P=0.007); DPP-4 level had a positive correlation with trunk fat mass (TRUNK F) (r=0.545, P=0.001) and limb fat mass (LIMB F) (r=0.412, P=0.005); the leptin level was positively correlated with LIMB F (r=0.513, P=0.001); the leptin and ADPN levels were negatively correlated with the content of lean tissue (r=-0.476, P=0.001; r=-0.344, P=0.021). Compared with those in N-MS group, the levels of serum DPP-4 and leptin were increased significantly, while the ADPN level was decreased notably (P<0.05) in MS group. The adipokines DPP-4 and leptin in the serum can influence the body fat distribution of patients with T2MD; there is an important association of DPP-4, leptin and ADPN levels with MS, which may be used as therapeutic targets for multiple metabolism disorders of T2MD.

Epigenetic Regulation of Adipokines

Adipose tissue expansion in obesity leads to changes in the expression of adipokines, adipocyte-specific hormones that can regulate whole body energy metabolism. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is a mechanism by which cells can alter gene expression through the modifications of DNA and histones. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, are intimately tied to energy metabolism due to their dependence on metabolic intermediates such as S-adenosylmethionine and acetyl-CoA. Altered expression of adipokines in obesity may be due to epigenetic changes. The goal of this review is to highlight current knowledge of epigenetic regulation of adipokines.

Curcumin: A Naturally Occurring Modulator of Adipokines in Diabetes.

Curcumin, the bioactive component of turmeric, has been used for the treatment of several diseases including diabetes and its complications. Curcumin has been shown to exert pleiotropic effects by modulating different signaling molecules, including transcription factors, chemokines, cytokines, and adipokines. Disturbed regulation of adipokines, which include adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin, are implicated in the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Here, we review the findings of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on the modulating effects that curcumin treatment exerts on adipokines. Additionally, we examine the potential beneficial effects of the activity of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its comorbidities. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4170-4182, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The brown-fat-secreted adipokine neuregulin 4 is decreased in gestational diabetes mellitus

AimsNeuregulin 4 has recently been recognized as a novel adipokine secreted by brown adipose tissue (BAT), with beneficial effects on murine insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Yet, thus far, neither regulation of neuregulin 4 in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) nor its longitudinal changes in the peripartum period have been elucidated. MethodsCirculating neuregulin 4 levels were measured by ELISA in 74 women with GDM and 74 healthy, gestational-age-matched controls. Also, neuregulin 4 was quantified during pregnancy and compared with postpartum levels in a follow-up study of 25 women with previous GDM and 25 healthy control women. ResultsWomen with GDM had lower median serum levels of the novel BAT-secreted adipokine neuregulin 4 (3.0μg/L) compared with healthy (non-GDM) pregnant controls (3.5μg/L; P=0.020), and the area under the glucose curve (AUCGlucose) was an independent and negative predictor of circulating neuregulin 4 (P=0.033). Also, median postpartum serum concentrations of neuregulin 4 (3.2μg/L) were not significantly different from prepartum levels (2.8μg/L; P=0.328). In addition, neuregulin 4 was positively and independently associated with irisin (P=0.009), but not other BAT-secreted adipokines. Conclusion/interpretationWomen with GDM have significantly lower circulating neuregulin 4 levels compared with healthy pregnant controls, and the AUCGlucose is negatively and independently associated with neuregulin 4 during pregnancy. Neuregulin 4 is positively correlated with irisin during pregnancy, as well as in a longitudinal fashion. Future studies are now needed to better elucidate the precise pathomechanisms of the regulation of BAT-secreted adipokines during pregnancy.

Effect of High Glucose Levels on White Adipose Cells and Adipokines-Fuel for the Fire.

White adipocytes release adipokines that influence metabolic and vascular health. Hypertrophic obesity is associated with adipose tissue malfunctioning, leading to inflammation and insulin resistance. When pancreatic islet β cells can no longer compensate, the blood glucose concentration rises (hyperglycemia), resulting in type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycaemia may further aggravate adipose cell dysfunction in ~90% of patients with type 2 diabetes who are obese or overweight. This review will focus on the effects of high glucose levels on human adipose cells and the regulation of adipokines.